COD Levels Research Articles

Assessing the physicochemical parameters of leachate from biowaste fractions in a laboratory setting, using the elusion method

Leachate emissions, which are regarded as one of the primary polluters of groundwater and the environment, are unavoidable side effect of landfill operation. The leachate includes hazardous chemicals, heavy metals, suspended particles, and soluble organic molecules. The objective of this study was to simulate the leachate quality from the biowaste and assess its impact on groundwater pollution in a laboratory setting. For laboratory analysis, a variety of waste fractions that make up the waste composition of household bins in Windhoek were collected and mimicked in the laboratory for analysis. The aim of modeling these scenarios in the laboratory was to examine the quality of the leachate in the eluate when substantial volumes of biowaste were added to the residual samples. The analysis was carried out in accordance with the German Institute for Standardization's (DIN 12457) with respect to the process for sampling strategy and sample preparation. From the laboratory analyses, the values of pH decreased from 6.9 to 4.4 as the biowaste was increasing from 0 to 100 %, while EC was increasing with the increase in biowaste input from 0.6 to 4.99 mS/cm; equally, the concentrations of COD were increasing with the increase of biowaste input from 643 to 24,616 mg/l. These parameters had the strongest influence on the properties of leachate, as the high level of COD indicates the presence of high level of organic strength and a sign of organic pollution. The low or acidic pH values were also as a result of the production of volatile organic acids, which can cause the landfill leachate of such a nature to enhance pH of drinking water and contribute in trihalomethane formation which is a toxic substance for human health. High values of EC on the other hand indicate the discharge or other sources of pollution that has lowered the water body’s relative quality. From the findings, it can be concluded that leachate in this study is biodegradable and un-stabilized, as shown by the low pH levels and high COD concentrations. It also alluded that a change in physicochemical parameters, regardless of how little the concentration is, has the ability to change the quality of groundwater. According to this study, leachate was highly contaminated with organic matters. This has proven that the more biowaste inputs, the higher the concentrations of the physicochemical metrics, which can then alter the quality of groundwater. Hence, a recommendation for organic waste to be diverted from landfill sites or treated before landfilled. The findings from the leachate and groundwater samples of the Kupferberg showed that the landfill is mature methanogenic and stabilized stage, when compared to the pH of the laboratory results. COD values in the leachate samples are way higher than the permissible limit of the Namibian standard guidelines for drinking water, as well as the WHO guidelines. As alluded to by many researchers, high COD concentrations indicate high organic strength and pollution. Just as observed in the laboratory, conductivity is equally high in the leachate samples of the Kupferberg landfill, indicating high salts or dissolved inorganic components. This study can conclusively say that there is a relationship between the observed laboratory results and the actual field results, because of the similar trends they portray, noting that the filed values are always higher than the laboratory values. Hence, a proper correlation method is recommended.

Using pumice as an alternative to reduce biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand in tough waste

The tofu industry is a type of industry that operates in the field of food processing from soybean raw materials. The tofu industry is dominated by small-scale businesses, most integrated into residential areas. The tofu industry has yet to process the liquid waste it produces. High environmental pollution can result in the death of aquatic biota due to lack of oxygen. This research aims to reduce BOD and COD levels that do not meet quality standards. Based on this, research was conducted to reduce the organic content in tofu liquid waste using pumice stone as a filtration medium. The research used a 2.5-inch PVC pipe with a height of 70 cm and a media size of 8 mesh, which was heated at temperatures of 50°C and 100°C. The research results after treatment showed that the initial concentration of BOD levels was 160 mg/L. After going through the filtration process with media heating treatment at 50°C and 100°C, the BOD levels were reduced to 116.8, 76.8, and 40 mg/L, respectively, with 52% and 75% reduction effectiveness. While the initial concentration of COD levels was 326 mg/L, after going through the filtration process with media heating treatment at 50°C and 100°C, the COD levels were reduced to 252 and 198 mg/L, respectively, and the effectiveness of the reduction was 23% and 39%.

Immobilization of hydrochar in cellulose beads for eradicating paracetamol from synthetic and sewage water

Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose polymer was used as a support matrix in immobilizing activated hydrochar derived from bamboo using hydrothermal carbonization. The structural and textural morphology of the beads were studied using FTIR, XRD, SEM/EDS, BET and TGA. Activated hydrochar showed a rough surface with irregular spherical shaped structure. Various oxygenated functional groups in composite beads and activated hydrochar were identified that assist in interaction with PARA pollutant. TGA analysis showed weight loss at three stages 200 °C, 365 °C and 710 °C that leads to complete disintegration of composite beads. BET analysis showed a variation in the surface area between activated hydrochar and beads which could be due to air drying process. Batch adsorption test was conducted for investigating the efficiency of beads in removing PARA from water. Pseudo-second order and Langmuir isotherm fitted the best highlighting chemical mode of adsorption with homogenous interaction on the adsorbent surface. 48.12 mg g−1 was the maximum adsorption capacity estimated from sorption between beads and PARA. For practical applications beads were effectively used in reducing COD levels of PARA spiked sewage water with the defined experimental parameters. Ethanol would be effectively used as regenerating solvent in recycling the beads for the betterment of cost reduction. The activated hydrochar immobilized cellulose beads would be successfully applied as adsorbent in removing target pollutants from water thereby reducing the hurdles faced with respect to fine particles in water treatment.

Treatment of food processing industries wastewater using a novel Fuller's earth clay-based tubular ceramic membrane.

This study investigates the feasibility of a robust, low-cost tubular microfiltration ceramic membrane fabricated using a mixture of locally available Fuller's earth clay (FEC) and solid waste material, rice husk ash (RHA), to treat effluents generated by a local dairy and palm oil industries. Fabrication of the membrane was carried out by employing the extrusion method followed by sintering at a temperature of 850 °C. Raw materials were characterized using XRD, XRF, FTIR, TGA, and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The membrane that underwent sintering exhibits a 61% porosity level, 43.29 L/m2 h bar water permeability, 0.115 μm average pore size, and relatively good corrosion resistance. Further, the effect of different operating conditions, including pressure (1.03-2.41 bar) and cross-flow rate (30-150 Lph), on the microfiltration of both the wastewaters is studied. The membrane lowered the COD levels below the discharge limit (<200 mg/L) of the Central Pollution Control of India for both wastewaters. Finally, Hermia's fouling models were used to identify the fouling mechanism concerned.

Quality of Liquid Waste at the General Hospital in Makassar

Hospital waste is all waste produced by hospital activities and other supporting activities. Considering the impacts that may arise, good management efforts are needed including tools and facilities, finances and organizational procedures that are determined with the aim of obtaining hospital conditions that meet environmental health requirements. The research used was observational with a descriptive approach, namely to determine the quality of liquid waste in hospitals in Makassar. This research was conducted from 20 to 27 June 2021 at the Hospital in Makassar. The population is liquid waste in hospitals in Makassar in 2021. The sample in this study is hospital effluent waste in Makassar in 2021. Waste water that is not handled properly will result in negative impacts, especially for health, so it needs good management so that when it is disposed of in A certain area does not cause pollution which is supported by the wastewater treatment plant (IPAL) owned by the hospital itself. It was concluded that the DO levels in the liquid waste produced were at a vulnerable level. The BOD level in liquid waste in the morning is at a moderate level and in the afternoon it is at a heavy level. COD levels in Makassar liquid waste in the morning are at moderate levels and in the afternoon at heavy levels. TSS levels in liquid waste in the morning are at moderate levels and in the afternoon they are at heavy levels. The pH level in liquid waste meets the requirements. TEMPERATURE levels in liquid waste meet the requirements.

Brain-inspired multimodal approach for effluent quality prediction using wastewater surface images and water quality data

Efficiently predicting effluent quality through data-driven analysis presents a significant advancement for consistent wastewater treatment operations. In this study, we aimed to develop an integrated method for predicting effluent COD and NH3 levels. We employed a 200 L pilot-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) to gather multimodal data from urban sewage over 40 d. Then we collected data on critical parameters like COD, DO, pH, NH3, EC, ORP, SS, and water temperature, alongside wastewater surface images, resulting in a data set of approximately 40246 points. Then we proposed a brain-inspired image and temporal fusion model integrated with a CNN-LSTM network (BITF-CL) using this data. This innovative model synergized sewage imagery with water quality data, enhancing prediction accuracy. As a result, the BITF-CL model reduced prediction error by over 23% compared to traditional methods and still performed comparably to conventional techniques even without using DO and SS sensor data. Consequently, this research presents a cost-effective and precise prediction system for sewage treatment, demonstrating the potential of brain-inspired models.

Enhancing The Quality of Irrigation Wastewater for Mung Bean Cultivation Using IoT Technology

Farmers use irrigation channels to irrigate agricultural fields for mung bean cultivation in Indonesia. However, irrigation water in some areas is heavily contaminated and foul-smelling, which can hinder the growth of mung bean plants. Treating irrigation wastewater with methods tailored to the plants’ needs can reduce the levels of contaminants present in the waste-laden irrigation water. This research uses three samples of water wastewater before, after, and PDAM water. This research aims to process polluted irrigation water to produce clean water that meets the quality standards required for plant irrigation. This study employs anaerobic filter technology and IoT-based phytoremediation processes. The results obtained from the wastewater treatment research include adjusting the water pH to 7, reducing COD levels by 41.55%, BOD by 54.6%, phosphates by 23.13%, and nitrates by 90.22%. The comparison obtained from the experiment of watering the green bean plants using three water samples, namely irrigation wastewater before and after being treated, and PDAM water, showed that irrigation wastewater grew faster with a percentage of 65.33%, sewage irrigation water before being treated reached 49.33%, and PDAM water reached 53.33%. The treated water is then supplied to mung bean plants, promoting faster and healthier growth because the water nitrate, BOD, COD, and Phosphate decrease.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Faba (Fly Ash Bottom Ash) Pltu Karangkandri Sebagai Adsorben Pengolahan Limbah Batik Di Desa Kutawaru Cilacap

In this modern era, many technologies are increasingly advanced and industrial developments are increasing, resulting in waste that can contaminate water. The purpose of this study was to determine the best adsorbents from fly ash and bottom ash and to determine the effect of filtration time on the decrease in content, color, BOD5, COD, TSS and pH in the Cilacap batik fabric industrial wastewater treatment process. The steps taken in this study were to find the best filtration time from variations of 60, 120, 180 minutes on fly ash and bottom ash adsorbents and to determine the best adsorbents from fly ash and bottom ash. The results of the color, BOD5, COD, TSS and pH tests showed that the most optimum adsorbent was fly ash, which produced the highest percentage reduction in color content at 60 minutes filtration time of 34.1%, the highest percentage reduction in BOD5 levels at 180 minutes of 69, 5%, the highest percent reduction in COD levels at 120 minutes was 71.5%, the highest percent reduction in TSS levels at 180 minutes was 69.1% and a neutral pH was produced. Analysis of the results of the most optimum time is the filtration time of 180 minutes where the results of filtration using bottom ash adsorbents show the highest percentage reduction in BOD5, COD, TSS levels of 55.4%, 55.3%, 20.4%.

Characterization of Anopheles funestus Larval Habitats in Fiyoni, Kwale County, Kenya: Insights into Malaria Vector Ecology and Control

The breeding of malaria-spreading vectors such as Anopheles funestus is influenced by various environmental factors that contribute indirectly to the transmission of the Plasmodium parasite. However, there is limited knowledge of larval habitat ecology that hinder prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases. This study aimed to characterize larval habitats based on physicochemical and habitat characteristics, considering the abundance of A. funestus. A cross-sectional survey method was used to collect data on the established transects. Physical parameters (water temperature, pH, conductivity, and total dissolved solids) were measured using a 5-in-1 meter probe. Levels of chemical parameters (sulphate, COD, and BOD) were determined in the laboratory using standard methods. Observations were also made on habitat characteristics (including watercolor, habitat size, and canopy). There was significant effect (P&lt;0.05) of conductivity, pH, sulphate, COD, and BOD on the number of A. funestus larvae. Water samples with a high population of A. funestus larvae were found to have higher conductivity (Me of 470.5), TDS (Me = 235), and pH levels (Me of 6.71). Conversely, water samples with a high population of non-Anopheles funestus larvae were found to have higher COD (Me of 843.20), BOD (Me of 367.2), and SO4 levels (Me of 11.3). A significant correlation (p&lt;0.5) existed between A. funestus larvae and physical water parameters. For instance, Anopheles funestus larvae was high (Me of 36.85) in stagnant water and in semi-permanent water (Me of 47.37). The study demonstrates that both physicochemical and habitat parameters significantly influence the abundance of Anopheles funestus larvae in larval habitats. Parameters such as conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids, sulphate, COD, BOD, watercolor, depth, distance from the homestead, and habitat size were found to be important in determining the presence of A. funestus larvae. Therefore, vector control strategies should include larval source management by targeting rivers and other water bodies to prevent the emergence of Anopheles funestus.

Penyisihan COD dan TSS pada Limbah Cair Industri Tahu dengan Kombinasi Metode Elektrokoagulasi dan Filtrasi Menggunakan Media Biji Asam Jawa (Tamarindus indica L)

This study aimed to treat tofu wastewater using electrocoagulation and filtration methods with tamarind seed media. This study was conducted on a lab scale with a capacity of 2 liters, using Al-Al electrodes with a voltage of 13 volts. The variables studied were EC time (20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 minutes) and electrode plate area (90 cm2 and 99 cm2) with a thickness of 1 mm. The parameters measured were COD and TSS of tofu wastewater before and after treatment. The results showed that the electrocoagulation and filtration methods with tamarind seed media could reduce the COD and TSS levels of tofu wastewater significantly. The optimal condition was achieved at EC time of 50 minutes and plate area of 99 cm2, with COD removal of 78.7% and TSS removal of 88%. This was due to the production of metal ions (Al3+) as destabilizing agents at the anode, the formation of flocs by protein and tannin in tamarind seeds, and the pH reduction by ascorbic acid and citric acid in tamarind seeds. This method had the advantage of not using synthetic chemicals and producing a more environmentally friendly final product.

Is nitrification inhibition the bottleneck of integrating hydrothermal liquefaction in wastewater treatment plants?

Sewage sludge management poses challenges due to its environmental impact, varying composition, and stringent regulatory requirements. In this scenario, hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a promising technology for producing biofuel and extracting phosphorus from sewage sludge. However, the toxic nature of the resulting process water (HTL-PW) raises concerns about integrating HTL into conventional wastewater treatment processes. This study investigated the inhibitory effects of HTL-PW on the activity of the main microbial functions in conventional activated sludge. Upon recirculation of the HTL-PW from the excess sludge into the wastewater treatment plant, the level of COD in the influent is expected to increase by 157 mgO2⋅L−1, resulting in 44% nitrification inhibition (IC50 of 197 mg⋅L−1). However, sorption of inhibitory compounds on particles can reduce nitrification inhibition to 27% (IC50 of 253 mg⋅L−1). HTL-PW is a viable carbon source for denitrification, showing nearly as high denitrification rates as acetate and only 17% inhibition at 157 mgO2⋅L−1 COD. Under aerobic conditions, heterotrophic organic nitrogen and organic matter conversion remains unaffected up to 223 mgO2⋅L−1 COD, with COD removal higher than 94%. This study is the first to explore the full integration of HTL in wastewater treatment plants for biofuel production from the excess activated sludge. Potential nitrification inhibition is concerning, and further long-term studies are needed to fully investigate the impacts.

The Use of Fly Ash and Bottom Ash to Reduce COD, TSS, and Color in Textile Industry Wastewater Effluent

The textile industry wastewater effluent contains some levels of COD, TSS, and color, it must be reprocessed as a tertiary treatment using the filtration method. The goal of this research was to examine the ability of fly ash and bottom ash as filtration media to reduce the pollutant / organic load of COD, TSS, and color in textile industry wastewater effluent. The slow sand filter method was used in this study, and the filter media was derived from coal combustion waste. The variation used in this study is a variation of filter media (fly ash and bottom ash), with fly ash diameters of 0.11 and 0.35 mm, bottom ash diameters of 0.85 - 1.50 mm, and media thickness of 1.50 - 2.00 mm (10 cm and 20 cm). The study’s findings demonstrated that using bottom ash and fly ash media in the filtration process with a slow sand filter system could maximize the efficiency of reducing COD, TSS, and color levels in textile industry wastewater effluent. In fly ash media, it can reduce COD, TSS, and Color by 90.58%, 81.87%, and 100%. Meanwhile, Bottom Ash filter media has an average COD, TSS, and Color reduction of 87.80%, 81.87%, and of 100%.

Diazinon and MCPA photo-reduction with sulfite excitation under UV irradiation and reducing agents’ generation

Diazinon (DIZ) and 4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) herbicide and widely used in agricultural lands. Present study investigates diazinon and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid photo-reduction via UV/Sulfite (US) in as Advanced Reduction Processes (ARP). The ideal pH was Molar ratio of sulfite: DIZ or MCPA 1:1 and, 20 min reaction time, and pH 9, in which about 100 % reduction of DIZ and MCPA with a concentration of 10 mg L−1 was achieved and the optimal conditions were considered. Kinetic investigation increasing DIZ and MCPA concentration from 5 to 20 mgL−1, kobs increase about from 0.151 to 0.234 for DIZ and from 0.231 to 0.589 min−1. Also, reaction rate (robs) increases about from 0.755 to 4.68 for DIZ and from 1.155 to 11.78 mg L−1.min. The amount of energy consumption in DIZ solution increased from 5 to 20, respectively, from 0.73 to 2.37, and in the reduction of MCPA from 0.47 to 1.49 kWh per cubic meter. According to experiments performed in 30 min with the US process, COD levels were reduced by about 46 % of both pollutants. It is important to note that the BOD/COD ratio rose from about 0.20 to 0.48 after 30 min. Since the index of biodegradability has grown high, it can be concluded that non-biodegradable COD (NBDCOD) convert to biodegradable COD (BDCOD) and toxicity is lower than of before of treatment. This study has been very suggesting that the UV/sulfite method produces effluent with a non-toxic and ecologically beneficial manner by biological treatment or discharge directly in environment.

Synergism of Consortium of Heterotrophic Bacterial Strains with Pistia stratiotes L. and Salvinia molesta D. Mitch as Biophytoremediator for Heavy Metal Removal in Domestic Wastewater

High levels of organic matter and heavy metals in domestic wastewater can increase the pollution of water bodies. The water pollution results correspond to the degree of public health. Waste must be controlled and processed first using management methods such as biophytoremedyator to decrease the rate of pollution because its advantages do not negatively impact public health and the environment. Biophytoremediation offers a better alternative method to repair environmental conditions by combining microorganisms and plants. This study aimed to analyze the effect of heterotrophic bacterial strains with Pistia stratiotes L. and Salvinia molesta D. Mitch for heavy metal removal in domestic wastewater. It also investigated the influence of heterotrophic bacterial strains with Pistia stratiotes L. and Salvinia molesta D. Mitch which were also carried out to observe the BOD and COD levels. The results showed decreased heavy metal levels from the three treatment groups. The consortium treatment group of heterotrophs and Salvinia molesta D. Mitch bacteria strains reduced heavy metal levels faster than the other groups by 59%. In addition, it is also able to reduce BOD and COD levels. This study has shown the significant effect of combining heterotrophic bacterial (HB) strains with Pistia stratiotes L. or Salvinia molesta D. Mitch for heavy metal removal in domestic wastewater.

Telecouplings in Atlantic cod—The role of global trade and climate change

Seafood trade is a global business, where catches, processing, and consumption are increasingly separated. An increasingly integrated global market creates telecouplings, i.e. connections between fish stocks that are ecologically separated. These telecouplings may spread the impact of vulnerabilities, such as climate change, between unconnected fisheries. The effect of climate change on fisheries is often analyzed on a fish stock basis, which may overlook the spread of these vulnerabilities. Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) stocks, an iconic fish species, are no exception. Depending on the geographical location, stocks have been impacted differently by climate change, with North-East Arctic (NEA) cod, the stock in the Barents Sea, reaching record high biomass levels and other stocks being extremely depleted. Here, we investigate how these dynamics occurring in the ecological system affect global trade of cod. We find that the global export is fully dominated by NEA cod catches. Applying Structural Equation Modelling, we discover that the high biomass level of NEA cod has positive effects on catches and exports and leads to lower global market prices. However, zooming in on individual stocks and the countries exploiting them using correlation networks, we find heterogeneous responses of other countries, where catches for some stocks increase and others decrease in response to lower global prices. Our results highlight how changes on one fishery may have important repercussion on stocks in different ecosystems, as well as on societies reliant on them.

Feasibility study of utilization of palm oil mill effluent (POME) as a source for microalgae nutrients

As palm oil productivity increases, the waste produced will increase. Every palm oil industry produces liquid waste known as palm oil mill effluent (POME). POME contains very high BOD and COD so that it can inhibit microalgae growth. Therefore, comprehensive research is needed to find pre-treatment steps to reduce the COD and BOD content in POME before it is used as a medium for the growth and development of microalgae. The experimental mixture procedure carried out POME and microalgae according to the specified ratio. Research shows that Pond IV POME waste can be used as wild microalgae to grow, thereby reducing the BOD and COD levels of POME waste. Variable modifiers were applied to the volume of POME to the ratio of microalgae volume and the amount of nutrients provided. Microalgae growth with a ratio of 1:4 resulted in a decrease in BOD and COD to 61.66 ppm and 173.33 ppm from 110.6 ppm and 496.67 ppm. On the effect of providing C nutrition (120 ppm), resulted in lower BOD and COD at 65.33 ppm and 186.67 ppm, while the effect of providing N (40 ppm) nutrition resulted in lower BOD and reached 55.41 ppm and 158.33 ppm.

Water Quality Assesment Based on Government Regulation Standard in Sangkalami River, North Kalimantan, Indonesia.

Sangkalami river was located in, Tanjung Palas Tengah, Bulungan, North Kalimantan. Main issues that occured in Sangkalami River is there was an active open pit coal mine nearby and currently using Sangkalami River as the main outlet of Acid Mine Drainage as a result of mining activities. The goal of this research is to be able provide information regarding potential contamination in Sangkalami River due to coal mine activities nearby. Sample water from the river will be taken to be tested in laboratory for extracting information regarding existing water quality. Government Regulation of Indonesia Number 22 of 2021 will be used as water quality standard to compare the level of pH, Mn, H2S, DO, COD, and BOD in Sangkalami River to the government implemented standard regarding water quality. Main goal of the study is to be able to provide information about contamination level that occured in Sangkalami River.

Redesigning the Wastewater Treatment Plant for the Tofu Industry in Ledok Kulon Village, Bojonegoro Regency

Currently, the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) for the tofu industry in Ledok Kulon Village, Bojonegoro Regency uses an anaerobic-aerobic-anaerobic system. However, treated wastewater quality is still over maximum standard. To rectify this, the objective of the study was to technically improve the WWTP so that the treated wastewater could comply with the required quality standards for disposal into the environment. This was achieved without increasing the capacity of the WWTP by changing the function of each unit and modifying the flow patterns of the system. Additionally, the treatment system was altered from an anaerobic-aerobic-anaerobic to an anaerobic-aerobic system. Consequently, the WWTP redesigning calculations showed that the levels of BOD, COD, and TSS produced were 9.65 mg/L, 61.23 mg/L, and 2.16 mg/L, respectively, which met the required quality standards.

Bioremediation of Tofu Wastewater Using EM4 and Apu Plant (Pistia stratiotes L.)

The number of tofu factories that have been established has resulted in a large amount of waste being produced. Tofu factories that stand on average are small-scale businesses that cannot afford to manufacture their own waste treatment, so that the waste produced is directly disposed into the environment without processing, this can pollute the environment. Waste treatment can be done in a simple way that doesn't require a lot of money, such as bioremediation using EM4 and Apu plant (Pistia stratiotes L.). The aim of this research was to study bioremediation of tofu wastewater in reducing BOD, COD and TSS levels using Effective Microorganism-4 (EM4) and Apu plant (Pistia stratiotes L.). This research using experimental method and Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with 3 treatments (P1, P2 and P3) that is P1 as the control treatment (without EM4 and Apu plant), P2 as the bioremediation treatment using EM4, and P3 as treatment using Apu plant (Pistia stratiotes L.). Each treatment was repeated 7 times. Parameters measured included pH, BOD, COD and TSS of the waste before and after treatment. Observational data were analyzed by ANOVA test then tested by LSD test. The research results showed that there were differences in bioremediation using Effective microorganism-4 (EM4) and Apu plant (Pistia stratiotes L.) but it was not yet effective in reducing BOD, COD and TSS levels in tofu wastewater. The treatment was ineffective because the remediation results still did not meet the quality standarts in East Java Governor Regulation No 52 of 2014.Keywords: EM4, Pistia stratiotes L., tofu wastewater, waste treatment.

EFEKTIVITAS PENGGUNAAN METODE GABUNGAN METODE BIOFILTER ANAEROB DAN FITOREMEDIASI DALAM MENURUNKAN KADAR BOD, COD DAN TSS PADA LIMBAH CAIR DOMESTIK

The increasing population is one of the impacts of population density is the increasing need for drinking water, which also impacts increasing the amount of wastewater released. One approach that can be used in domestic wastewater management is using anaerobic biofilter and phytoremediation technology methods to reduce pollution levels. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of anaerobic biofilter and phytoremediation in reducing BOD, COD, and TSS levels in domestic wastewater at Perum Sumput Asri, Driyorejo District, Gresik Regency. This study uses variations of Biofilter media, namely in reactor one using ginger coral media and in the second reactor using bioring media for phytoremediation plants using water hyacinth plants. The retention time is 12 hours in each basin with a discharge of 3.6 l / hour with a continuous upflow system. The results of research from biofilter and phytoremediation media variations are very good coral ginger and water hyacinth biofilter media which have the effectiveness of reducing BOD levels by an average of 53%, COD levels by an average of 51.39% and TSS levels by an average of 72.40%.