Clove Oil Research Articles

Effects of Plant Essential Oil Treatment on the Growth of Pathogenic Fungi and the Activity of Defense-Related Enzymes of Fungi-Inoculated Blueberry

Fungal decay is one of the most significant causes of postharvest losses of blueberries, with Botrytis rot caused by Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria rot caused by Alternaria alternata being the two most destructive fungal diseases. Plant essential oil has attracted the extensive attention of scholars due to its natural antifungal and anti-corrosion effects. In this study, the effects of fumigation treatment with plant essential oils on the growth of pathogenic fungi in blueberry fruits in vitro and the activity of defense-related enzymes of fungi-inoculated blueberry were evaluated. The results showed that, of the six natural plant essential oils of cinnamon, oregano, clove, tea tree, pomelo peel, and rosemary, oregano essential oil had the most efficient inhibitory effect on Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria alternata in PDA. After fumigating inoculated blueberry fruits with concentration gradients of 0, 30, 60, and 90 μL/L of oregano essential oil, it was found that the activity of defense-related enzymes such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), chitinase (CHI), and β-1,3-glucanase (GLU) in the inoculated blueberry fruits was induced and enhanced to varying degrees throughout the entire storage period, effectively enhancing the resistance of blueberry fruits to pathogenic fungi and reducing the postharvest decay caused by Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria alternata. The optimal concentration for the fumigation treatment with oregano essential oil is 60 μL/L. This study provides a theoretical basis for the postharvest application of oregano essential oil in blueberries and other fruits and vegetables.

Preparation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Periodontal Gel for Treatment of Periodontitis

Periodontal disease is one of the most important concerns for dentists and patients. The study aimed to create a topical polyherbal gel using ethanolic extract and to evaluate polyherbal gel. Ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa rhizomes, chamomile powder from Matricaria chamomilla, and clove oil were obtained and used to prepare different formulations of polyherbal gels using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and other excipients. The prepared gel formulations were studied for pH, viscosity and spreadability evaluation. The pH was observed to be in between 6 to 7 and had ideal viscosity and spreadability range. The drug content and in-vitro drug release profile were evaluated and plotted to identify optimized gel formulations among all prepared formulations. The optimized polyherbal formulation, F2, was applied to field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The antimicrobial evaluation showed that the prepared formulations are effective in inhibiting microbial growth and effective in periodontal care.

Nanoemulsions containing amphotericin b and paromomycin for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a vector-borne disease characterized by skin lesions that can evolve into high-magnitude ulcerated lesions. Thus, this study aimed to develop an innovative nanoemulsion (NE) with clove oil, Poloxamer® 407, and multiple drugs, such as amphotericin B (AmB) and paromomycin (PM), for use in the topical treatment of CL. Methods: Droplet size, morphology, drug content, stability, in vitro release profile, in vitro cytotoxicity on RAW 264.7 macrophages, and antileishmanial activity using axenic amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis were assessed for NEs. Results: After optimizing the formulation parameters, such as the concentration of clove oil and drugs, using an experimental design, it was possible to obtain a NE with an average droplet size of 40 nm and a polydispersion index of 0.3, and these parameters were maintained throughout the 365 days. Furthermore, the NE showed stability of AmB and PM content for 180 days under refrigeration (4 °C), presented a pH compatible with the skin, and released modified AmB and PM. NE showed the same toxicity as free AmB and higher toxicity than free PM against RAW 264.7 macrophages. The same activity as free AmB, and higher activity than free PM against amastigotes L. amazonensis. Conclusion: It is possible to develop a NE for the treatment of CL; however, complementary studies regarding the antileishmanial activity of NE should be carried out.

The agroforests of the east coast of Madagascar

This article explores the significance, challenges, and future prospects of Madagascar’s cash crops: vanilla, cloves, lychees, black pepper and cinnamon. Cultivated by small-scale farmers in biodiverse agroforestry plots, these cash crops have historical importance in Madagascar's export-oriented economy that has seen Madagascar become the world's leading producer of vanilla, the second largest exporter of cloves and essential clove oil, and the leading exporter of lychees to the European market. Despite contributing substantially to the country's exports, farmers remain vulnerable, as the markets for these products are controlled by global food industry giants and are subject to significant price fluctuations. Other factors that contribute towards farmer’s vulnerability include climate change, local security conditions, competition from other producing countries and the introduction of synthetic vanillin. Despite the volatilities, farmers’ income and food security remain tied to these cash crops. Diversification is recommended to ensure better resilience against volatile conditions, including diversification of crops, land management practices, and product uses. By adapting agroforests to integrate a variety of cash crops and food crops, farmers’ income and food security will be protected long-term. Further research on agro-biodiversity management is now needed to continue to mitigate market dynamics and environmental challenges.

Efficacy of mosquito repellent finishes on polyester fabrics using four essential oils against the vector of the West Nile virus, Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae)

One of the most common ways to prevent mosquito bites is to use treated textiles, which can be used to repel mosquitoes in the form of nets, clothing, uniforms, and other items. Four eco-friendly essential oils: lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), clove (Dianthus caryophyllus), and marjoram (Origanum vulgare), were evaluated and used to finish polyester fabrics (PE) to give them a pleasant odor and antibacterial properties, as well as mosquito repellent as medical textiles. A low-temperature drying process and thermal stabilization technique were used to bond the polyester to the fragrance-containing compounds. The effect of essential oil finishes on polyester textile properties has been studied using various techniques such as mechanical measurements, contact angle, ultraviolet tests, infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, GC-MS analysis, etc. Scanning electron microscopy showed the physical adsorption of oil on PE surfaces and the penetration of oil droplets between PE fibers. The ability of polyester textiles treated with essential oils of lemongrass, eucalyptus, clove, and marjoram to kill Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger was also tested. Polyester fabrics treated with clove showed the strongest antibacterial effect, surpassing that of eucalyptus oil. 12 essential oils were screened to determine their superiority in repelling mosquitoes at a concentration of 1% through the CDC bottle and WHO cone tests. Cymbopogon citratus (LT50 = 60.03 min) oil was the most effective against Cx. pipiens, followed by Eucalyptus camaldulensis (LT50 = 61.65 min) and Dianthus caryophyllus (LT50 = 64.73 min) with CDC tests. It was found that finishing PE with clove and eucalyptus oils provided 76 and 68% protection from Culex pipiens mosquitoes, even after 6 cycles of washing. This approach is innovative because it meets the goal of having antibacterial, mosquito-repellent, and pleasant-smelling fabrics as requirements for economically viable medical textiles. There is an urgent need to engineer textiles, with or without insecticides, to effectively repel mosquitoes. Our data showed the efficiency of polyester fabric treated with clove and eucalyptus oils in repelling mosquitoes after 6 washings.

KARANFİL VE KAYISI ESANSİYEL YAĞLARI İLE AKTİF HALE GETİRİLMİŞ PEYNİIR ALTI SUYU PROTEİNİ İZOLAT BAZLI YENİLEBİLİR FİLMLER

The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of essential oils on the mechanical and antimicrobial properties of protein-based edible films. Clove and apricot oils were added to whey protein isolate (WPI) solutions and were named C-WPI and A-WPI, respectively. Kaşar cheese was chosen as a food sample to investigate the behavior of modified films on a food product. It was observed that the oil-protein interaction increased the elasticity but decreased the strength of the emulsified films. The incorporation of oil into the film matrix resulted in a more opaque appearance but also increased thermal stability. It was detected that both types of essential oils impart antimicrobial properties of the films, but clove oil is more effective than apricot oil. In conclusion, the successful antimicrobial properties of the modified WPI film make it a potential packaging material, especially for food products prone to microbiological spoilage.

Fabrication, evaluation, and enhanced penetration of vinyl and cellulose-engineered transdermal patch of nifedipine using essential oil as penetration enhancer

The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the transdermal patch formulations of nifedipine. The patch formulations containing nifedipine were prepared and optimized with different ratios of vinyl and cellulose-derived polymers, drug contents, and permeation enhancers. Among the various formulations, the patch formulation containing a 1:5 ratio of ethyl cellulose and polyvinyl pyrrolidone was selected for ex vivo pharmacokinetic study based on in vitro permeation studies using stratum corneum of the pig’s skin. The cumulative percentage release after the transdermal administration of the optimized patch formulation was 71.43%, and the plasma concentration of nifedipine was maintained for 16 hrs. The physicochemical evaluation study including flatness, thickness, moisture content and uptake, drug content in vitro release, and ex vivo permeation indicated satisfactory results. The formulation batch with clove oil as a penetration enhancer has shown better ex vivo permeation as compared to the formulations without enhancers and another synthetic enhancer. These results suggest that the optimized patch formulation Q3 could be further developed for clinical applications, providing the therapeutic plasma level of nifedipine over an extended period. Hence analyzing the results of the evaluation tests, in vitro and ex vivo data on the preparation and optimization of nifedipine-loaded transdermal patch, it can be concluded that the formulation shows its feasibility as an effective transdermal delivery system for nifedipine.

Effect of combination of essential oils on in vitro methane production, volatile fatty acid fractions and feed digestibility with goat rumen flora

Different combination of garlic oil (GO from Allium sativum L.), clove oil (CO from Eugenia spp.) and peppermint oil (P from Mentha piperita L.) as GO+PO (1:1), GO+CO (1:1), CO+PO (1:1) and GO+PO+CO (1:1:1) was evaluated in in vitro gas production test for their effect on total gas production, methane production, dry matter organic matter digestibility and volatile fatty acid fractions. The addition level was low (D1) at 0.25 g/L, medium (D2) at 0.5 g/L, and high (D3) at 1.0 g/L of fermentation medium. Concentrate mixture and bengal gram straw (Cicer arietinum L.) in 40:60 ratio was incubated with incubation medium containing goat rumen liquor for 24 h at 39°C in glass syringes. Three goats fed with concentrate pellet and Bengal gram straw served as donor of the rumen liquor. In vitro fluid pH varied between 6.50 to 6.59. Total gas production (mL/g DM) in control group was 154.07, at lower dose level (0.25 g/L) there was increase in gas production which significantly decreased at highest dose level. There was significant (P<0.05) decrease in the methane production (mL/g DM and mL/g DDM) on GO and PO supplementation together. At low dose level (D1, 0.25g/L) there was no statistically (P>0.05) significant difference in in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility with the addition of different EO combinations evaluated as compared to control except PO+ CLO (1:1). At dose level (D2 and D3) GO+PO combination led to a moderate decrease in the in IVDMD and IVOMD along with decrease in in vitro methane production. Fraction of propionic acid was higher on addition of garlic and peppermint oil together. There was relative decrease in the methanogens population with bacteria as housekeeping gene as expressed by RT-PCR amplification with GO+PO addition. Present study concluded that among the EOs combinations in vitro tested, garlic and peppermint oil combination (GO+PO) has better potential in reducing in vitro methane production with lower effect on in vitro digestibility.

Sustainable Filters with Antimicrobial Action from Sugarcane Bagasse: A Novel Waste Utilization Approach

Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is a waste product from Mexico’s sugar industry that is generally burned or discarded. It contains around 48% cellulose, representing a significant source of this component from industrial waste. Eugenol is found in clove oil; it has been used for its medicinal and antimicrobial benefits in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This study aims to develop a filtering material using sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and encapsulated eugenol as an antimicrobial agent. The study involves extracting cellulose from SCB using alkaline hydrolysis with ultrasound, followed by forming composite materials encapsulated in alginate with eugenol concentrations from 0 to 1% v/v. These materials were characterized and tested for antimicrobial efficacy. The findings indicate that the cellulose–eugenol–alginate composite displays high eugenol encapsulation efficiency and effective short-term release. In well-diffusion assays, the material showed inhibition halos up to 20.47 mm against S. aureus, suggesting its potential as an eco-friendly alternative to traditional antimicrobial agents in filter materials.

APPROACH TO OPTIMIZE THE SELF-MICROEMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR AZILSARTAN MEDOXOMIL USING BOX BEHNKEN DESIGN AND DESIRABILITY FUNCTION

Objective: Develop and optimize a novel self-micro emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) for enhancing the water solubility of Azilsartan (AZL) by employing the Box-Behnken design and the desirability function. Methods: The formulation of AZL-SMEDDS consists of clove oil (oil component), Tween 20 (surfactant), propylene glycol (co-surfactant) as the independent variables and the active drug. Using a 3-level Design, the impact of independent variables on the formulation was examined. These variables' specified ranges are 20-40 mg, 50-80 mg, and 5-30 mg for X1, X2 and X3 respectively. Particle size (Y1), PDI (Y2), and dissolution % (Y3) were the response variables investigated in this study. Results: The results indicated that the optimal values for Clove oil (X1), Tween 20 (X2), and Propylene glycol (X3) were determined to be 28.69, 76.45, and 24.93 (mg), respectively. Based on these optimized conditions, the predicted data points for the response variables Particle Size (Y1), Polydispersity (Y2), and dissolution % (Y3) were determined to be 59.85 nm, 0.729 and 55.406%, respectively. Conclusion: The empirical results obtained from the optimized formulation exhibited a strong correlation with the predicted values. The optimized AZL-SMEDDS formulation demonstrated a rapid rate of drug solubility and greater bioavailability than AZL powder.

PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT DALAM PEMBUATAN HAND SANITIZER BERBASIS KEARIFAN LOKAL EKSTRAK DAUN CENGKEH

<em>The Covid-19 pandemic that hit all countries, including Indonesia, resulted in major changes, especially in the health sector. There is an appeal for social distancing and also more health consciousness such as washing hands or using hand sanitizer every time you want to and after activities, such as eating. Washing hands or using hand sanitizer aims to kill bacteria and viruses. The use of hand sanitizer can be a solution if there is no clean water that is easily accessible or more practical to use wherever you are. However, with the increasing need for hand sanitizers, there is a scarcity of hand sanitizers on the market. This requires the community to be creative in finding solutions to the scarcity. One of the efforts that can be made is to make a hand sanitizer based on local wisdom of clove leaf extract, where Blimbing Village has natural products of clove leaf extract that have not been optimally utilized. In this community empowerment PkM activity, residents are given education about the benefits, and how to use, and make hand sanitizers. In Mini PkM activities, the results showed that residents were enthusiastic about participating in PkM activities and were able to make hand sanitizers using available materials well, as well as an increase in knowledge about hand sanitizers. The increase in residents' knowledge can be seen from the statistical analysis of the pretest and posttest results. Based on the above, it can be concluded that community empowerment in making hand sanitizers based on local wisdom of clove oil extract can increase residents' knowledge and can be an alternative amid the scarcity of hand sanitizers on the market.</em>

Using Essential Oils to Reduce Yersinia enterocolitica in Minced Meat and in Biofilms.

Yersiniosis, one of the leading foodborne infections in the European Union, is caused by Yersinia enterocolitica. In this study, the antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees), clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.), oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), and winter savory (Satureja montana L.) essential oils were investigated against Y. enterocolitica strains belonging to the bioserotype 4/O:3. Cinnamon essential oil showed the highest antibacterial activity, with an MIC value 0.09 µL/mL, followed by oregano and thyme essential oils, with MIC values from 0.09 to 0.18 µL/mL, and from 0.18 to 0.23 µL/mL, respectively. Thyme essential oil at 0.23 µL/g (MIC) and at 0.46 µL/g (2MIC) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the number of Y. enterocolitica by 0.38 log CFU/g and 0.64 log CFU/g, respectively, in minced pork meat during storage at 4 °C for 4 days. The Y. enterocolitica strains formed biofilms at 15 °C and 37 °C in tryptic soy broth and Luria-Bertani broth, while no biofilms were obtained at 5 °C, and in meat broth nutrient media. Applying the minimum bactericidal concentrations of cinnamon, clove, oregano, rosemary, thyme, and winter savory essential oils on preformed biofilms led to significant reductions being observed in the range from 45.34% to 78.89%. A scanning electron microscopy assay showed the devastating impact of oregano and thyme essential oils on the morphology of Y. enterocolitica bacterial cells. In conclusion, the results of this study show that essential oils possess high anti-Yersinia and antibiofilm effects.

Studies Studies on the phytochemicals of clove and their biological activities

Cloves are a fragrant spice made from the dried flowers of the clove tree. In the past, spices used to be worth their weight in gold, and cloves were no exception. Today, cloves remain a popular spice that gives many dishes subtly sweet warmth. A drop of clove oil is 400 times more powerful as an anti-oxidant than wolf berries or blueberries. Cloves contain a lot of manganese, a mineral that helps your body manage the enzymes that help repair your bones and make hormones. Manganese can also act as an antioxidant that protects your body from harmful free radicals (unstable atoms that cause cell damage). Cloves are a fragrant, dense spice that can be added to both savory dishes (such as curries) and sweet desserts (such as pumpkin pie). They're full of powerful nutrients that help protect your cells from damage. Some natural compounds in cloves interfere with medicines or cause side effects that can be life-threatening. So, it's safest to only cook or bake with cloves and enjoy this spice's health benefits that way. Clove is utilized in cosmetics, medicine, gastronomy, and agriculture due to its abundance of bioactive components such as gallic acid, flavonoids, eugenol acetate, and eugenol. Clove essential oil has been revealed to have antibacterial, antinociceptive, antibacterial activities, antifungal, and anticancerous qualities. Anti-inflammatory chemicals, including eugenol and flavonoids, are found in clove that help decrease inflammation and alleviate pain. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic qualities of clove oil have made it a popular natural cure for toothaches and gum discomfort. Due to its therapeutic potential, it has been used as a bioactive ingredient in coating fresh fruits and vegetables. This research article outlines the potential food processing applications of clove essential oil. The chemical structures of components, bioactive properties, and medicinal potential of clove essential oil, including phytochemical importance in food, have also been thoroughly addressed.

Formulation and Evaluation of Ketoprofen Emulgel for Topical Drug Delivery System

Emulgel have emerged as an auspicious drug delivery system for the delivery of hydrophobic drugs. The impartial of the study was to prepare emulgel of ketoprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, using Carbopol 940 as a gelling agent. Mentha oil and clove oil were used as diffusion enhancers. The emulsion was prepared and it was combined in a gel base. The formulations were evaluated for spreading coefficient studies, rheological studies, and ex vivo release studies. Formulations F2 and F3 show maximum release. So, it can be concluded that topical emulgel of ketoprofen possesses an effective anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity.

Friction and Wear Characteristics of Bio-Lubricants Containing Clove Oil as Antioxidant

Vegetable oils as bio-lubricants have poor oxidation stability due to the unsaturated fatty acids in their composition. The oxidation in bio-lubricants can occur because they are exposed to heat, light, and oxygen. In this research, clove oil was used to reduce oxidation in vegetable oils. The effects of blending clove oil (0, 5, and 10% wt) with virgin coconut oil (VCO), hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO), and palm oil that have been exposed to oxygen for 30 days have been investigated. Viscometer and pin-on-disk tests were used to determine the physical and tribological properties of the bio-lubricants. The results show that the addition of clove oil to these oils could reduce the oxidation process. It was indicated by the reduced percentage increase in the dynamic viscosity of 10% wt clove oil in VCO of around 5.41% for 30 days. Results of wear rate indicated that the effect of adding clove oil to VCO and HCO was better than that of palm oil, where the wear rate of VCO and HCO decreased with an increasing clove oil composition. Meanwhile, their coefficients of friction were only affected at low speeds (500 rpm).

Physiological responses of jundiá Rhamdia quelen juveniles anesthetized with different concentrations of lidocaine hydrochloride (Lidostesim® 3%)

The aim of this trial was to determine the effect of lidocaine hydrochloride-based immersion anesthesia in concentrations of 1,000, 1,500, 2,000 and 2,500 mg L-1 on physiological responses of jundiá Rhamdia quelen, with the control group anesthetized with clove oil (50 mg L-1) bath anesthesia. Ten jundiá juveniles were used in each experimental and control groups in order to analyze the hematocrit, blood glucose levels and induction and recovery times. Jundiás anesthetized in 2,000 and 2,500 mg L-1 solutions showed percentual hematocrit increase (42.7 ± 0.9% and 43.7 ± 0.7 %, P &lt; 0.05). It was observed inverse association between blood glucose levels and lidocaine concentration, with values ranging from 57.3 ± 14.7 mg dL-1 to jundiá anesthetized in 1,000 mg L-1 and 39.5 ± 12.5 mg dL-1 in 2,500 mg L-1 anesthetic baths, with higher values detected in the control group (78.1 ± 12.5 mg dL-1, P &lt; 0.001). Likewise, it was observed inverse relationship between lidocaine hydrochloride concentration and induction times, but direct association with recovery times. Higher concentrations were the most effective as blood glucose reduction and maintenance of hematocrit levels, with promising induction and recovery times for future anesthetic trials.

Investigations of carbon and particulate matter emissions of diesel engine using tertiary fuel

The development of modern world reveals that the world is facing an energy crisis due to the depletion of fossil fuel reserves. Biodiesel is renewable bioenergy made from vegetable oils, microalgae oil, and animal fats. The study involved adding 3,000 parts per million (ppm) of clove oil as an additive to the biodiesel. An endurance test was then conducted on a Compression Ignition (CI) engine for a duration of 100 hours, using three different fuel samples: pure diesel fuel (D100), a blend of 30% biodiesel and 70% diesel fuel (B30), and a blend of biodiesel with 3,000 ppm of clove oil (3000 ppm). The study analysed the effects of the fuel samples on carbon emissions from a CI engine. The results show that carbon monoxide (1.69%) is reduced in B30 and (7.49%) is reduced in CL3000 ppm. Carbon dioxide (7.97%) in B30 and 12.59% in CL3000 ppm are also reduced. Further particulate diesel engine emissions using biodiesel and clove oil-blend fuel samples were investigated. It was found that PM emissions were reduced when using clove oil-blend fuel.

Quantitative NMR Spectrometry of Phenylpropanoids, including Isoeugenol in Herbs, Spices, and Essential Oils.

Isoeugenol (2-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)phenol) has been recently classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). This study conducted an analysis of isoeugenol in common herbs and spices, including basil, cinnamon, ginger, and nutmeg, using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry. Additionally, over 1300 coffee samples were analysed by 1H-NMR for isoeugenol, but it was not detected in any of the analysed samples. Various essential oils, including nutmeg, basil, clove, sweet flag, and ylang-ylang oils, were examined for isoeugenol content. Out of the twelve nutmeg oils tested, four contained isoeugenol, with concentrations ranging from 3.68 ± 0.09 g/kg to 11.2 ± 0.10 g/kg. However, isoeugenol was not detected in the essential oils of calamus, basil, ylang-ylang, and clove using NMR spectrometry. These findings warrant critical evaluation of the previous literature, given reports of high isoeugenol levels in some of these matrices. A toxicological assessment has determined that there is no risk to human health by exposure to isoeugenol via nutmeg essential oils.

Eugenol's Molecular Warfare against Human Leukemia K562 cells: In Vitro Insights to Chemotherapeutic Potentials

Background: The search for effective anticancer agents has led to an increased focus on natural compounds, given their role as the foundation for many chemotherapeutic drugs. Eugenol (EUG) and Bis-Eugenol (Bis-EUG), derived from clove oil, have shown promise due to their antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, pro-apoptotic, and anti-proliferative properties across various cancer cell lines. This study aims to elucidate the chemotherapeutic potential of EUG and Bis-EUG on human leukemia K562 cells, exploring their ability to modulate apoptosis and cell proliferation. Objective: To assess the in vitro anticancer effects of EUG and Bis-EUG on K562 cell lines through various assays measuring cell viability, apoptosis, gene expression, and nitric oxide release, with a focus on elucidating the mechanisms underlying their anticancer activity. Methods: The study employed an inter-collaborative approach, utilizing MTT assays to determine the IC50 values of EUG and Bis-EUG on K562 cells. Gene expression analysis of pro-apoptotic genes Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 was performed using RT-qPCR. Apoptotic changes were further analyzed through flow cytometry and Hoechst 33258 staining to observe morphological alterations in treated cells. The release of nitric oxide (NO) as an indicator of anti-proliferative activity was measured using a Griess assay. Statistical analysis was conducted using GraphPad Prism Software, Version 9, and Microsoft Excel, with a significance threshold of p ≤ 0.05. Results: The IC50 values for EUG and Bis-EUG were determined to be 16.7 µM and 0.14 mM, respectively. Gene expression profiling revealed a significant increase in Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 expression, indicating the activation of apoptotic pathways. Flow cytometry and Hoechst 33258 staining confirmed the induction of apoptosis, with noticeable changes in cell morphology and nuclear fragmentation. The NO release assay demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in NO levels, highlighting the compounds' anti-proliferative effects. Conclusion: EUG and Bis-EUG exhibit potent anticancer effects on leukemia K562 cells by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation. The significant increase in NO levels and the activation of caspases suggest that these compounds may serve as effective chemotherapeutic agents. Further in vivo studies are warranted to explore their potential in cancer treatment regimens.

Comparative Study of Antibacterial Activity between Selected International and Indian Essential Oils against Selected Pathogenic Bacteria

In recent years, the rapid growth in Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global concern. Essential oils derived from plants that include bioactive components with proven antioxidative and antibacterial activities could be a potential solution to arrest this problem. In this study, antibacterial activities of DoTERRA essential oils such as Onguard, Clove, Teatree, Lavender and Eucalyptus were evaluated with Indian essential oils against clinical pathogenic bacteria. The GC-MS study revealed that cineole, terpinene, eucalyptol, and eugenol were the most prevalent bioactive components in these essential oils. The purity of the essential oils was confirmed with zeta potential and white light absorption spectrophotometer and shows that the Zeta potential of all the essential oils ranges from -51.4 to 0 mV. Using agar well diffusion and Micro broth dilution procedures, the antimicrobial activity of essential oils of clove, lavender, tea tree, eucalyptus, and On-Guard (combined) was assessed against several multi-drug-resistant bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of essential oils in aqueous and micellar solutions were determined by Micro broth dilution techniques. The most effective antibacterial essential oils were clove, tea tree, and On guard (a blended essential oil with a predominance of Limonene and Eugenol). The current research could result in development of formulas that contain micelle or colloid suspensions of whole essential oils such as clove, On-Guard, or Tea-Tree oil to aid in antimicrobial treatment.