Southeastern Coastal Area Of China Research Articles

Geometry and emplacement of the Late Cretaceous mafic dyke swarms on the islands in Zhejiang Province, Southeast China: Insights from high-resolution satellite images

The geology of Zhejiang coastal area in Southeast China is characterized by numerous Late Mesozoic intrusive rocks and widespread mafic dyke swarms, which indicate continental lithospheric extensional eventsduring the Jurassic and Cretaceous. This work is focused on using multisource high-resolution remote sensing images (Worldview2, Geoeye1 and Quickbird2) to identify the geometry, morphology and location of previously undocumented and poorly understood dyke swarms exposed on the islands in Zhejiang Province. The geometry of each dyke is described by its strike, length and thickness. The spatial distribution of the dyke density and crustal dilation are obtained based on the statistics of 774 extracted mafic dykes. Field surveys are performed in some islands in order to analyze the detailed geometric features and assess the interpretative accuracy. The spectral measurement and analysis of mafic dykes are performed as well for remote sensing imagery processing and lithological interpretation. The results show that the frequency distributions of the length and thickness of dykes follow power law curves. The maximum and mean dyke thicknesses are 11.2m and 1.43m, respectively. The crustal dilation of the islands ranges from 0.09% to 7.4%. From the north to the south islands, the dilation decreases gradually. The dyke frequency and density have the same distribution as the dilation. According to 40Ar–39Ar age (Zhongshanjie archipelago) and U–Pb zircon age (Sijiao Island) of the mafic dyke, the dyke swarms on the eastern Zhejiang islands emplaced at around 87–97Ma. The cross-cutting relationships of dykes and host rocks show that the mafic dyke swarms have close spatial correlations with granite. The dykes stretch in various directions whereas the NE-trending dykes dominate. Our research reveals four intrusive events that imply the crustal extension and intermittent variation of the regional stress field in the coastal area of southeastern China in the Late Cretaceous.

Trend Study on Economic Loss Induced by Typhoon Disaster in Chinas Southeast Coast

Chinas southeast coast is one of the regions with most severely influenced by typhoons in the world, which suffers significant casualties and huge economic losses every year. In this paper, the trends of economic loss educed by typhoon disaster in coastal areas of southeastern china were studied using regression analysis methods. Firstly, the data sources were introduced and the typhoon landing areas are all over the east coast of China were analyzed.Then, development trends of the affected area , deaths, houses collapsed and the direct economic losses were studied in detail. The results indicate that the affected area and deaths induced by typhoon disaster fluctuate greatly and the number of deaths has been showing a declining trend. The linear regression, exponential regression and logistic regression analysis results all indicate that the number of houses collapsed due to Typhoon present a downward trend year by year while the direct economic losses induced by typhoon disaster present an upward trend year by year.

Built-up land mapping capabilities of the ASTER and Landsat ETM+ sensors in coastal areas of southeastern China

Worldwide urbanization has accelerated expansion of urban built-up lands and resulted in substantial negative impacts on the global environments. Precisely measuring the urban sprawl is becoming an increasing need. Among the satellite-based earth observation systems, the Landsat and ASTER data are most suitable for mesoscale measurements of urban changes. Nevertheless, to date the difference in the capability of mapping built-up land between the two sensors is not clear. Therefore, this study compared the performances of the Landsat-7 ETM+ and ASTER sensors for built-up land mapping in the coastal areas of southeastern China. The comparison was implemented on three date-coincident image pairs and achieved by using three approaches, including per-band-based, index-based, and classification-based comparisons. The index used is the Index-based Built-up Index (IBI), while the classification algorithm employed is the Support Vector Machine (SVM). Results show that in the study areas, ETM+ and ASTER have an overall similar performance in built-up land mapping but also differ in several aspects. The IBI values determined from ASTER were consistently higher than from ETM+ by up to 45.54% according to percentage difference. The ASTER also estimates more built-up land area than ETM+ by 5.9–6.3% estimated with the IBI-based approach or 3.9–6.1% with the SVM classification. The differences in the spectral response functions and spatial resolution between relative spectral bands of the two sensors are attributed to these different performances.

Assessment of consistency in forest-dominated vegetation observations between ASTER and Landsat ETM+ images in subtropical coastal areas of southeastern China

Vegetation is one of the most important components of the global ecosystem. It plays a vital role for global energy balances and climate modulations. Timely and precisely monitoring vegetation changes has become an increasing need. Among various satellite-based earth observation systems, the Landsat and ASTER sensors are most commonly used in mesoscale vegetation observations. Nevertheless, the quantitative relationship between the two sensors in measuring vegetation has not been investigated in detail. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate how well ASTER vegetation measurements replicate ETM+ vegetation measurements, and more important, how much difference there is in the measurements between the two sensors. The study utilised three date-coincident image pairs of the two sensors, covering the subtropical coastal areas of southeastern China. The approach was achieved by evaluating the consistence of the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) data and the NDVI-estimated vegetation area between the two sensors. A further inter-type comparison among forest, paddy and grass has also been carried out to examine whether there is any variation in the consistence between different vegetation types. Results suggest that the ASTER sensor produces similar vegetation measurements to ETM+ in the study areas. Nevertheless, differences have also been observed. The study found an overall lower spectral NDVI measurement of ASTER than ETM+ based on their differences in mean NDVI value and estimated vegetation area. This suggests that the ASTER sensor is less sensitive to vegetation characteristics. Compared with ETM+, the ASTER sensor produces lower NDVI values by up to 8.1% and estimates less vegetation area by up to 4.1%. Inter-type analysis indicates that among the three test vegetation types, forest has the highest degree of agreement in NDVI measurements between the two sensors, whereas grass has the greatest difference in mean NDVI value between both sensors. All these differences are worth considering when the vegetation measurement results of ASTER have to be used together with those of ETM+ for a synergistic scientific application. This often occurs when using the ASTER sensor data for Landsat data continuity in scientific applications in order to fill the gaps in observation. As such, a data conversion between the two sensors is recommended. This paper demonstrated that the conversion using the model equations obtained in this study could reduce the root mean square errors and improve data agreement between the two sensor NDVIs. The study shows that the revealed differences in vegetation measurements between both sensors are due largely to the difference in the relative spectral response functions of the NDVI-related near-infrared bands between the two sensors.

Hourly Rainfall Changes in Response to Surface Air Temperature over Eastern Contiguous China

Abstract In this study, late-summer rainfall over eastern contiguous China is classified according to hourly intensity and the changes of moderate, intense, and extreme precipitation in response to variation of surface air temperature are analyzed. The e-folding decay intensity (Imi) derived from the exponential distribution of rainfall amount is defined as the threshold that partitions rainfall into moderate and intense rainfall, and the double e-folding decay intensity (Ie) is used as the threshold to pick out extreme cases. The mean values of Imi and Ie are about 12 and 24 mm h−1, respectively. Between the two periods, 1966–85 and 1986–2005, the ratio between moderate and intense rainfall has experienced significant changes. And the spatial pattern of changes in the percentage of moderate rainfall presents a direct relation with that of the surface air temperature. Based on temperature changes, three regimes, regime N (north China), regime C (central eastern China), and regime S (southeastern coastal area of China), are defined. In warming regimes (regimes N and S), the percentage of moderate rainfall exhibits a decreasing trend. In regime C, where the temperature has fallen, the percentage of moderate rainfall increased prominently. In all three regimes there are significant negative (positive) correlations between the percentage of moderate (intense) rainfall and the temperature. The relation between the extreme rainfall and the surface air temperature is far more regionally dependent. With plenty of water supply and little change in relative humidity, the extreme rainfall increased in regime S. Although regime N also shows strong warming trends, there is no significant trend in extreme precipitation due to the lack of water vapor transportation.

Settlements of Existing and Widened Embankments over Soft Soils

Increased traffic volume has made it urgent to improve highway capacities by widening the existing embankments in south-eastern coastal areas of China. Adding a new embankment adjacent to the existing embankment will result in additional settlement within the existing embankment. And also, differential settlement will occur between the existing and widened embankment over soft soils. Excessive settlement and/or excessive differential settlement may cause longitudinal cracks, drop-off on the road surface, even local or global instability. A numerical analysis was conducted to investigate the influence of the thickness of soft soils on the development of settlements of the existing and widened embankment. The effect of widening time on the settlements was also discussed. The results indicate that the thicker the soft soils, the more time needed for the existing embankment to reach its final settlements. It is also found that there exists a most appropriate widening time for minimizing the additional settlements of the existing embankment on soft soils with a given thickness.

Application Prospect and Advantages of Power Supply System Based on 20kV Power Distribution Network and Microgrid in China

In view of high-load density, abundant in wind power and solar energy resources and well-developed areas in the southeastern coastal areas of China, A great number of power system planning problems have emerged. This paper first analyzes the limitations of electric power supply with 10kV voltage level and the advantages of using 20 kV voltage level in distribution network, and then it introduces the status and disadvantages of regenerative energy power to be incorporated into the large grid along the southeast coast of China at present. Finally it is discussed that the advantages of establishing the power supply system based on 20kV power distribution network and Microgrid according to the new resources distribution and the existing problems of medium voltage power distribution in southeast China.

Fatty acid composition of diet, cord blood and breast milk in Chinese mothers with different dietary habits

The influence of two different dietary patterns on maternal fatty acid (FA) intake on the composition of umbilical cord blood plasma phospholipids and transitional breast milk was investigated. A 7-day dietary record was completed in the last trimester of pregnancy by women living in an inland and a coastal area of south-eastern China. The FA composition in maternal diet was calculated using the 2002 Chinese food composition database. Cord blood and transitional breast milk samples were collected and their FA composition was analyzed by capillary gas–liquid chromatography. Mothers in the coastal area showed higher intake of long-chain polyunsaturated FA (LCPUFA) including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6ω) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA,20:5ω3) but lower linoleic acid (LA, 18:2ω6) and α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3ω3) than the mothers in the inland area. The intake of arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4ω6) did not differ between the two areas. LA, ALA, AA and DHA in breast milk of day 5 reflected the maternal diet except that the EPA content in breast milk at day 5 was similar for the areas. LA, ALA and AA were lower and EPA higher in umbilical cord plasma phospholipids in infants from the costal compared to the inland area. There were significant differences in maternal intakes of FA confirming different dietary habits, which influenced the FA composition of cord plasma phospholipids and transitional breast milk. Since FA influence gene expression the found variation implies that the long-term follow-up of this cohort will be interesting.

The Research on Abnormal Features and Formation Causes of Tropical Cyclones Landing Southeastern Coastal Zone in 2005

AbstractUsing 1949~2005 data from the Tropical Cyclone (Typhoon) Year‐Book of CMA, this paper investigates the features of the TC (tropical cyclone) activities in the western Pacific as well as TCs landing on the coastal areas of southeastern China, indicating that the numbers have dropped slightly, while the intensity of the landing TCs increased significantly. In 2005, the number of TCs of the western Pacific origin was fewer than normal but the landing typhoons were greatly stronger than the mean. Analysis of the abnormal phenomena resulting from the large‐scale circulation background shows that prior to the generation, the south‐Asian high (SAH) and the western Pacific subtropical high (sub‐high) are stronger than the mean, together with the weaker sub‐high and East Asian summer monsoon, vertical shear of zonal wind etc. in the TC season all working together prevent TCs from formation. On the other hand, the onland TCs are stronger than normal, which may be the result of abnormal vapor transport in the west part of the western Pacific, weak vertical wind shear, SSTA and the interaction between weather systems at mid‐ and low‐ latitudes.

Black carbon measurement in a coastal area of south China

To better understand anthropogenic pollution originating in Asia and its transport into the global atmosphere, black carbon (BC) emissions were measured continuously from June 2004 to May 2005 at Hok Tsui (22.13°N, 114.15°E). Hok Tsui is a continental outflow, downwind monitoring site, located in a coastal area near Hong Kong. Using an Aethalometer, hourly BC concentrations ranged from 63.0 ng/m3 to 17.3 μg/m3, showing a clear seasonal pattern with high concentrations in winter, spring, and fall and low values in summer. During the winter, high BC concentrations occurred frequently as a result of southward long‐range transport of polluted air masses in the boundary layer over the Asian continent. Anthropogenic emissions in coastal areas of southeastern China were the major potential sources for the observed pollutants. During the summer, high BC concentrations were measured occasionally when the air masses came from the northwest. These anthropogenic pollutants were found to be regional in nature, originating from sources in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, which included emissions from residential and agricultural combustion, industry, power plants, motor vehicles, and ships.

SHRIMP Geochronology of Volcanics of the Zhangjiakou and Yixian Formations, Northern Hebei Province, with a Discussion on the Age of the Xing'anling Group of the Great Hinggan Mountains and Volcanic Strata of the Southeastern Coastal Area of China

Abstract A zircon U‐Pb geochronological study on the volcanic rocks reveals that both of the Zhangjiakou and Yixian Formations, northern Hebei Province, are of the Early Cretaceous, with ages of 135–130 Ma and 129–120 Ma, respectively. It is pointed out that the ages of sedimentary basins and volcanism in the northern Hebei ‐western Liaoning area become younger from west to east, i. e. the volcanism of the Luanping Basin commenced at c. 135 Ma, the Luotuo Mount area of the Chengde Basin c. 130 Ma, and western Liaoning c. 128 Ma. With a correlation of geochronological stratigraphy and biostratigraphy, we deduce that the Xing'anling Group, which comprises the Great Hinggan Mountains volcanic rock belt in eastern China, is predominantly of the early‐middle Early Cretaceous, while the Jiande and Shimaoshan Groups and their equivalents, which form the volcanic rock belt in the southeastern coast area of China, are of the mid‐late Early Cretaceous, and both the Jehol and Jiande Biotas are of the Early Cretaceous, not Late Jurassic or Late Jurassic‐Early Cretaceous. Combining the characteristics of the volcanic rocks and, in a large area, hiatus in the strata of the Late Jurassic or Late Jurassic‐early Early Cretaceous between the formations mentioned above and the underlying sequences, we can make the conclusion that, in the Late Jurassic‐early Early Cretaceous, the eastern China region was of high relief or plateau, where widespread post‐orogenic volcanic series of the Early Cretaceous obviously became younger from inland in the west to continental margin in the east. This is not the result of an oceanward accretion of the subduction belt between the Paleo‐Pacific ocean plate and the Asian continent, but rather reflects the extension feature, i.e. after the closure of the Paleo‐Pacific ocean, the Paleo‐Pacific ancient continent collided with the Asian continent and reached the peak of orogenesis, and then the compression waned and resulted in the retreating of the post‐orogenic extension from outer orogenic zone to inner part (or collision zone). The determination of the eruption age of the volcanics of the Zhangjiakou Formation definitely constrains the switch period, which began in the Indosinian and finished in the Yanshanian, that is, 140–135 Ma. The switch is concretely the change from the approximate E‐W Paleo‐Asian tectonic system to the NE to NNE Pacific system, and the period is also the apex of a continent‐continent collision and orogenesis of subduction, being consumed and eventually disappearing of the Paleo‐Pacific ancient continent, and all the processes commenced in the Indosinian. While the following post‐orogenic large‐scale eruption in the Early Cretaceous marks the final completeness of the Paleo‐Pacific structure dynamics system.

Impacts of global warming on changes in the East Asian monsoon and the related river discharge in a global time-slice experiment

Changes in the East Asian monsoon and the related river discharge under global warm- ing conditions are investigated using 2 time-slice simulations of the IS92a scenario with a T106 atmospheric general circulation model (ECHAM4) for 1971 to 1980 and 2041 to 2050. Daily runoff and drainage calculated by the land-surface scheme are used as input to a hydrological model to diagnose changes in the Yangtze River and Zhujiang River discharges. In the future climate, the sim- ulated annual cycle of precipitation over the southeastern coastal area of China is systematically shifted about 1 mo ahead compared with the present-day climate, and the rainy season starts 1 mo earlier for the Yangtze River Valley and North China. In line with the surface-warming distribution change, the East Asian summer monsoon (EAM) flow strengthens. This causes increased precipita- tion in North China. In winter, the subtropical part of the EAM flow strengthens and leads to a large increase in rainfall over the EAM region. The discharges of the Zhujiang and Yangtze rivers in the future climate decrease in the late summer and autumn, to which both increased evaporation and an early retreat of the monsoon rainfall contribute. In the early and mid-summer, the Yangtze River discharge increases, mainly due to the large increase in precipitation in the preceding months, which has been stored in the catchment.

Interannual and Interdecadal Variations of the East Asian Summer Monsoon and Tropical Pacific SSTs. Part II: Meridional Structure of the Monsoon

Abstract The relationship between the interannual variations of the East Asian summer monsoon and that of the tropical SST shows considerable variations. In this study, rainfall in the southeastern coastal area of China (SEC) during 1951–96 is used to composite the tropical SST, 850-hPa wind, and 500-hPa height. The results relative to the May–June rainfall, which represents most of the SEC summer monsoon rainfall, are compared to the Yangtze River Valley (YRV) rainfall composites. It is shown that strong interdecadal changes in the Pacific may account for the observed variations in the meridional structure of the monsoon–SST relationship. The western Pacific 500-hPa subtropical ridge, which is influenced by the equatorial eastern Pacific SST, is crucial to these variations. During 1951–77 the SEC wet phase is produced by an anomalous anticyclone in the northern South China Sea, which tends to make the monsoon pre-Mei-yu and Mei-yu fronts quasi-stationary in the general area of both SEC and YRV, and also ...

Features of Minerogenic Series Related to Continental Volcanic Rocks in the Southeastern Coastal Area of China—A Case Study of the Daiyunshan‐Shiniushan Volcanic Depression in Fujian

Abstract The Daiyunshan‐Shiniushan volcanic depression in Fujian Province is situated in a volcanic belt of the southeast coastal area in China along the west Pacific Ocean. A new breakthrough has been made in the exploration of gold and silver ore deposits in recent years. The minerogenic series of the Daiyunshan‐Shiniushan volcanic depression is discussed in this paper based on the analysis of major metallogenic types and factors. According to the study of enormous ore deposits and occurrences in the study area, two minerogenic series have been recognized: 1. Late Jurassic Au‐Ag‐Pb‐Zn minerogenic series related to intermediate‐acid, acid volcanic formations; 2. nonmetallic minerogenic series (pyrophyllite, alunite pearlite, andalusite, zeolite, corundum and so on) related to intermediate and acid volcanic formations. The division and study of the minerogenic series have revealed metallogenic and time‐space distribution characteristics of the ore deposits in the volcanic belt of the southeast coastal area in China, which are of economic importance for metallogenic prognosis.

The Role of Grandmothers in Taiwanese Family Socialization

island of Taiwan (Formosa) was settled in the 17th century by immigrants from the coastal areas of southeastern China, the majority coming from regions near the city of Amoy in Fukien province. families now known as native are descendents of these early migrants, and they continue to speak the Hokkien (Fukienese) language. In 1949, another wave of immigration occurred after the Communist victory on the mainland of China. came from many different provinces, but most speak one or another of the northern dialects, all variants of Mandarin, the national language, which is also taught in the schools. Mainlanders now comprise about 20 percent of the island's inhabitants. Taiwan is small and densely populated. Although it covers 14,000 square miles, about two-thirds of this area is ruggedly mountainous and inhabited primarily by tribes of aboriginal peoples. remaining land is crowded with over 14 million people, and intensively cultivated in rice, sugar cane and tropical fruits. island is undergoing rapid industrialization, and over half the work force is presently engaged in nonagricultural occupations. As is the case elsewhere, industrialization and urbanization are bringing changes in family life. Nonetheless, many traditional values and behaviors endure. Chinese family system is patrilineal and patrilocal, with the ideal domestic grouping being a large joint family of three or four generations. attainment of this ideal as never been very frequent in practice, however. For various economic and sociodynamic reasons, families almost inevitably divide into smaller units upon the death of the oldest male, and many do so prior to this time. most common types of households in present-day Taiwan, as has always been the case in China, are small three-generation stem and two-generation nuclear families. These ordinarily represent different stages in the family life cycle, so that most people have experienced living in both types of families at different times in their lives. Traditionally, marriages were arranged for young people who did not meet until their wedding day. Today there is more participation by the young couple in the mate selection process, but even in urban areas, most matches are heavily influenced by the wishes of the two sets of parents. bride and groom begin their married life with the groom's parents, and may continue this arrangement for many years. younger *The research on which this paper is based was supported by NIMH Predoctoral Fellowship MH-33,218, and by research grants from the London-Cornell Project and the Cornell China Program. Greater detail concerning the methodology of the study, problems of field work, etc., may be found in my Ph.D. thesis, The effect of household composition in the child rearing practices of Taiwanese families, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Cornell Uniiversity, 1971. Melvin Kohn, Joseph DeMartini and Stephen Olsen helped to improve this paper by offering critical comments on an earlier draft.