Coastal Territories Research Articles

RIVER ECOSYSTEMS OF POLISYA: NATURE, CAUSES OF DEGRADATION, METHODS OF URBAN PLANNING AND LAND REGENERATION

In this article we have analyzed the current state of the ecosystems of Polesye rivers in Ukraine, the causes of their degradation. We have primarily made recommendations for urban planning and the reclamation of coastal areas of Polesye rivers in urban and suburban areas. Ukrainian rivers are classified into 3 categories: Polesye rivers, mountain rivers and rivers in river-cut valleys. In this article we analyzed the natural features of Polesye river ecosystems and the reasons and factors of their degradation. We have made some recommendations with respect to town-planning and the reclamation of coastal territories: in both urban and suburban zones.The river ecosystem is a naturally balanced formation - disturbance of the coastal area directly affects the state of the riverbed. Maintaining the natural (optimal) functioning of the river ecosystem and its catchment area helps to increase their self-cleaning capabilities and minimize the impact of extreme situations, including low-water years. Any measures for the preservation or reconstruction of the ecosystem of the river and river valley should be aimed at the reproduction of natural complexes, originally characteristic of the area and the landscape.In order to maintain, preserve, protect and restore the ecological balance, the urban organization of coastal areas of Polissya rivers in urban and suburban areas should take into account the presence of wetlands of coastal areas, the number of wetlands, small number of aquatic and air-water plants. features of Polissya river ecosystems. The dominance of the landscape direction of the urban organization of the coastal areas of Polissya will help maintain the natural balance, which is the key to maintaining the purity of Polissya rivers and the stability of coastal areas.

Экономика прибрежных территорий Арктики: анализ состояния и тенденции развития

The article deals with the issues of economic development of the coastal territories of the Russian Arctic (blue economy). The author assesses the state and development of certain sectors of the blue economy, including marine (coastal) biological resources, mineral resources and hydrocarbons, renewable energy, seaports and infrastructure, coastal tourism. He shows the influence of the economy of coastal territories on socio-economic development, the creation of new jobs, the investment attraction, the traditional crafts of the indigenous peoples of the North and the improvement of the population living standards. The author identifies the development trends of the Arctic coastal territories, which consist in the complex nature of industrial development of the territory taking into account the requirements of environmental protection, the development of renewable energy sources (solar, wind energy), modernization of port infrastructure, creation of a network of specially protected natural Arctic territories.

TRENDS OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF COASTAL TERRITORIES OF LARGE CITIES

Modern tendencies in architectural and landscape design of coastal territories of large and significant cities of the world are considered. The functional zoning of coastal areas of large cities in historical development is analyzed. The basic principles of revitalization of coastal areas in the formation of new watersheds are outlined. The directions of the planning organization of building of coastal territories of cities are established. For each city located near water bodies, the connection with them determined the historical development of the city, structure and architectural appearance, cultural traditions and way of life, typology and status of urban spaces. Today the problems of ecology, quality of the urban environment, optimization of infrastructure, balanced development of territories come to the fore. The study of the functional and planning structure of the coast of major cities of the world has identified the main urban features of coastal development. On the examples of implemented design solutions, an analysis of the volumetric and functional solution of the studied territories was carried out. Traced modern architectural trends, the latest trends in the world of innovative building technologies used in the reconstruction, revitalization and construction of embankments. As the analysis of world practice shows, today the urban type of coastal territories as a whole dominates. This is due to the loss in the process of urban development of the natural properties of the landscape in its natural state, and the need to take into account a number of factors of the architectural environment. Some facilities are places of mass use and their uneven placement in the coastal area is the cause of seasonal traffic and pedestrian traffic. Some principles are formed at the conclusion.

Secondary Metabolites Isolated from Chilean Marine Algae: A Review.

Chile is in the extreme southwestern part of America, and it has an extreme length, of approximately 4300 km that increases to 8000 km considering the Chilean Antarctic Territory. Despite the large extent of its coastal territory and the diversity of geographic environments and climates associated with Chilean coasts, the research on marine resources in Chile has been rather scarce. From marine organisms found in Chilean coastal waters, algae have been the most studied, since they contain a wide range of interesting secondary metabolites that have some structural traits that make them unique and uncharacteristic. Thus, a wide structural variety of natural products including terpenoids (monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, and meroterpenoids), furanones, and C15-acetogenins have been isolated and identified. This review describes the existing literature on bioprospecting and exploration of secondary metabolites from Chilean coasts.

ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ПРИБРЕЖНОЙ ТЕРРИТОРИИ СТАНИЦЫ СТАРОЧЕРКАССКОЙ В РОСТОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The article analyzes the formation of a Cossack village on the coastal territory of the Don River in a historical and architectural-compositional context. A retrospective of the formation of the Cossack village of stanitsa Starocherkasskaya from the 18th century is considered until now. The author focuses on both architectural and compositional aspects and historical background that influence the formation of the image of the Cossack village. In addition, the main social aspects that influenced the integration of the coastal area into the structure of a small historical settlement are identified. For the coastal area of the Starocherkasskaya Cossack village (stanitsa), the author identifies three key periods of formation and integration into the structure of the settlement. The first is the period during the 18th century. The second is the period from the 19th to the middle of 20th century. The third is the period from the second half of the 20th century to the present. Each period is considered in detail. This is of great importance in the formation of the Starocherkasskaya Cossack village (stanitsa), and in particular the coastal area as the most important component in the structure of the settlement. Five basic principles for the formation of the structure of the Cossack settlement are formulated and the role of the coastal territory in this process is indicated on the basis of analysis of historical cartographic material

BLUE LINES AS TOWN-BUILDING LIMITATIONS OF COASTAL WATER AREA

The characteristics and problems of coastal water areas and coastal territories are considered. The use of coastal areas for economic, residential, and industrial buildings led to their degradation and gave rise to a number of legal, ecological, technical, and urban planning problems. Coastal water areas and territories are important natural and urban planning complexes in the planning structure of the city, because they enrich the urban fabric with public and recreational space, coastal flora and fauna, a picturesque landscape, and improve the microclimate of the urban environment. Professional organization, beautification, preservation and protection of coastal water areas and their coastal territories is one of the dominant urban planning tasks due to the fact that coastal territories are extremely vulnerable, the most exploited and investment-attractive zones. Preservation of the natural balance between the water area and the coastal area in the conditions of an urbanized environment is an urgent task of city planners. The advantages of the organization of the coastal man-made system have been proven. The urban planning organization of the coastal territory of the river is a set of measures for engineering preparation and improvement of the territory, which include the definition and measurements of the site, the identification of its natural features, the determination of the borders of the coastal territory, zoning with the definition of restrictions (water protection zone, coastal protective strip, green lines), project development, technical support of architectural and landscape improvement under the condition of maintaining and preserving the natural balance of the river ecosystem. The importance of establishing the Blue Lines of urban planning restrictions of coastal water areas is substantiated. Green and Blue lines should become tools for limiting the urbanized load on the natural component of cities and settlements, protecting and safeguarding the purity of the water body, the balance of the ecotone component, the river biocenosis, and the paradynamic connections of the river ecosystem during its urban development. The blue lines of urban planning restrictions – the boundaries of the water area cut – will contribute to the preservation of the maximum allowable sizes of coastal water areas, a tool for preserving the natural component in the urbanized environment, which will help solve the problem of balanced, rational and harmonious use of coastal water areas and territories. In addition to the obvious advantages of improving the microclimate of the urban environment, the appearance of recreational and pedestrian zones, the organization of public space (city friendly for people), the return of historical and cultural significance, professional urban planning organization and the revitalization of river ecosystems will have long-term economic profit – the coastal areas of revived water areas will become promising objects for investments.

THE INFLUENCE OF NATURAL FACTORS ON THE EMERGENCE OF LARGE SCYTHIAN SETTLEMENTS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRADE ROUTES

This article considers the impact of changes in the natural environment on historical processes that took place in the steppe and forest-steppe zones of Ukraine in the XI—V centuries BC. It is determined that one of the main reasons for the emergence of large Scythian settlements was a natural factor. Changes in climatic conditions in the steppe zone led to the almost complete outflow of population from its territory in the XI—V centuries BC. The establishment of a more favorable climate in the south of Ukraine, which began in the VII century BC, led to an increase in the population in the forest-steppe zone and the emergence of large Scythian settlements on its territory.
 The article also considers the question of the emergence and functioning of the main trade routes that existed in the Northern Black Sea region at that time. South Bug, Dnieper and Don rivers were used as trade routes beginning ХV century BC. The Scythian penetration to forest-steppe zone and the construction of big sites of settlements started before the start opening the north coastal Black Sea territory by Greek colonists. The Scythians appeared in the forest-steppe zone in the first half to mid- VII century, and the Greek opening of the coastal areas starts at the end of VII century BC. That time the South Bug, Dnieper and Don rivers became waterways connecting North Black sea area with central East Europe and Baltic countries. It were the estuaries of these rivers where appeared the biggest early Greek settlements: Berezan at the Bug and Dnieper estuary’s conjunction and Taganrog at the Don estuary. In the VII—V centuries South Bug was the main trade route. This point is supported by the fact that the Olvia state capital-Olvia city was established on the right bank of the Bug estuary.
 The Greek centers exported to these areas, possibly ceramics, vine, olive oil, jewelry etc. These are the ceramic residuals which make it possible to determine the big Scythian settlements lifetime. Greek traders as reported ancient authors imported from forest-steppe areas, where these settlements were established, cattle, slaves, copper, furs, wax, salted fish, amber etc. The climate improvement at the North Black Sea area started opening of these unsettled steppe areas. This process resulted in gradual decadence of big Scythian settlements. The Grate Scythian center moves to the lower reach of Dneaper river, which followed by main trade route transfer to that exact river. So the natural factor seriously influenced the South Black Sea areas historical processes in the VII—V centuries BC.

Recreational Zoning of the Coastal Territories Using the Example of the Odessa Region

Abstract This article analyzes the recreational potential of the Odessa region with the implementation of recreational zoning. The evaluation of the recreational potential proposed is based on selected indicators, reflecting the presence of certain recreational resources in the Odessa region, which is located on the Ukrainian Black Sea coast. The zoning of the geosystem of the territories is carried out by combining several tools and methods according to the indicators of the recreational potential identified in the corresponding zones. Based on the assessment results completed in 2019, the territorial units were grouped into the recreational areas proposed according to their suitability for the main recreation functions. The results obtained identify five recreational zones in the Odessa region with the most promising strategy for recreational use. This will become the basis for developing priority strategies for investing into the recreational sphere and determining the types and objects of investment.

Urban zoning features of territories for tourist services facilities placement in coastal cities

Introduction. The article deals with the development of coastal territories of cities with the city-forming function of tourism. The tourism industry is currently viewed as a promising area of economic development for many countries and cities. Resort tourism or health tourism is actively developing in Turkey, Thailand, Egypt, Vietnam and other countries, with an emphasis on a high level of service for hotel complexes that occupy large areas of coastal territories, which leads to conflicts of interest for the local population, investors and tourists. The solution to these conflicts can be obtained by methods of urban zoning.
 
 Materials and methods. On the basis of a systematic approach, in which the city is considered as a social-natural-anthropogenic system, the main contradictions that arise when placing tourist facilities in the structure of the city and the features of the town-planning zoning of these territories are identified. The article uses data from open sources, the general plan of Tuy Hoa, as an analog object of coastal cities of the south-central coast of Vietnam.
 
 Results. It is shown that the main critical factor in the placement of tourist accommodation facilities is the availability of beach areas, which serve as the main point of attraction. In this case, the comfortable distance should not exceed 1000 m. One of the planning techniques aimed at resolving conflicts can be the formation of urbanized locations — resort functional zones (KFZ), specially designed for the placement of tourist service facilities, including various forms of tourist accommodation. Proposals (schematic diagrams) for urban zoning of the central part of the city have been developed, ensuring the availability of city beaches; the formation of a street network of KFZ, based on the principle of pedestrian accessibility of the beach, as well as the formation of a planning scheme of the KFZ territory, providing for the provision of a protective zone.
 
 Conclusions. Urban zoning of the resort city’ territory should be carried out taking into account the peculiarities that are due to the tourism industry; for the mass accommodation of tourists, local zones should be envisaged, which will ensure a balance between the development of tourism and the preservation of the residential and public environment, the accessibility to the beach; the formation of a protective strip along the coastline will create a comfortable public recreational space for tourists and residents with the aim of stable and sustainable development in the future.

Formacion economica y social de un territorio costero chileno durante el siglo XIX: la propiedad en San Antonio y su hinterland

Through the theme and concept of economic and social formation, this article studies the evolution during the 19th century of an important coastal territory of central Chile, relatively abandoned by historiography: the port of San Antonio and its immediate territory. The current relevance of this port with respect to the economy of the entire country has quite recent origins, and it is only from the first years of the 20th century, in a slow process, that this territory begins to develop strongly, acquiring its preponderance current. However, this development is determined by a previous period, an export boom based on cereal production, which characterized the transformation of this territory and its ports during the second half of the nineteenth century, especially in the last third of that century. century.The formation and slow transformation of this territory will be reconstructed from the analysis in two senses. At first, from a general observation point, through the reconstruction of the evolution of the property structure, in the territory that surrounded the modest port complex, through the analysis of census and agricultural data. Secondly, we will go into the information that gives an account of the export boom, which energized all this territory around 1870, especially considering the development of the "New Port" in connection with the establishment of a modern commercial society, which brought together important merchants and landowners.

Shoreline Evolutionary Trends Along Calabrian Coasts: Causes and Classification

The issue of coastal erosion currently affects most of the world’s coastal territories. This erosion is generally caused by an alteration of coastal and river dynamics both due to the action of natural factors and to the increase in anthropogenic pressure, mainly observed in the second half of the last century after the end of the Second World War. In the future, this issue may be more affected by climate change. This paper describes the shoreline evolutionary trends at different time scale along the Calabrian coasts, a region in southern Italy, in over 50 sample areas. Calabria represents an interesting case study due to its geomorphological peculiarities and due to its considerable anthropogenic pressures, which have caused extensive erosive processes. In addition, this paper analyzes the main causes of these evolutionary trends and classifies them using a quick methodology based on a shoreline variation rate of a fixed area. This is an index-based methodology and is a part of a new generally index-based coastal risk assessment methodology, developed by the Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria and the Calabria Region and which is currently in progress. The main result is that the sample areas in the erosion classes prevail over those in the advancement class for very long-term, long-term and middle-term time interval while for short-term and most recent time interval the sample areas in the advancement class prevail over those in the erosion classes.

Role of protected area in reducing marine and plastic litter: A case study from India's first Marine Protected Area and comparison with Non‐Protected Areas

AbstractThis research is the first to assess marine litter and plastic pollution in India's first marine protected area (MPA), the Gulf of Kachchh Marine Protected Area (GOKMPA). We compare it to two non‐protected areas, that is, Okha Beach and Beyt Dwarka, known for their high industrial and tourist activity, respectively. Standing‐stock surveys were used to collect primary litter data, while questionnaire surveys were used to learn about people's perception and attitude towards the plastic pollution problem in the study area. We found that plastic was the most common component of the litter at all the sites and that it was primarily of terrestrial origin. Compared to non‐protected sites, GOKMPA had the lowest litter density but the highest proportion of plastic litter. Single‐use plastic bottles were the most counted items at all the sites, regardless of the conservation status of the sites. The majority of people (locals, visitors, and fishers) around these sites expressed concern about waste but were hesitant to take responsibility and discourage or prevent littering. We noted that designating coastal territories as protected areas helps in reducing plastic pollution while also conserving habitat and biodiversity. However, this could change rapidly due to either mishandling of litter within MPAs or neighboring non‐PAs, and also because plastics pose an actual toxicity risk when present even at minimal concentrations in the environment. We recommend combining preventive, mitigating, and curative measures in areas where risk hotspots for plastic litter are identified, and such sites must be constantly monitored. Long‐term solutions could include transitioning from a linear to a circular economy, which would involve goals for reducing plastic waste and instituting more sustainable production and consumption patterns.

The spread of Cinglais flint during the Neolithic: distribution, chronology and modalities

Summary. Cinglais flint originates from the jurassic plains of Normandy. Since the Early Neolithic, it was used in blade production and was identified within mines and habitats near flint outcroppings. This article focuses on the distribution of these laminar products and considers a variety of criteria: the aim is to determine its geographical confines and chrono-cultural contexts, as well as to specify the economic, technical and functional modalities of its exploitation. A critical inventory of the archaeological contexts allows us to identify the material as having been primarily diffused during the Early Neolithic. Our understanding of the spread of Cinglais flint in the Middle Neolithic comes from sites that are difficult to analyze. This, in turn, complicates efforts to reconstruct Western cultural groups, as well as our comprehension of the modalities of appropriation of the Armorican coastal territory. Observation of the distribution of a particular resource over the long term allows for the identification of related industries and the consideration of their role as dynamic vectors in the Neolithization process of western France. Exploring the causes of the emergence or disappearance of laminar industries provides information about their role within the expansion of a particular cultural model.

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ ПОДХОДЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ТУРИЗМА НА ПРИНЦИПАХ УСТОЙЧИВОГО РАЗВИТИЯ

The paper presents the increasing role of the tourism business in the state's economic development, including the countries and cities of the Asia-Pacific region. These regions have favorable natural conditions for developing coastal tourist resorts. In addition, the article also demonstrates the impact of the pandemic on tourism activities around the world. The factors of the tourism industry's negative impact on the natural complex have been identified. It is especially evident in the coastal zone, experiencing a significant anthropogenic load and must be considered when placing tourism-related objects in the city's planning structure. The basic principles (sufficiency of resources, limited resources, infrastructural integrity and maintenance of the natural system's ecological balance) are formulated, which serve as the foundation for developing a model of the coastal city territory's urban planning balance with a focus on the tourism industry. The proposed model is based on considering the features of the spatial development of coastal city regions, focused on the tourism business. Based on the formulated model, the potential's assessment for urban development of the coastal city Tuy Hoa (Vietnam) is carried out on the basis of the tourism industry. The natural complex's estimates, engineering and transport infrastructures, and the social sphere have been obtained, which allow to estimate the tourist flow of no more than 54,000 tourists, ensuring the sustainable development of the city

The Blue Economy in Small-Scale Fisheries – An Ocean-Land Interface Perspective: The Case of Chile as Support for a Generalizable Analysis for Latin America

Abstract With regard to the blue economy, there is a scarcity of discussion on the land-ocean interface. The article’s aim is to fill that gap, focusing on land tenure rights of coastal territory and its governance. For that purpose, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries is key to bringing the concept of the blue economy into the lives of small-scale fisheries stakeholders. The article attempts to analyse whether Chilean legislation complies with the FAO framework, particularly in the area of tenure rights over fishing inlets as well as whether this framework is accepted by those engaged in small-scale fishing. The hypothesis is that, in areas not covered by statutory law, which is mandatory, fishermen have already been intrinsically applying the FAO framework, which is voluntary. Thus, it is important to acknowledge their practices when developing legislation and legal reforms that attempt to introduce such a framework.

Ecological and biological features of Triglochin maritima L. in the biotopes of the littoral zone with different degree of flooding on the coast of the White Sea

The study of Triglochin maritima L. was carried out on the Pomor (western) coast of the White Sea, in the Republic of Karelia (64°22'81"N, 35°93'14"E). Morphological analysis of aboveground and underground parts of the clones was performed on virginal plants. Anatomical analysis of leaf sheaths of the current year shoots, rhizomes and adventitious roots was carried out. The viability of pollen was assessed by determining the relative share of normally developed and malformed pollen grains. The content of heavy metals was determined in the soil, sea water and plant samples. The study was carried out on a model transect in the littoral zone on three test plots representing the lower littoral; the middle and the upper littoral zones. Adaptation to wave and storm impact was manifested in a well-developed system of underground organs. In the lower littoral, underground part surpasses the aboveground vegetative organs in terms of the mass and the formation of mechanical tissues. This allows the plants to anchor stronger in the substrate. Pollen analysis confirmed the adaptability of T. maritima plants to the conditions of the lower littoral by a high percentage of normal and, consequently, fertile pollen, which ensures sexual reproduction of the species. T. maritima can be considered as a Fe hyperaccumulator as the plant accumulates very high levels of Fe (22–34 g kg-1), especially in the lower and middle littoral zones, both in underground and aboveground organs. The ability of T. maritima plants to actively deposit metals was revealed on the basis of the coefficient of biological absorption of metals and makes it possible to suggest potential possibility of using the species in phytoremediation technologies on coastal territories.

The feedback to anticipate the reconstruction of coastal territories in crisis management

Si le risque cyclonique aux Antilles françaises est connu, il présente des caractéristiques atypiques et incertaines. À cela s’ajoutent les particularités des territoires littoraux (dont l’insularité) qui renforcent leur vulnérabilité et fragilisent leur capacité à se reconstruire et s’adapter. En témoignent les difficultés que rencontre l’île de Saint-Martin pour se reconstruire, plus de deux ans après le passage des ouragans Irma, José et Maria en 2017. En effet, si les décisions et actions menées durant un événement exceptionnel s’attachent principalement à gérer l’urgence pour sortir de la crise le plus rapidement possible, on peut s’interroger sur les effets à long terme d’une anticipation pensée en conduite de crise : peut-on anticiper, en temps de crise extrême, des actions et leurs conséquences afin d’amorcer plus facilement la phase de reconstruction ? En vue d’aider les gestionnaires de crise à intégrer l’objectif de continuité de fonctionnement et de relèvement du territoire dans la prise de décision en situation d’incertitude, un retour d’expérience global (issu d’une quarantaine d’entretiens) a été réalisé sur cette crise cyclonique de 2017.

Structurer et promouvoir la randonnée en Bretagne : le rôle de l’Association Bretonne des Relais et Itinéraires (années 1970–1980)

With 1700 km of coastline and 6 000 km of trails, Brittany attracts millions of hikers every year. The territory relies on this activity to promote tourism. How did hiking come about in Brittany? Who are the actors concerned and how were they organized? How is the coastline issue approached? This article aims to identify the roles played by the association ABRI (Association Bretonne des Relais et Itinéraires) with regard to the structure and promotion of hiking in Brittany during the 1970s–1980s. It also aims to understand the strategies implemented by the actors to enhance the coastal territory while promoting rural areas, at a time when the disappearance of trails mobilizes the public authorities. The authors show that beyond the economic and structural aspects, the actions of the ABRI in favor of hiking also meet educational objectives.

A study of the lake Baikal level fluctuations on the coastal territories

A study of the lake Baikal level fluctuations on the coastal territories

Аспекты сохранения малых водных объектов в урбанизированной среде

The globality of the problem of not only preserving water resources, but also finding ways to restore them is revealed. The importance of reducing the influence of the human factor on the state of water bodies bordering on urbanized spaces has been substantiated. Purpose: substantiation of the concept of harmonization of urbanized territories and small water bodies, by restoring the natural identity of the environment in the relationship of the triad «technology-technique-digitalization». To solve the problem, it is proposed to transfer research to the scientifi c and theoretical plane, using predicate analytics, risk analysis and IT technologies for modeling digital twins of the habitat. It is noted that modern technologies make it possible to take into account factor risks and adjust management decisions to obtain the planned result of restoring the eco-identity of a single water body, and as a result of the entire urbanized complex for sustainable existence in the long term. Consideration of water bodies is carried out from the standpoint of the theory of object-component modeling of the relationship of the triad «technology-technology-digitalization». The globality of the problem of not only the conservation of water resources, but also the search for ways to renew them is revealed. The importance of reducing the influence of the human factor on the state of water bodies bordering urbanized spaces is substantiated. An object description and representation of the architectural scheme of the influence of the system elements is performed, through the selection of marginal and accentuated components. An infogram of the relationship of the triad «technology-technique-digitalization» in the system of maintaining natural identity for the period of the full life cycle of water bodies is presented. The application of an integrated approach is justifi ed, including both technologies of constant monitoring of the water body and coastal territories, and optimization of the choice of technical means of cleaning and garbage collection. In the proposed scheme, the technological cycle for monitoring the purity of a water body and a coastal zone is implemented by a set of technical means completed on a modular basis based on a functional model presented in a modal format.