CO2 Gas Research Articles

Physical Properties of Nanostructured Zinc Sulfide Thin Films Deposited by the PLD Method for Gas Sensing

The pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique created nanostructured semiconducting zinc sulfide (ZnS) thin films onto a quartz substrate. A gas sensing static unit, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze the structural, surface morphology, and gas sensing properties of the as-deposited thin films. After the ZnS thin films were formed, they were heated to evaluate the effects of annealing on the characteristics of the ZnS film. XRD analysis reveals that the ZnS thin films exhibit a structure similar to zinc blend cubes, with a preference for the (111) orientation. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns that emerge during annealing show that ZnS thin films become more crystalline. Grain size increases as the annealing temperature rises. Images captured by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed a grain-like sphere for each of the annealed thin films, confirming the growth of grains. The UV-Vis spectra showed that the ZnS samples' transmittance boosts after annealing because their crystalline quality is improved. The transmittance is measured within the 400 ̶ 900 nm band, and the optical band gap is direct at 3.72 eV, decreasing to 3.51 eV at 350 °C during annealing. Annealing significantly improves the physical properties of ZnS thin films, according to all presented data. NO2 and CO2 gas were used to obtain the I-V values ​​of the samples. The ability of ZnS thin films formed at different annealing temperatures was tested using NO2 gas. The sensors were fabricated and tested at different operating temperatures and NO2 gas concentrations of 100, 300, 400, 500, and 700 ppm.

Analysis of the Effect of More Fuel and Air Variations Excess Air on Combustion Process Simulation at a 10 kW Biomass Power Plant Using ASPEN PLUS

Abstract The utilization of biomass as an alternative energy can support the achievement of Net Zero Emissions. Each type of biomass fuel can provide different combustion effects from one another. This is due to the different heating values of each fuel. The calorific value is one of the things that affect the combustion performance of the biomass power plant. The main purpose of this study is to examine how different amounts of excess air used during the combustion process affect the outcomes. Combustion is a chemical reaction involving decomposition and gasification that simultaneously occurs in a space where a large amount of energy is released. The modeling and simulation of the decomposition and gasification processes were carried out using Aspen Plus. In this simulator, the decomposition process takes place in the Yields Reactor, while the gasification process occurs in the Gibbs Reactor. The biomass and ash components are characterized by their ultimate, proximate, and sulfur analysis. Then the excess air is varied to analyze its impact on the flame temperature from the reaction. The simulation findings emphasize crucial considerations for achieving complete combustion and reducing harmful gas emissions. Maintaining excess air close to the stoichiometric level ensures maximum combustion temperature at 1616.15 °C while minimizing excess air reduces NOx gas concentration. Approaching stoichiometric air level decreases CO gas and increases CO2, indicating more thorough combustion. However, excess air leads to lower adiabatic flame temperature due to nitrogen formation.

Suppression of cross-interference in the absorption spectra of gas mixtures

In the quantitative analysis of mixed gases by tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy, the overlapping of absorption spectra and mutual interference of multi-component gases can lead to problems of large measurement errors and low analysis accuracy. In this paper, an improved firefly algorithm is proposed and applied to the support vector machine regression model to solve this problem. The specific method includes introducing an adaptive step size to balance the local and global searches and using the gradient descent method to accelerate the parameter optimization process so as to improve the model’s generalization ability and prediction accuracy. The experimental results show that the maximum errors of the improved algorithm in the prediction of CH4 and CO gas concentrations are no more than 0.0443 % and 2 ppm, with coefficients of determination, R2, of 0.9994 and 0.99815. The promising results obtained by the system provide theoretical support for the realization of high-precision detection of multicomponent gases with a single source of light, and also demonstrate the high efficiency and feasibility of the method in practical detection.

Performance for CO gas sensing of janus ReSSe monolayer doped with Fe, Ru and Os from first principles calculation

Abstract Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have many excellent properties as promising class of two-dimensional materials. In this study, we conducted rigorous calculations utilizing density functional theory to evaluate the potential of Janus ReSSe monolayers, doped with transition metals such as Fe, Ru, and Os, in gas-sensitive applications specifically targeting CO detection. Three stable structures of X-Re15S16Se16 Janus doped with X elements (X = Fe, Os, Ru) were designed. Our findings indicate that the C atom of the CO molecule exhibits a higher affinity for adsorbing onto the X (X = Fe, Os, Ru) transition metal atoms, forming robust X–C bonds, rather than the O atom. Among these bonds, the Os-C bond exhibits the strongest bonding states, followed by the Ru-C bond, while the Fe-C bond behaves the weakest. Notably, the d-orbital peaks of the X (X = Fe, Os, Ru) transition metals display distinct bonding strengths with the C atom. This research may provide a theoretical foundation for the development of new gas sensors based on two-dimensional materials.

Hydrogen purification via hydrate-based methods: Insights into H2-CO2-CO hydrate structures, thermodynamics, and kinetics

Hydrate-based H2 purification is promising for removing impurities owing to the cage-like structures formed by water molecules. Understanding the competition mechanism of multicomponent gas molecule in hydrate is critical for improving gas purification efficiency. This study investigated the hydrate structure, thermodynamics, and kinetics of ternary gas mixture (H2–CO2–CO) from natural gas reforming products. The results identified H2–CO2–CO hydrate as type sI and determined the lattice parameters using X-ray diffraction. Raman spectroscopy results confirmed the presence of H2, CO2, and CO gas molecules in the hydrate phase. Increasing pressure, compared to cooling, enhanced CO2 content in hydrate phase. The phase equilibrium conditions and average hydrate dissociation enthalpy (53.47 J/g) were determined using a high-pressure microcalorimeter. Gas chromatography identified that the content of CO2 in the hydrate was the highest, followed by H2, and CO was the least abundant. The molecule dynamics simulation results show CO2 molecule numbers reflected trends in 51262 cages, H2 numbers correlated with changes in 512 cages, while CO numbers showed insignificant variation. Under the gas composition studied, the ability of gas molecules to be incorporated within hydrates decreases in the following order: CO2, H2, and CO.

Research on Wellbore Blockage Mechanism and Blockage Removal Technology of Shale Gas Wells

Abstract With the continuous extension of development time, the production decline of single well is accelerated, and the problem of wellbore blockage in shale gas wells is prominent. The problem of wellbore blockage seriously restricts the stable production and efficient development of gas fields. In this paper, the ‘micro + macro’ analysis method is used to study the blockage. It is found that the wellbore blockage mainly includes corrosion, scaling products and a small amount of clay minerals brought by the reservoir during gas production. In the process of production, corrosion and scaling mechanism work together. Acidic gas such as CO2 in shale gas are dissolved in high-salinity formation water, causing electrochemical corrosion of the string. The formation of corrosion products will promote the deposition and adsorption of inorganic scales. The uneven accumulation of corrosion product films will enhance the surface roughness of the substrate and accelerate the deposition of scale samples around the crystal nucleus. At the same time, scaling will cause corrosion under the scale of the pipe string. Cl− can penetrate into the film through the micropores covering the product film on the metal surface, and pitting corrosion occurs to corrode the pipe string. Finally, the corrosion and scaling products together cause the pipe string to be blocked. Based on the analysis results of blockages and water samples, a blockage removal liquid system was developed according to the blockage mechanism. It has a high dissolution ability and the corrosion of 125SG, 155V and N80 steel sheets at 60°C for 4h is less than 1 g/(m2·h), which meets the requirements of industry standards. This system can inhibit the secondary precipitation of metal ions, has low corrosion damage to oil and casing, can remove wellbore blockage, does not need to flow back, will not cause secondary damage to the reservoir. It can provide guiding significance for similar shale gas well wellbore blockage removal.

Demise of fossil fuels part I: Supply and demand

According to United Nations , the world needs to reduce the emission of CO2 and other global warming gases by 45 % by 2030 and to negligible amount by 2050. According to UN, this is necessary to keep the goal of keeping earth temperature not exceeding 1.5 °C compared to pre-industrial level temperatures.To achieve this objective means reducing the fossil fuel consumption. Fossil fuels are largely responsible for emitting CO2; therefore, without significant reduction in fossil fuels consumption by 2050, the net zero emission by 2050 is not possible.One argument advanced in support of reducing fossil fuels consumption is limited supply. Using the principle of “Peak Oil Theory,” proponents state that fossil fuels is a limited resource and the world will simply run out of it. Based on the available data, we demonstrate that supply of fossil fuels is relatively abundant, and we will not run out of fossil fuels in near term. Using shale formations as an example, we demonstrate how the success of drilling horizontal wells with hydraulic fractures have significantly increased the oil and gas resource available for exploitation. To reduce fossil fuels demand, the available solutions include improving energy efficiency, reducing subsidies on fossil fuels, imposing carbon tax and life choice changes. We discuss some of those alternatives. Fossil fuel supply is relatively abundant and only possible solution to reduce the consumption is to reduce the demand. By comparing developed countries' consumption with developing countries’ consumption, we see a pathway where growth in GDP can be achieved without significant increase in fossil fuels consumption. Because of efficiency gains in energy usage, GDP in developed countries continues to grow without increase in fossil fuels consumption. Faster we reach the efficiency stage in developing countries, easier it would be reduce the fossil fuel consumption in the world.

Non-monotonic dependence of the bow shock stand-off distance on the velocity of a CO2 flow about a sphere

A non-monotonic dependence of the bow shock stand-off distance around a spherical body recently observed in ballistic range experiments in CO2 is explained by a qualitative theoretical analysis and confirmed numerically. The analysis is based on the estimation of the average density in the shock layer with the Rankine–Hugoniot relations on the normal shock for chemically frozen and chemically equilibrium limits using a simplified chemistry model. The analysis reveals that a maximum of the density ratio across the shock and, therefore, a minimum of the stand-off distance as functions of the flight velocity are normally observed in CO2 and other gases, such as additionally considered N2, both in frozen and equilibrium flows. The low dissociation energy of CO2 results in relatively low flight velocities (around 5 km/s) at which the extrema are observed. It makes the effect more readily detectable in experiments in CO2 than in the Earth's atmosphere gases. The results of numerical simulations of the CO2 flow by solving the Navier–Stokes equations agree well with the ballistic range experiments and fully support the results of the theoretical analysis.

Thermal properties and decomposition of perovskite energetic materials (C6H14N2) NH4 (ClO4)3

(C6N2H14) NH4 (ClO4)3 (DAP-4) have attracted an increasing focus recently as an ammoniumperchlorate-based molecular perovskite energetic material with outstanding features. Microscopy, variable temperature X-ray diffraction, in situ infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry-thermogravimetry simultaneous thermal analysis coupled with infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (DSC-TG/FTIR/MS) techniques were used to systematically investigate DAP-4 thermal properties from -40 °C to 550 °C. The results revealed that DAP-4 have two solid-solid crystallization phase transitions with a non-characteristic melting process. The generated activation energies of HCN, CO, CH2NH2, CO2 and NO2 gas products are all lower than the macroscopic decomposition's of DAP-4. This finding strongly proves that DAP-4 is easy to form these gas products during thermal stimulus. The two stages decomposition mechanism accompanying a large of CH2NH2 and NH2C2H4 gases and kinetic model of DAP-4 were proposed under the condition of high-purity argon gas. This study provides new insight into the in-depth and accurate description thermal decomposition mechanism of DAP-4 as a potential energetic material.

Caprock Safety Evaluation Method in CCUS Based on Latin Hypercube Sampling: A case study of a block reservoir

Abstract CO2 geological sequestration is one of the essential means to achieve carbon neutrality goals. However, substantial CO2 sequestration in formations can lead to leakage issues, primarily through the caprock, involving caprock rupture, leakage along caprock fractures/faults, and capillary leakage. Therefore, establishing a method to assess the safety of the caprock during CO2 storage processes is crucial. Firstly, a numerical simulation model is constructed based on parameters from the target block to study the influences of reservoir property, development parameters, and caprock parameters on CO2 flooding, gas injection, and CO2 storage. Latin hypercube sampling is employed for scheme design and subsequent result analysis, applying Spearman’s method to analyze the controlling factors in each CO2 storage. Secondly, using continuous gas flooding as an example, the migration pattern of CO2 in the formation is investigated, and the influence of the formation pressure distribution on caprock safety is analyzed. Finally, considering the comprehensive impact of different parameters on caprock safety, a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of caprock safety in the target block is conducted. The study indicates that caprock permeability is the most critical factor affecting safety operation across all storage stages, with respective highest positive correlation coefficients of 0.413, 0.356, and 0.221 in different stages. The migration of CO2 in the formation is primarily influenced by the distribution of injection wells and gas migration channels. The established quantitative evaluation standard for caprock safety in the target block calculates a suitability degree of 3.43, suggesting a relatively secure caprock in the block suitable for achieving long-term stable CO2 storage. This research provides theoretical support for the safety analysis of caprock in different stages of CO2 flooding and storage, offering a scientific basis for the safety operation of CCUS schemes.

Unveiling gas transport mechanisms in tunable MXene nanochannels: Insights from molecular dynamics simulations

MXene-based membranes have shown tremendous potential in gas separation applications. Here, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to investigate the effects of varying the structural parameters of Ti₃C₂O₂ nanochannels on the permeation and separation performance of H₂, CO₂, N₂, and CH₄ gases. The results demonstrate that the interlayer spacing significantly influences gas permeability, with wider channels generally exhibiting higher permeance. Channel length, however, has a relatively minor impact on permeability, varying by gas species. Potential of mean force (PMF) analysis reveals that CO₂ molecules face a notable energy barrier at the channel entrance and have the strongest interactions with the MXene interface within the channel, potentially leading to blockage. Spatial density analysis further confirms this CO₂ blockage phenomenon, which diminishes as the interlayer spacing increases. In terms of gas separation selectivity, H₂/CH₄ and H₂/CO₂ mixtures exhibit high selectivity, with maximum values of 41.08 and 27.06, respectively. Notably, the H₂/CO₂ system exhibits a positive correlation between permeability and selectivity, breaking the traditional permeability-selectivity trade-off. This anomalous behavior can be attributed to the CO₂ blockage effect. This study provides theoretical guidance for the design and optimization of MXene-based membrane materials in practical applications.

CORINOS. II. JWST-MIRI Detection of Warm Molecular Gas from an Embedded, Disk-bearing Protostar

We present James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI) observations of warm CO and H2O gas in emission toward the low-mass protostar IRAS 15398-3359, observed as part of the CORINOS program. The CO is detected via the rovibrational fundamental band and hot band near 5 μm, whereas the H2O is detected in the rovibrational bending mode at 6–8 μm. Rotational analysis indicates that the CO originates in a hot reservoir with an excitation temperature of 1598 ± 118 K, while the water is much cooler at 204 ± 7 K. Neither the CO nor the H2O line images are significantly spatially extended, constraining the emission to within ∼40 au of the protostar. The compactness and high temperature of the CO are consistent with an origin in the embedded protostellar disk, or in a compact disk wind. In contrast, the water must arise from a cooler region and requires a larger emitting area (compared to the CO) to produce the observed fluxes. The water may arise from a more extended part of the disk, or from the inner portion of the outflow cavity. Thus, the origin of the molecular emission observed with JWST remains ambiguous. Better constraints on the overall extinction, comparison with realistic disk models, and future kinematically resolved observations may all help to pinpoint the true emitting reservoirs.

Real-time analysis of anodic mixed gas generated on carbon electrodes during TiO reduction in a LiCl-based salt at 650 °C

The anode gas components produced during the electrolytic reduction of TiO was analyzed in this study in real time using a carbon anode in LiCl containing various Li2O and Li2CO3 concentrations under high-potential operation at 650 °C. A molten salt with 0.3 wt.% Li2O under 6 V cell voltage predominantly generated CO2 until depletion of the initial oxygen ion source, after which Cl2 gas began to form. A molten salt containing 0.2 and 1.3 wt.% Li2O and 1.3 wt.% Li2CO3, respectively, also generated CO2 as the main anode gas, followed by CO, O2, and Cl2 gas generation. In contrast, a molten salt with 0.8 and 0.5 wt.% Li2O and Li2CO3, respectively, initially generated CO, leading to carbonate accumulation, which gradually decreased as the concentration of generated CO2 increased and it became the dominant gas, while that of O2 remained constant (6–9%). Cl2 was predominantly generated upon depletion of the oxygen ion source in the salt. Cl2 reacted with carbonate ions in the salt, thus releasing CO2 gas and preventing carbonate accumulation in the salt. This study revealed that anode gas composition during electrolytic reduction with carbon anodes is critically influenced by the oxygen ion source concentration of the salt.

Main Challenges and Strategies to Develop Santos Basin Sub-Salt Fields, Deep water Brazil

Abstract Santos basin of Brazil is a hot area of oil and gas exploration and development in the world. Many sub-salt oil fields have been discovered in recent years. The reservoirs are mainly composed of microbial carbonate rocks with strong heterogeneity, which has developed a variety of storage space types. The fluid is complex with high gas oil ratio and CO2 content. The re-injection of produced gas brings uncertainty to the production performance and the stability of facilities. The project investment is huge due to many factors such as deep-water, deep buried and far away from the coastline. The complexity of reservoir and high investment of project make the economic and effective development of reservoir full of great challenges. This paper describes the development strategies of Brazil’s sub-salt deep-water oilfield and the main successful methods to maximize recovery and profits under uncertain conditions. It includes the following three aspects: (1) abundant information acquisition to reduce the main uncertainties; (2) development plan with robustness and flexibility to deal with potential risks; (3) multidisciplinary comprehensive research to evaluate reservoir mode and development mode.

Effect of oxidation times on Gas sensitivity and characterization for (In2O3) thin films produced by thermal evaporated

Abstract thin films were prepared by the thermal evaporated method of Indium metal on a glass substrate, then conventional oxides in the presence of O2 at 400° C. The indium thin films have a thickness of 400nm and different oxidation times (60, 90, and 120) min. The findings from X-ray diffraction (XRD) pertain to the polycrystalline phase. The films (In2O3) had a polycrystalline cubic structure The films have prominent peaks that match (112), (222), and (004) planes at 21.448°, 30.515, 35.38 in the order mentioned. Change with increasing oxidation time each of The amounts The text refers to the number of crystallites, the dimensions of the crystallites, the density of dislocations inside the crystallites, and the level of microstrain present in the crystallites. The UV-vis spectra were used to investigate the optical characteristics such as(The transmittance and absorbance spectra, the absorption coefficient (α) and from there, the energy gap was computed. with different times are 3.1,3.3 and 3.05 eV, respectively. The film’s gas sensing performance approaches CO2 Gas measurements were made at many oxidation times. The performance of the gas detecting system was found to have significantly improved.

Size fraction characterisation of highly-calcareous and siliceous fly ashes

The properties of coal fly ash vary significantly depending on factors such as coal type, combustion conditions, and flue gas emission reduction methods. This study investigates the influence of particle size fractionation on the chemical composition, mineralogical structure, and thermal behaviour of two types of fly ash: high calcium ash derived from lignite (S1) and silica-rich ash from bituminous coal (S2). Dry aerodynamic separation was used to obtain distinct size fractions, which were then subjected to a comprehensive characterisation including X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and thermal analysis. The results reveal notable differences between the S1 and S2 ashes and between their size fractions. The finer fractions (< 20 μm) of S1 showed an increased calcium and sulphur content, while the coarser fractions (> 100 μm) contained more silica and alumina. The S2 ash exhibited a higher overall silica content, with alkali metals concentrated in finer fractions. Thermal analysis demonstrated distinct behaviours for each type and fraction of ash. Fine fractions of S1 ash showed SO2 emission at elevated temperatures, while S2 ash exhibited greater CO2 gas emission. After thermal treatment, the recrystallisation of the glassy phase was observed for S1, while the S2 ashes were more prone to melting and agglomeration. The study highlights the potential for the customised utilisation of specific ash fractions in various applications, such as geopolymer synthesis, adsorbent materials, and refractory products. This comprehensive characterisation contributes to a better understanding of fly ash properties and their dependence on particle size, providing valuable insights to optimise fly ash utilisation in various industries. The findings suggest strategies for a more efficient use of fly ash resources, particularly relevant in the context of decreasing fly ash availability due to the phase-out of coal power plants.

Experimental Study on the Treatment of Produced Water from Carbon Dioxide Drive by Aeration Method

Abstract To further explore the effective development of produced water treatment technologies suitable for low to ultra-low permeability oil fields, and to clarify the water quality characteristics of produced water from CO2 flooding. A study was conducted on the basic water quality characteristics of produced water from low to ultra-low permeability oil fields. Indoor CO2 gas removal experiments were conducted using the aeration method under 40°C atmospheric pressure conditions. The research results indicate that the CO2 content in the extracted water is one of the important influencing factors for the changes in characteristic parameters such as water pH, mineralization, and corrosion rate; Under the condition of 40°C atmospheric pressure test, the aeration method has a significant treatment effect on the produced water from CO2 flooding, which can effectively remove 70% of the CO2 in the water, thereby improving the pH of the water to 8, and effectively inhibiting the corrosion rate of the produced water below 0.076mm/a.

Fracture resistance of pottery laminates with intentionally introduced defects

AbstractLaminated ceramics containing layers of pottery materials with high and low Young's moduli were developed to mimic the nacre structure of abalone shells with high resistances against dynamic fractures. The layers with the low Young's modulus moderated crack deflection and impact, thereby exhibiting a high fracture resistance. The ceramic pores were formed by the CO2 gas generated through the oxidation of SiC during firing. The dynamic fracture resistance was enhanced by elastic wave scattering owing to the difference between the Young's moduli of the dense and porous layers. The effect of lamination on the dynamic fracture resistance was observed because the elastic waves were scattered owing to the difference in the elastic modulus between the porous and dense layers, and their propagation to the back sample surface was suppressed. The fracture energy of the 5‐layer laminate was determined to be about four times larger than that of the dense monolayer, which indicates that the introduction of intentional defects is effective in improving the dynamic fracture resistance of the pottery ceramics.

Utilization of cocoa pod husk waste biomass for post-combustion CO2 adsorption

Biomass-derived activated carbon for carbon dioxide (CO2) post-combustion has been drawing attention because they are cost-effective and environment-friendly. In this study, activated carbon was prepared from cocoa pod husk waste (COP) biomass for CO2 adsorption. The COP was pyrolyzed and activated using potassium hydroxide (KOH). The activated carbon prepared was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy- Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The performance of the activated carbons prepared for CO2 was evaluated using a CO2 gas analyzer. Optimization of the adsorption process of CO2 was carried out by varying some important variables affecting the adsorption process. Results showed activated carbon prepared has a good pore structure with high carbon content that supported CO2 adsorption. The Freundlich model provided the best fit with the experimental data while data fitted well to pseudo-second-order kinetics with an adsorption capacity of 6.5 mg/g. The optimal condition for CO2 adsorption, was an adsorption time of 1 min, a Carbonization temperature of 700 °C, and Bed height of 5 cm, and % CO2 removal of 99.5%. The study revealed (COP) biomass as a suitable activated carbon precursor for CO2 capture.

DBN-based molecular solvents for highly efficient and reversible CO2 capture

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is a crucial step in mitigating global warming. Carbon dioxide (CO2) represents one of the most pivotal greenhouse gases contributing to climate change. Many researchers are actively engaged in the development of effective and reversible CO2 absorbents to control and reduce CO2 gas emissions. In this paper, we synthesized a series of molecular solvents (MSs) based on the superbase 1,5-diazabicyclo [4.3.0]-5-nonene (DBN) and used them for CO2 capture. The CO2 capture capacity of MSs composed of DBN and different alcohols was systematically investigated, with DBN-Methanol (1:1.25) demonstrating superior absorption performance by achieving a maximum absorption capacity of 0.263 g CO2/g MS. The effects of temperature, pressure, the molar ratio of the hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) to hydrogen bond donor (HBD), and moisture on the absorption process were studied. The experimental results were corroborated by NMR spectra analysis and FTIR spectra analysis, confirming that these MSs can effectively react with CO2 to produce carbonate and carbamate compounds through synergistic absorption involving hydroxyl group as primary component and amino group as secondary component. In addition, it is worth noting that the MSs studied in this work exhibit only glass transition at low temperatures and transform into ionic liquids (ILs) after capturing CO2, resulting in a significant increase in conductivity and demonstrating considerable electrochemical potential.