Coagulation Treatment Research Articles

Model prediction of coagulation by magnetised rice starch for wastewater treatment using response surface methodology (RSM) with artificial neural network (ANN)

This study synthesized magnetized rice starch (MRS) with recoverability benefits as an alternative coagulant for the coagulation treatment of industrial wastewater. The MRS was characterization by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). The engineered rice starch with BET surface area of 31.44 m2/g and cationic elementals showed good agglomeration behavior. Three process variables (coagulant dose, settling time, and mixing rate) were model and optimized for the coagulation removal efficiency of turbidity, color, and phosphate. Using the response surface methodology (RSM), Box-Behnken design (BBD) with 17 experimental runs was used to model and optimized the experimental parameters. At optimal conditions of coagulant dosage of 4 g, settling time of 15 mins, and mixing rate of 50 rpm resulted in removal efficiency of 72 %, 53.2 %, and 56.5 %, respectively for turbidity, color, and phosphate. This infers a desirability efficiency of 82.6% was attained via analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a 95% confidence level. The experimental results showed close agreement with the RSM and artificial neural network (ANN) model prediction. Results of the model's prediction significance (P <0.05) were compared in terms of coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.994) for the ANN model and RSM model (R2 = 0.97). Inclusively, the use of RSM and ANN for coagulation process optimization using magnetized rice starch is viable for wastewater management for reuse. Therefore, exploring the potency of the magnetized rice starch in real world application warrants the model adaptability to estimate its cost benefit.

Comparison of Recurrence Patterns and Salvage Treatments After Definitive Radiotherapy for cT1a and cT1bN0M0 Esophageal Cancer

BackgroundDefinitive radiotherapy (RT) for stage I esophageal cancer was reported to result in noninferior overall survival (OS) compared with surgery. However, only a few detailed reports of recurrence patterns and subsequent salvage treatments have been published. This study aimed to compare recurrence patterns and subsequent salvage treatments after definitive RT or chemoradiotherapy (CRT) between cT1a and cT1bN0M0 esophageal cancer (EC).MethodsPatients with cT1a or cT1bN0M0 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma who received definitive RT or CRT were included. Survival outcomes, recurrence patterns, and salvage treatments were evaluated.ResultsIn total, 40 patients with EC receiving RT or CRT were divided into two groups for evaluation: cT1a (20 patients) and cT1b (20 patients) groups. The 3-year OS rates were 83% and 65% (p = 0.06) and the 3-year progression-free survival rates were 68% and 44% (p = 0.15) in the cT1a and cT1b groups, respectively. Among those in the cT1a group, six had local recurrence and two had metachronous recurrence. Seven patients underwent salvage endoscopic submucosal dissection and one patient received argon plasma coagulation treatment. Among those in the cT1b group, six had local recurrence, one had regional recurrence, and one had both. Of these, one underwent salvage endoscopic submucosal dissection, one received photodynamic therapy, three underwent surgery, one received RT, and two received the best supportive care. Compared with the cT1b group, the cT1a group had a higher proportion of patients who underwent endoscopic treatments (p = 0.007). After the endoscopic treatments, no recurrences were observed in both groups.ConclusionsRegional recurrence and distant metastasis were not observed in the cT1a group. A higher proportion of patients in the cT1a group received salvage endoscopic treatments, and their OS tended to be favorable.

Incidence of Cryptogenic Stroke in Covid-19 Patients

Introduction The risk of ischemic stroke during COVID-19 is approximately 5% reported by WHO. Hemorrhagic strokes are less common compared to ischemic ones, but few cases have been reported. The strokes are called a cryptogenic strokes which means an unknown origin. Diagnostic investigations were incomplete in patients with COVID-19 leading to a high rate of cryptogenic stroke. Materials and Methods It is a prospective observational study conducted at a single centered hospital in Hanamkonda the data was collected from January 2020 to April 2020 and all Parameters were expressed as Mean ± Standard Deviation (SD). Data analysis was performed using MS Excel and Graphpad Prism (9.0 version). A One-Way ANOVA (Analysis of variance) followed by Dunnett’s Multiple Comparison test was done to assess the significant difference between visit 1and visit 3 cryptogenic parameters. A p-value &lt;0.0001 was considered significant. Results There were significant changes observed from visit 1 to visit 3 in evaluating the parameters and treatment of coagulation and inflammation. Conclusion The risk of cryptogenic stroke in COVID-19 infected patients was assessed by considering parameters such as TLC, CRP, LDH, RBS, FERRITIN, D-DIMER, IL-6 and it can be concluded that the evaluation of the above parameters is to be evaluated in every patient irrespective of comorbidities, age, and anti-coagulants, anti-diabeticandanti-inflammatoryagentswillplayasubstantialroleinthe management of cryptogenic stroke in COVID-19.

Incidence of Cryptogenic Stroke in Covid-19 Patients

Introduction The risk of ischemic stroke during COVID-19 is approximately 5% reported by WHO. Hemorrhagic strokes are less common compared to ischemic ones, but few cases have been reported. The strokes are called a cryptogenic strokes which means an unknown origin. Diagnostic investigations were incomplete in patients with COVID-19 leading to a high rate of cryptogenic stroke. Materials and Methods It is a prospective observational study conducted at a single centered hospital in Hanamkonda the data was collected from January 2020 to April 2020 and all Parameters were expressed as Mean ± Standard Deviation (SD). Data analysis was performed using MS Excel and Graphpad Prism (9.0 version). A One-Way ANOVA (Analysis of variance) followed by Dunnett’s Multiple Comparison test was done to assess the significant difference between visit 1and visit 3 cryptogenic parameters. A p-value &lt;0.0001 was considered significant. Results There were significant changes observed from visit 1 to visit 3 in evaluating the parameters and treatment of coagulation and inflammation. Conclusion The risk of cryptogenic stroke in COVID-19 infected patients was assessed by considering parameters such as TLC, CRP, LDH, RBS, FERRITIN, D-DIMER, IL-6 and it can be concluded that the evaluation of the above parameters is to be evaluated in every patient irrespective of comorbidities, age, and anti-coagulants, anti-diabeticandanti-inflammatoryagentswillplayasubstantialroleinthe management of cryptogenic stroke in COVID-19.

Optimizing coagulation–flocculation processes with aluminium coagulation using response surface methods

A data-based multivariate method such as response surface methods and desirability function is considered advantageous for analysing coagulation treatment optimization. Thus, this study investigated the optimization of coagulation–flocculation using response surface methodology. The parameters investigated were pH, alum dose and alkalinity. The optimum coagulation conditions for the individual responses: turbidity, colour, residual aluminium and phenanthrene were pH 7.0, alum dose 80.0 mg/L and alkalinity 80.0 mg/L; pH, 6.5, alum dose 70.0 mg/L and alkalinity 90.0 mg/L; pH, 7.0, alum dose 63.2 mg/L and alkalinity 80.0 mg/L and pH 6.2, alum dose 80.0 mg/L and alkalinity of 80.0 mg/L, respectively. The model equation derived from the optimization study was adequate for predicting the response values. The quadratic model was significant (p < 0.0001), and it had a high correlation (R2, 0.746–0.975) and an insignificant (LOF, p > 0.05) lack of fit.

Optimization of Effluents Using Artificial Neural Network and Support Vector Regression in Detergent Industrial Wastewater Treatment

The freshwater is a challenge as the world’s population grows. The largest sources of water in this planet are brackish water and sea water. So, water purification process is very important during this water crisis using desalination and various water treatment techniques. In this paper, we have developed some machine learning approaches for a detergent industry in India. The whole effluent and waste disposal in the detergent industry were treated by different treatment process like air flotation, chemical coagulation, sedimentation and biological treatment through completely mixed activated sludge process. The soft computing techniques (i) a five-layered feed forward ANN (ii) a five-layered cascade forward neural network and (iii) support vector regression have been applied to optimize the proposed models. Training function are considered as Feed-Forward BP(MLP), Cascade Forward BP and SVR where as Training algorithm Levenberg Marquardt and Sequential minimal optimization have been used. Graphical representation has been given for different types of pollutants, effluent treatment plant flow, and Change of color of wastewater after treatment and mathematical operations for Mechanism on Support Vector Regression has been established. To get the best number of neurons for the hidden layer, the network was trained for varied numbers of iterations (Nbest). The data was statistically examined as well. The Nbest value was found to be 10, with the lowest root mean square error (0.066), mean square error (0.0043), and greatest R2 value (0.996); these values show that the predicted and experimental responses are similar, and plant performance was adequately predicted using the backpropagation ANN model thus ANN may be used to describe the process.

Evaluation of a biocoagulant from devilfish invasive species for the removal of contaminants in ceramic industry wastewater

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a biocoagulant produced from the devilfish invasive species and its combination with two chemical coagulants (aluminum sulfate and ferric sulfate) to remove turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, and total suspended solids in ceramic industry wastewater using a combined experimental design of Mixture-Process. This design optimized the coagulation process and evaluated the effects and interactions between mixture components and coagulant doses. An analysis of variance was used to analyze the experimental data obtained in the study, and the response surface plots by response type (turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, and total suspended solids) were obtained. Results showed that the coagulation treatment could be technically and economically feasible since efficiencies of turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, and total suspended solids removal of 74, 79, and 94% could be achieved using an optimal coagulant dose of 800 mg/L with a mixture of 35% biocoagulant and 65% ferric sulfate. Analysis of variance results showed that the models are significant, and the lack of fit is not required according to the probability value (p value), which were < 0.0001, and > 0.05, respectively. Hence, the experimental data were fitted to a combined reduced special cubic x linear model. These results support the use of devilfish meal as a biocoagulant, being more feasible in dual systems when mixed with ferric sulfate.

Low-cost coagulation treatment of dye sensitizer for improved time immersion of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC)

In this study, titanium dioxide, TiO2 photoelectrodes of dye sensitized solar cells, DSSCs were sensitized with natural blackberry molecule sensitizer, and the role of aluminium sulfate hydrate, Al2(SO4)3. H2O (alum) coagulation agent on the immersion time was successfully investigated. The time for immersing process of TiO2 photoelectrodes in the coagulated dye solution, CADS (treated) and bare dye solution, BDS (untreated) was varied, and the properties that contributed to the highest overall performances at the shortest immersion time were examined. The photoelectrodes were analyzed using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, FESEM, Energy Dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy, EDXs, and X-ray diffraction, XRD methods, while the dye sensitizer properties were optically and chemically examined using UV–Vis Spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy, FTIR measurements. Finally, current to voltage, I-V characteristics were used to evaluate the overall performance of DSSCs with varying duration immersion, and due to treatments. According to the findings, the 8-CADS cell had the highest efficiency at the shortest immersion duration, with around 0.49% compared to the 24-BDS cell, which achieved only 0.41% efficiency. This significant time reduction was due to the synergistic effect of alum as a multifunctional treatment agent, which increased the hydroxyl anchoring group, increased the acidification level, and the dye solution purification via coagulation effect, hence remarkably improving the dye adsorption. As a result of these integrated effects of coagulation treatment, the immersion time was reduced from 24 h to 8 h.

A Review: Study of Surface Water and Its Treat-ment Using Biocoagulants

Abstract: Natural materials should be used in the coagulant-flocculation process as much as possible. According to the literature, it is worthwhile to develop and, if possible, convert natural materials into commercial. On the other hand, natural coagulants are insufficient as a primary treatment since their efficacy is being hampered by increasing restrictions. Emerging technology and in-depth research contribute to the creation of these restricted settings as well as the success of chemicals. Natural coagulants are also commonly employed as coagulant aids in conjunction with manufactured coagulants. The type of coagulants used in the treatment of waste-water coagulation, in particular the usage of natural coagulants, is the subject of this investigation. Natural materials' potential for future expansion as aids and as sustainable composite coagulants are also discussed in this analytical report. Keywords: Turbidity; Biocoagulants; Natural; Dosage

Coagulation removal of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in nanofiltration concentrate of biologically treated landfill leachate by ZrCl4: Performance, mechanism and coagulant recycling

Coagulation treatment is often applied for removing the residual refractory dissolved organic matter (DOM) in biologically treated landfill leachate nanofiltration concentrate (LLNC) before discharge or further desalination treatment. However, the DOM removal efficiency by traditional coagulant needs to be improved, and two problems including the coagulant loss and difficulty in disposal of coagulation sludge need to be resolved. Based on this practical demand, a new coagulant ZrCl4 was adopted for LLNC treatment for the first time. The results showed that, ZrCl4 was better than the traditional coagulants (FeCl3 and AlCl3) for DOM removal. Under the optimal condition of pH 6.0 and ZrCl4 dosage of 5.0 mM, the DOC content, UV254 and chromaticity of the LLNC reduced by 73.32%, 83.17% and 93.59%, respectively. All of the coagulants tested in this study could efficiently remove the hydrophobic and high molecular organics. There was an obvious difference between them for removal of hydrophobic, and small or medium molecular organics, and ZrCl4 was more effective. This might be due to the stronger negative charge neutralization capacity and larger floc size of ZrCl4, which was beneficial for DOM combination and adsorption. The loss of zirconium was only 2.11%, which was much lower than that of iron and aluminum. Furthermore, being recycled for 3 times after coagulant regeneration, the recovered zirconium coagulant showed no obvious difference with the original ZrCl4 for DOM removal, indicating the disposal problem of the produced coagulation sludge can be resolved. This study could provide a promising method for LLNC treatment.

A new thermal dose model based on Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher behaviour in thermal damage processes

Thermal dose models are metrics that quantify the thermal effect on tissues based on the temperature and the time of exposure. These models are used to predict and control the outcome of hyperthermia (up to 45°C) treatments, and of thermal coagulation treatments at higher temperatures (>45°C). The validity and accuracy of the commonly used models (CEM43) are questionable when heating above the hyperthermia temperature range occurs, leading to an over-estimation of the accumulation of thermal damage. A new CEM43 dose model based on an Arrhenius-type, Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher, equation using published data, is introduced in this work. The new dose values for the same damage threshold that was produced at different in-vivo skin experiments were in the same order of magnitude, while the current dose values varied by two orders of magnitude. In addition, the dose values obtained using the new model for the same damage threshold in 6 lesions in ex-vivo liver experiments were more consistent than the current model dose values. The contribution of this work is to provide new modeling approaches to inform more robust thermal dosimetry for improved thermal therapy modeling, monitoring, and control.

Impact of M. aeruginosa on fluoride removal efficiency of AlCl3 and FeCl3 coagulants and the mechanism

In our investigation, the fluoride content of surface water in northern China exceeds the standard, and accompanied by the problem of eutrophication. At present, there have been many studies on the coagulation treatment of pure fluoride-polluted waters, but the removal of fluoride in the waters containing algae has received little attention. In this paper, a typical type of cyanobacteria, M. aeruginosa, was chosen, and two coagulants (AlCl3 and FeCl3) were selected to explore the difference and mechanism of algae on the coagulation removal of fluoride. Results indicated that when AlCl3 dosage was between 1.0 mmol/L and 1.5 mmol/L, M. aeruginosa contributed to efficient fluoride removal because algae promoted the adsorption of F by increasing the distribution of Al(OH)3. In particular, M. aeruginosa increased the F removal rate by 50.22% at 1.5 mmol/L AlCl3 dosage. However, FeCl3 showed unsatisfactory effects on fluoride removal. The residual Al/Fe in the coagulated effluent showed that M. aeruginosa fixed large quantities of Fe, same with AlCl3, manifesting no selectivity in adhering metals. Besides, FeCl3 had appeared to be more advantageous in removing organic matters. In particular, the high complexation capacity between HA and FeCl3 caused the blockage and competition of the adsorption sites, which was why the presence of algal cells had no obvious promoting effect on fluoride removal by FeCl3. In addition, the HA flocs formed by using AlCl3 also had an excellent ability to adsorb F-, suggesting that other substances in waters could promote the fluoride removal, not just M. aeruginosa.

Temporal Changes in Serum S100B Levels From Prehospital to Early In-Hospital Sampling in Patients Suffering Traumatic Brain Injury.

BackgroundThe biomarker S100B is used for the rule-out of intracranial lesions in patients with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) and is suggested for prehospital use in Europe. Early kinetics of S100B are not exhaustively investigated in human TBI. This post hoc descriptive study of the data from the PreTBI studies aimed to characterize the early temporal changes of S100B using two-sample timepoints.Materials and MethodsTwo consecutive blood samples were taken prehospital and in-hospital after injury and assayed for S100B. The endpoint adjudication of the outcome intracranial lesion was done by the evaluation of electronic medical patient journals. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, scatterplots, and temporal changes estimated by the locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOWESS) regression line.ResultsA total of 592 adult patients with TBI were included; 566 with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 14-15, 20 with GCS 9-13, and 6 with GCS 3-8. Intracranial lesions were diagnosed in 44/566 (7.4%) of patients. In 90% of patients, S100B concentrations decreased from prehospital to in-hospital sampling. The mean decrease was−0.34 μg/L. S100B concentrations seem to decline already within 60 min. Patients sampled very close to trauma and patients suffering intracranial lesions may express a slight incline before this decline. Temporal changes of S100B did not differ in patients >65 years of age, in antiplatelet/-coagulant treatment, alcohol intoxicated, or suffering extra-cranial injuries.ConclusionS100B concentrations may peak earlier than expected from previous studies of temporal changes in human TBI. Patterns of S100B stand robust to parameters stated as limiting factors to the use for early rule-out of intracranial lesions in the current guidelines. Further studies are needed to investigate the ultra-early temporal profiles of other novel TBI biomarkers to assess prehospital applicability and optimal diagnostic performance in TBI.

Contamination and Removal Efficiency of Microplastics and Synthetic Fibres in a Conventional Drinking Water Treatment Plant

Microplastics have been detected all around the globe in freshwaters which are frequently used to produce drinking water. Therefore, the contamination of raw water with microplastics that supplies drinking water treatment plants, and their removal efficiency is raising more concern and interest. In the present study, we evaluated the microplastic contamination in a conventional drinking water treatment plant (Geneva, Switzerland) and the contribution of coagulation on the efficiency of the filtration systems (sand and activated carbon filtrations) in the removal efficiency of microplastics (MPs) and synthetic fibres. This work was performed in a pilot station that replicates the main drinking water treatment process. Raw water and effluents of each filtering processes were analysed for the presence of MPs and synthetic fibres with sizes ≥ 63 μm using infrared spectroscopy. The contamination of MPs in raw water and in drinking water ranged from 19.5 to 143.5 MPs/m3 and from 0 to 8 MPs/m3 (in presence and absence of coagulant), respectively. On the other hand, concentration of synthetic fibres ranged from 7.7 to 23.8 synthetic fibres/m3 in raw water and from 0 to 3 synthetic fibres/m3 in drinking water. Results show that on average 89% of microplastics and 81% of synthetic fibres (≥63 μm) are retained in water treatment in absence of coagulant. Better final removal efficiency of microplastics (97%) and synthetic fibres (96%) was observed in drinking water with coagulation treatment. The chemical composition of microplastics and synthetic fibres is found more heterogeneous in raw water than after sand filtration and activated carbon filtration.

Clinical outcomes of definitive radiotherapy for patients with cT1aN0M0 esophageal cancer unsuitable for endoscopic resection and surgery.

Studies on the clinical outcomes of radiotherapy for clinical (c)T1aN0M0 (UICC-TNM Classification, Eighth Edition) esophageal cancer (EC) are limited. Therefore, this retrospective study aimed to clarify the clinical outcomes of definitive radiotherapy (RT) or chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for cT1aN0M0 EC unsuitable for endoscopic resection and surgery. Patients with cT1aN0M0 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma who underwent definitive RT or CRT between January 2009 and December 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. The initial response, toxicities, survival rates, recurrence patterns, and salvage treatments of the patients were evaluated. Initial response was measured using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors guideline. Toxicity was assessed and documented following the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 5.0. Survival rates from the date of initiation of treatment were measured using the Kaplan-Meier method. Twenty patients treated with definitive RT or CRT were included in the study. The median follow-up duration was 55 months (range, 13-131 months). All patients achieved complete response to the initial treatment. Grade 3 acute toxicities observed esophagitis (10%), pneumonitis (5%), and leukopenia (5%). Late toxicities higher than grade 3 were not observed. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall and disease-specific survival rates were 100% and 100%, 83% and 100%, and 67% and 100%, respectively. No treatment-related deaths occurred. Among the 20 patients, 6 showed local recurrence and 2 showed metachronous recurrence. Seven patients underwent salvage endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), and one underwent argon plasma coagulation treatment. After the endoscopic treatment, no recurrences were observed. Definitive RT or CRT was considered an alternative initial treatment for patients with cT1aN0M0 EC who were unsuitable for endoscopic resection and surgery.

Detoxification of Leachate by Coagulation Treatment Prior to Fermentation and Possible Reuse in Irrigation

AbstractLandfill leachate (LFL) is a very complex effluent that poses considerable threats to humans and to the environment. Selecting the appropriate process for leachate treatment still poses potential concern and challenge for the operation in municipal landfills. The current study aims to assess stabilized leachate degradation through coagulation by using different chemicals (Al2(SO4)3, FeCl3, FeSO4). Thereafter, a complementary process using two Candida strains (Candida kefyr and Candida glabrata) is investigated as a biological treatment of treated LFL. Furthermore, the phytotoxicity of treated LFL is examined by seed germination/root elongation tests using barley and tomato seeds. Upon experimentation and research, the results reveal that the optimum removal efficiency for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium (NH4+‐N) is 73.3% and 53.5%, respectively, when using the combined process. The removal efficiency of toxic metal elements (Fe, Pb, and Zn) is improved significantly (up to 80%). In addition, physiological and biochemical analyses confirm that the combined process allows a significant toxicity reduction. The obtained outcome is encouraging and supports the possible use of the treated LFL as a fertilizer for plant growth.

Synergetic effects of mixing parameters, settling characteristics and process kinetics on coagulation treatment of tannery industry wastewater

Synergetic effects of mixing parameters, settling characteristics and process kinetics on coagulation treatment of tannery industry wastewater

Emerging applications of EEM-PARAFAC for water treatment: a concise review

In this work, the application of EEM-PARAFAC (fluorescence excitation-emission matrix-parallel factor analysis) in water treatment processes, has been summarized. First, its most common use, the characterization and monitoring of dissolved organic matter (DOM) along freshwater ecosystems, drinking and wastewater treatment plants (DWTP and WWTP, respectively), was reviewed. In particular for DWWT/WWTP, the effect towards the different DOM fractions after adsorption, coagulation, biological/chemical processes or tertiary treatments (e.g. advanced oxidation processes), as well as the PARAFAC components scores (i.e. fluorescence intensity) correlation with disinfection by-products formation, were reported. On the other hand, barely barely for the first time, we also reviewed the emerging uses of EEM-PARAFAC focused on water treatment studies, such as, the simultaneous analysis of several fluorescent CECs degradation (with the concomitant formation of major by-products), the use of PARAFAC components scores decay to estimate certain CECs removals, the correlation of reactive oxygen species formation with the specific DOM fractions originating them, or even the study of interactions between DOM with other water constituents. Therefore, this study aims to extend the uses of this economical, reagentless and low time-consuming tool to obtain further insight into fluorescent compounds during water treatment processes, mainly to: i) tentatively elucidate structural modifications of target analyte (DOM or CECs), ii) obtain semi-quantitative data on parent pollutants and by-products variation, and iii) investigate the plausible mechanistic aspects which are involved.

20 Cold coagulation treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN): Human papillomavirus (HPV) Evidence of cure

Introduction: Since 2008, every woman in Ireland aged between 25 and 60 years old are provided with free cervical smear screening. Cold coagulation is the only ablative treatment used in Ireland as alternative to the current gold standard of LLETZ which has been brought with the risk of preterm delivery and increased risk of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Starting 30 March 2020, Cervical Check Programme in Ireland is going to introduce HPV testing as primary cervical screening. Aims: This retrospective study aims to evaluate the efficacy of cold coagulation treatment modality.

Coagulation treatment of effluent from milk-processing enterprises with waste FeSO4

As the world's population grows, the problem of food shortages becomes global, and, for human survival, it is necessary to significantly increase food production, which may increase environmental pollution. This paper has theoretically and practically substantiated the expediency of coagulation treatment of wastewater from milk-processing enterprises. The coagulant proposed to use is a multi-tonnage waste from industrial enterprises, specifically technical ferrous sulfate. It is shown that it is advisable to use the dairy effluent imitations based on milk powder for experimental studies. The potentiometric titration of dairy effluent imitations has established the presence of two points (pH=4.2 and 8.3), which characterize the boundaries of the buffering capacity of solutions. The expediency of carrying out the process of coagulation of dairy effluents in a weakly alkaline environment at pH≥8.3 has been substantiated, and, for the starting effluent to reach such a pH value, a 10-% suspension of Са(ОН)2 should be used. The effectiveness of reagent treatment of dairy effluents has been experimentally confirmed, subject to the alternate introduction of a coagulant (technical FeSO4) and flocculant (polyacrylamide) in the quantities of 120 and 40 mg/dm3, respectively; the degree of clarification of dairy effluents is 90 % while the residual COC value is 76 mgO2/dm3. It has been shown that when ultrasound was applied, it was possible to significantly reduce the interaction time and the amount of Са(ОН)2 suspension necessary to achieve pH≥8.3. Thus, there are grounds to assert the prospects for devising highly effective technology for the coagulation treatment of wastewater from milk-processing enterprises; the results and conclusions reported here about the technological feasibility of using technical FeSO4 as a coagulant could be practically applied for other technologies of coagulation wastewater treatment, provided that its pH value is brought to 8.3.