Clove Oil Research Articles

The Use of Essential Oil-based Pharmaceutical Products to Control Cattle Ticks

The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of six essential oils obtained from sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.), ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.), litsea (Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.), clove (Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb.) and curcumin (Curcuma longa Linn.) against cattle ticks. Two essential oils demonstrated the greatest significant efficiency and were chosen for further testing on the cattle skin. The results showed that the 8% lemongrass essential oil had the most significant inhibiting effect on the oviposition of engorged female cattle ticks, whereas ginger oil, curcumin oil, sour orange, litsea oil and clove oil, showed lesser effect respectively (p<0.05). There was a significant inverse relationship between lemongrass essential oil concentration and the tick’s oviposition index. It was observed that the higher the essential oil concentration (16%), the higher the mortality rate of the larva-stage ticks. Nevertheless, the 4, 8 and 16% of lemongrass essential oil concentrations were also effective against adult ticks, causing a 100% mortality rate. Lemongrass oil can reduce tick number from day 1 after spraying on cattle skin and the tick number was under control for at least 14 days, which is significantly different, comparing to the control group.

Characterization and Management of Post-harvest Fungal Diseases in Banana (Musa paradisiaca)

Banana (Musa spp.) is a vital crop globally, contributing significantly to food security and income generation, particularly in tropical regions like India. However, post-harvest fungal diseases pose a considerable threat to banana production, affecting both fruit quality and marketability. The current study investigated the isolation, characterization, and management of post-harvest fungal diseases in banana (Musa paradisiaca). Infected banana fruits were collected from the Dharashiv fruit market (Maharashtra, India), and pathogenic fungi were isolated and identified. Fusarium napiforme, Talaromyces atroroseus, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Fusarium sp., and Fusarium equiseti were the primary pathogens identified. DNA extraction and sequencing were employed for accurate identification, and sequences were submitted to GenBank. The antifungal activity of essential oils and plant extracts was evaluated using the Poisoned Food Technique. Essential oils from Syzygium aromaticum, Mentha piperita, and Punica granatum showed significant inhibition (P<0.05) of fungal growth, with clove and peppermint oils achieving 100% inhibition at higher concentrations. Plant extracts of Ocimum sanctum, Eucalyptus globulus, Mentha piperita, Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa, Azadirachta indica, Piper betel, and Cymbopogon citratus were also tested, revealing notable efficacy, particularly with neem and peppermint extracts. The study that the efficacy of essential oils was more compared to aqueous plant extracts. The results suggested sustainable strategies for managing post-harvest fungal diseases in bananas and explained the importance of conducting field trials to validate laboratory results.

Comparative Analysis of Organic Components in Extracted and Commercial Clove Oil Using GCMS

Comparative Analysis of Organic Components in Extracted and Commercial Clove Oil Using GCMS

Effectiveness of clove oil massage to improve circulation and muscle strength in patients with non-hemorrhagic stroke

Effectiveness of clove oil massage to improve circulation and muscle strength in patients with non-hemorrhagic stroke

The Effect of Giving Red Ginger Oil On Pain After Iud Installation at Midwifery Independent Practice in Turen Malang Regency

ABSTRACT IUD installation pain is caused by a foreign body that enters the uterus, so to help the adaptation process, it is necessary to have treatment both pharmacologically and non-pharmacologically. The more frequent the pain that arises, the more recommended non-pharmacological treatment because it has a low risk. In post-IUD pain, there is complementary care in the form of essential oils. Essential oils often used are olive oil, peppermint oil, lavender oil, coconut oil, clove oil, and the latest red ginger oil. Complementary care can be done by giving Red Ginger Oil as a natural analgesic. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of administering red ginger oil on post-IUD discomfort in a midwifery practice in Turen, Malang Regency. Experimental quantitative research using a one-group pre- and post-test design is what this study employs. The 18 people that filled out the survey were chosen using a quota system. The findings of the research were obtained three days after the controlled intervention, after the administration of Red Ginger Oil. Supplemental care, which posed less of a threat, was easily comprehended by patients. This research found that red ginger oil greatly alleviates uterine discomfort when administered topically. Keywords: IUD, Red Ginger Oil, Pain

Impact of mustard biodiesel and clove oil additives on particulate matter emission and carbon deposition in diesel engines

Recent studies suggest that the world is facing an energy crisis due to the depletion of fossil fuel reserves. To combat this issue, researchers have turned to biodiesel, a renewable bioenergy source made from vegetable oils, microalgae, and animal fats. A recent study analysed engine parts’ particulate matter emissions and carbon deposition during the long-term use of mustard biodiesel and clove oil as antioxidants in a compression ignition engine. Three samples of fuels: DF (diesel fuel), B30 (30% mustard biodiesel and 70% DF), and biodiesel blended fuel with 3000 PPM in a single-cylinder CI engine. The use of 30% biodiesel in diesel fuel (B30) for the endurance test was based on a good mix. The engine was run for 100 h to investigate the particulate matter emissions and carbon deposition. The particulate matter emission data was collected every 25 h, and for carbon deposition, the engine’s fuel injector was turned off after 100 h of engine running. The results showed a reduction in particulate matter emissions of about 9.97%, 13.367%, 7.24%, 14.64%, 5.3%, 12.32%, 1.88%, and 7.99% for PM1, PM2.5, PM7, and PM10 in biodiesel blended fuel and biodiesel blended fuel with clove oil, respectively. The deposition of clove oil added to biodiesel blended fuel in the fuel injector has been reduced compared with the other fuels. Carbon deposition of the fuel injector was analysed through SEM and EDX tests, and the results showed that the carbon content in biodiesel blended fuel was lower than in diesel fuel. The deposition of clove oil added to biodiesel blended fuel in the fuel injector has been reduced compared with biodiesel blended fuel.

Eugenol: A Potential Modulator of Human Platelet Activation and Mouse Mesenteric Vascular Thrombosis via an Innovative cPLA2-NF-κB Signaling Axis.

Platelets, a type of anucleated cell, play a crucial role in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Therefore, targeting platelet activation is essential for mitigating CVDs. Endogenous agonists, such as collagen, activate platelets by initiating signal transduction through specific platelet receptors, leading to platelet aggregation. Eugenol, primarily sourced from clove oil, is known for its antibacterial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a valuable medicinal agent. In our previous study, eugenol was shown to inhibit platelet aggregation induced by collagen and arachidonic acid. We concluded that eugenol exerts a potent inhibitory effect on platelet activation by targeting the PLCγ2-PKC and cPLA2-TxA2 pathways, thereby suppressing platelet aggregation. In our current study, we found that eugenol significantly inhibits NF-κB activation. This led us to investigate the relationship between the NF-κB and cPLA2 pathways to elucidate how eugenol suppresses platelet activation. In this study, we prepared platelet suspensions from the blood of healthy human donors to evaluate the inhibitory mechanisms of eugenol on platelet activation. We utilized immunoblotting and confocal microscopy to analyze these mechanisms in detail. Additionally, we assessed the anti-thrombotic effect of eugenol by observing fluorescein-induced platelet plug formation in the mesenteric microvessels of mice. For immunoblotting and confocal microscopy studies, eugenol significantly inhibited NF-κB-mediated signaling events stimulated by collagen in human platelets. Specifically, it reduced the phosphorylation of IKK and p65 and prevented the degradation of IκBα. Additionally, CAY10502, a cPLA2 inhibitor, significantly reduced NF-κB-mediated signaling events. In contrast, BAY11-7082, an IKK inhibitor, did not affect collagen-stimulated cPLA2 phosphorylation. These findings suggest that cPLA2 acts as an upstream regulator of NF-κB activation during platelet activation. Furthermore, both BAY11-7082 and CAY10502 significantly reduced the collagen-induced rise in intracellular calcium levels. In the animal study, eugenol demonstrated potential as an anti-thrombotic agent by significantly reducing platelet plug formation in fluorescein-irradiated mouse mesenteric microvessels. Our study uncovered a novel pathway in platelet activation involving the cPLA2-NF-κB axis, which plays a key role in the antiplatelet effects of eugenol. These findings suggest that eugenol could serve as a valuable and potent prophylactic or therapeutic option for arterial thrombosis.

A nanoscale γ-cyclodextrin metal-organic framework loaded with eugenol (CMFE) for controlling F. graminearum on the wheat during harvest time

The loss of grains in the production chain caused huge waste worldwide, and the control of plant pathogenic fungi during harvest time is a critical solution to mitigate the damage. Eugenol, an important component of clove oil (Syzygium aromaticum L.), has antioxidant, antifungal, and other activities. In this study, the unstable eugenol was incorporated into the nanoscale γ-cyclodextrin metal-organic framework (γ-CD-MOF), a cubic porous structure synthesized by vapor diffusion method. The investigation of morphologies, functional groups, crystalline structures and weight losing behaviors demonstrated the inclusion complex prepared from γ-CD-MOF and eugenol (CMFE). Compared with the γ-CD loaded with eugenol (CE), CMFE exhibited an improved loading rate with 4.06 % (w/w). And CMFE enhanced the stability of its inner eugenol against degradation by light and air. Moreover, the CMFE demonstrated a significant anti-F. graminearum activity both in the medium and on the wheat grains. The inhibition rate reached 83.8 % at 8 mg/mL in vitro, while the growth of the hyphae was effectively restrained at 4 mg/g in vivo. CMFE could damage the mycelial cell wall and trigger intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, thus exhibiting its anti-F. graminearum activity. Our results showed that the biocompatible CMFE would be an environment-friendly substitute to chemical fungicides for the prevention of fungal contamination caused by F. graminearum.

Efficacy of clove oil and rosewood oil as anesthetics on goldfish (Carassius auratus)

Anesthetics have an essential role in aquaculture operations because they minimize physical injury during various handling practices such as sampling, weighing, length measurement and tagging, which decreases stress on fish. Many fish farmers are involved in using alternative fish anesthetic agents with minimal side effects to life such as herbal essential oils. This study aims at investigating the efficacy of clove oil and rosewood oil as anesthetics on goldfish Carassius auratus. Anesthesia effect of both oils was tested in six different concentrations (i.e., 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 mg/l of water) on ten fish between 6–25 g weight and 9–14 cm length. The efficacy of both oils was assessed on the basis of the fish behavior. The induction time (min) was assessed by loss of swimming (LS), partial loss of equilibrium (PLE), final loss of equilibrium (FLE), and medullar collapse (Mc). The fish were observed for balance and response to a tactile stimulus in each treatment. Both clove oil and rosewood oil contributed well as anesthetics as they caused loss of equilibrium and swimming ability in the goldfish. In contrast, clove oil generated more rapid induction, prolonged recovery, and a narrow margin of safety. Fish farmers should use natural and environment friendly anesthetic agents instead of chemical ones, as they may alter negatively the growth and health of fish.

Isolation and identification of postharvest pathogenic bacteria of Syzygium samarangense and antibacterial test of essential oils

With Syzygium samarangense as the test subject，postharvest pathogenic bacteria were isolated，purified，and identified. Their pathogenicity was determined using Koch's postulates，and the antibacterial activity of 36 types of plant essential oils against highly pathogenic bacteria was assessed. The findings indicated that a highly pathogenic fungus was isolated and identified from naturally existing S. samarangense, labeled LW3-1. The pathogenicity rate of strain LW3-1 reached 100% within 2 days of inoculation, and molecular biology identified it as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Among the 36 essential oils, clove, geranium, myrrh, rose and sophora flavescens essential oils (1000 μl/L) had the most significant antibacterial effect on the LW3-1 strain, with an antibacterial rate of 100%. The antibacterial rate of 500 μl/L clove essential oil against the LW3-1 strain was still >85% after 12 days of treatment. In summary, it is determined that the pathogenic bacteria causing postharvest diseases of l S. samarangense is C. gloeosporioides, which is highly pathogenic. 500 μl/L clove essential oil has the best inhibitory effect on C. gloeosporioides.

FUNCTIONALIZATION OF OUTDOOR COTTON TEXTILES: COMBINING FRAGRANCE AND UV PROTECTION THROUGH β-CYCLODEXTRIN DERIVATIVE INCLUSION COMPLEXES INFUSED WITH PEPPERMINT AND CLOVE ESSENTIAL OILS

The polyfunctionalization of cotton textiles for outdoor applications has been successfully achieved through the incorporation of complexes involving monochlorotriazine β-cyclodextrin (mono-CT β-CD) and essential oils of peppermint and clove, resulting in the creation of aromatic and UV protective ensembles. The β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) derivative was synthesized in vitro, followed by rigorous characterization and solubility testing to ensure its compatibility with water-based applications. To confirm the successful functionalization, the textiles were subjected to thorough characterization using techniques such as H-NMR and thermogravimetric analysis, verifying the attachment of inclusion complexes of mono-CT β-CD and essential oils onto the fabric. Furthermore, the release kinetics of the native aromatic oils from the cotton textiles were investigated, revealing superior retention of peppermint over that of clove. The impact of inclusion complexes on the release behavior and wash durability of essential oils was also assessed, demonstrating a significant enhancement in aroma retention, compared to unfunctionalized textiles. Additionally, the UV protection properties of the peppermint oil-treated cotton textiles exhibited improved performance against electromagnetic radiation in comparison with their untreated counterparts, further highlighting the efficacy of the polyfunctionalization process for enhancing both fragrance and UV protection in outdoor textiles.

Knockdown and Toxicity of Essential Oils from the Rhizome of Zingiber officinale (L) and the Bud of Syzygium aromaticum (L) to Periplaneta americana (L)

The American cockroach (Periplanata americana) is an important peridomestic pest that is responsible for the mechanical transmission of several disease pathogens. This study aimed to evaluate the knockdown and toxicity effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oils against Periplanata americana. Oils were extracted from the rhizomes and buds of ginger and cloves plants respectively. The oils were extracted using the hydrodistillation method and were serially diluted in 20% tween 80 solution to obtain seven concentrations (5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400μl/ml). Whatman No.1 filter paper was smeared with 1ml of each concentration of the oil and allowed to dry. Adult P. americana were exposed to the treated filter paper in a glass jar. Each experimental set up and the control had 20 adult cockroaches each. The control experiment had the cockroaches exposed to 1ml of 20% tween 80 solution. Each experiment was replicated 4 times. The knockdown effect was observed at 10 minutes intervals for 60 minutes while the mortality count was recorded after 24 and 48 hours. After 20 minutes of exposure to cloves oil, 100% knockdown was observed in the highest concentration (400μl/ml). For ginger oil, complete knockdown was observed in the highest concentration (400μl/ml) after 30 minutes of exposure. Both ginger and clove oil showed increased mortality as the concentration increased. After 48 hours of exposure, 100% mortality of adult P. americana were recorded in both oils at the highest concentration of 400μl/ml. While 25% and 40% mortality recorded at the lowest concentration of 5μl/ml for ginger and clove oil respectively at 48 hours. There was no mortality recorded in the control. Clove oil was more potent than ginger oil, this was judged by the 48 hours LC50 value of 7.344μl/ml while the 48 hour LC50 value for ginger oil was 56.564μl/ml. It was concluded from the study that both ginger and clove oils exhibited significant knockdown and toxicity activity against P. americana. Thus, it is recommended that the essential oils from these plants should be incorporated in the production of botanical pesticides for the management of P. americana, which is a well-known mechanical vector and common household’s pest.

Feasibility of Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Loaded with Alpha-Mangostin and Clove Oil for Canine Periodontal Therapy.

Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) represent the second generation of nanoparticles, offering numerous advantages over conventional delivery systems. These include improved stability, enhanced drug-loading capacity, and controlled release profiles, making them highly attractive candidates for a wide range of therapeutic applications. Their suitability for hydrophobic drugs like a traditional medicinal plant of Thailand as clove oil and alpha-mangostin. We investigated into nanostructured lipid carriers loaded with Alpha-Mangostin and clove oil (NLC-AMCO) into the physicochemical and biological characteristics to identify the formulation with the highest efficacy for treatment. The particle size, charge, polydispersity index, and other characterizations were recorded. The realtime ex vivo penetration was explored using canine gingival tissue. Drug sustained release was assessed by HPLC. Moreover, the antibacterial properties were tested by conventional methods. The NLC-AMCO can be stored at up to 40 °C for 60 days without any alterations in particle characteristics. Gingival tissue penetration and sustained drug release were superior compared to unencapsulated counterparts. It exhibited greater effectiveness in inhibiting bacterial growth than the antibiotics tested, particularly against bacteria from the oral cavities of dogs. Therefore, this alternative treatment approach offers cost-effectiveness and ease of administration for pet owners and reduces discomfort for the animals during restraint.

Exploring essential oil-based bio-composites: molecular docking and in vitro analysis for oral bacterial biofilm inhibition.

Oral bacterial biofilms are the main reason for the progression of resistance to antimicrobial agents that may lead to severe conditions, including periodontitis and gingivitis. Essential oil-based nanocomposites can be a promising treatment option. We investigated cardamom, cinnamon, and clove essential oils for their potential in the treatment of oral bacterial infections using in vitro and computational tools. A detailed analysis of the drug-likeness and physicochemical properties of all constituents was performed. Molecular docking studies revealed that the binding free energy of a Carbopol 940 and eugenol complex was -2.0kcal/mol, of a Carbopol 940-anisaldehyde complex was -1.9kcal/mol, and a Carbapol 940-eugenol-anisaldehyde complex was -3.4kcal/mol. Molecular docking was performed against transcriptional regulator genes 2XCT, 1JIJ, 2Q0P, 4M81, and 3QPI. Eugenol cinnamaldehyde and cineol presented strong interaction with targets. The essential oils were analyzed against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from the oral cavity of diabetic patients. The cinnamon and clove essential oil combination presented significant minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) (0.0625/0.0312mg/mL) against S. epidermidis and S. aureus (0.0156/0.0078mg/mL). In the anti-quorum sensing activity, the cinnamon and clove oil combination presented moderate inhibition (8mm) against Chromobacterium voilaceum with substantial violacein inhibition (58% ± 1.2%). Likewise, a significant biofilm inhibition was recorded in the case of S. aureus (82.1% ± 0.21%) and S. epidermidis (84.2% ± 1.3%) in combination. It was concluded that a clove and cinnamon essential oil-based formulation could be employed to prepare a stable nanocomposite, and Carbapol 940 could be used as a compatible biopolymer.

Single and combined effects of oregano leaf and clove oils on the reduction of salmonella enteritidis on chicken egg shells

Table eggs are versatile foodstuffs used in various food products. Eggs are often consumed or incorporated into other food products to enhance taste and nutrition and act as an emulsifying agent. Too often the consumption of contaminated eggs leads to foodborne illnesses in people. When whole eggs or egg products come into contact with contaminated surfaces or other contaminated eggs, pathogens can spread from one egg to another. Research has been conducted to uncover ways to protect whole eggs and their products from contamination by coating the egg’s exterior with edible coatings. Mineral oil, among other edible oils, is one such oil shown to be effective in reducing the bacteria in eggs when applied to the egg’s exterior. With the average consumer becoming more aware of the chemicals used in the preservation of food, some researchers have started to explore more natural solutions to minimize the contamination of food products. The use of essential oils to prevent contamination has been studied and analyzed for their antimicrobial properties in the inhibition of the growth of foodborne pathogens. The oils used in this current study are Oregano and Clove Oil. Both oils used individually and combined compared to a positive control showed no differences (p > 0.05). Interestingly, when the oils were combined 1:1 there was a difference of 0.66 log in the survival bacterial counts compared to the positive control. However, this difference was also not significant (p > 0.05).

Preparation of delignified wood fibers based absorbent pad for tray package and its application in preservation of cold and fresh pork

This work aimed to fabricate one bio-based absorbent pad used for tray package and investigate its application in preservation of cold and fresh pork. The delignified wood fibers based absorbent pad was prepared by chemical delignification of natural balsa wood sheet and three freeze-thaw cycles of polyvinyl (PVA) solution. Whether using clove oil or not, shelf life of cold and fresh pork with absorbent pads composed of 3 % PVA/5 h or 3 % PVA/5 h/CO exceeded 9 d, while the shelf life of cold and fresh pork with commercially available absorbent pad and without absorbent pad was 8 d and 6 d, respectively, indicating that bio-based absorbent pads fabricated in this work have better preservation effect on cold and fresh pork than that commercially available non-biodegradable absorbent pad. Moreover, this bio-based absorbent pad has less CO2 emission when it was disposed as package wastes.

Inhibitory effects of essential oils on the growth of grain storage molds and the formation of aflatoxin in stored organic corn grains

AbstractBackgroundMold contamination in post‐harvest grain storage degrades grain quality and produces mycotoxins, causing economic losses and health issues. This study evaluated the inhibitory effects of six essential oils (cinnamon, clove, eugenol, orange terpenes, oregano, and thyme oil) on total and specific mold genera growth using potato dextrose agar (PDA) and selective media plates, respectively, at different concentrations of EOs (0–0.8 mg/mL). The antifungal index (AI) of each treatment were measured after 7 days incubation at 22°C. The fungicidal activity of EOs in stored organic corn grains was tested using a simulated fumigation method, and the aflatoxin contents in the corn grains were determined biweekly for 6 weeks.ResultsResults indicate that the tested EOs, except orange terpenes, significantly inhibited mold growth. Overall, eugenol demonstrated the highest effectiveness against total mold growth with cinnamon oil following closely behind. The cinnamon oil also consistently showed highest AI and lowest IC50 (0.065 mg/mL) against the growth of Aspergillus and Penicillium followed by clove oil with IC50 being 0.12 mg/mL. The Fusarium spp. was more sensitive to EOs, particularly cinnamon oil (IC50 = 0.006 mg/mL), and eugenol and oregano oil (IC50 = 0.01 mg/mL). In the simulated fumigation tests, cinnamon, oregano, and thyme oils at 0.05 mL/25 g corn significantly inhibited the mold growth and aflatoxin production at water activity 0.85, and temperature 25 and 35°C over a period of 42 days storage.ConclusionThe EOs tested in this study except orange terpenes can potentially serve as alternatives to toxic synthetic fungicides/fumigants for organic corn grain protection during storage.

In vitro and In silico Network Pharmacology Analysis of Eugenol from Syzygium aromaticum Against Escherichia coli

ABSTRACT Background: In this era, Escherichia coli is an ambivalent microbe and commonly causes fecal contamination. Eugenol from clove oil has also demonstrates antibacterial effects that may aid in combating against the microorganisms that cause tooth infections. Aim and Objectives: The current study provides a comprehensive analysis of the pharmacological characteristics of eugenol, a significant bioactive substance extracted from clove (Syzygium aromaticum). The present study aimed to target the genes from E. coli identified through network pharmacology analysis of eugenol and antibiofilm effect of eugenol from clove oil against E. coli. Materials and Methods: In the present study, eugenol was isolated from clove identified through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of eugenol was performed against E. coli were investigated. Targets were identified for Eugenol from clove oil through string database and mapped with E. coli pathway. Molecular docking analysis was carried out for the identified targets and eugenol. Results: The best antibacterial activity of eugenol from clove oil was found against E. coli and evaluated by zone of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration analysis at 10 μL. The antibiofilm assay against resistant E. coli was determined by concentration of 10 μL and inhibited in 100% dilution. The top five active targets from E. coli was identified by network pharmacology and docking analysis shows the good binding interaction between targets and eugenol. Conclusion: The research provided in this study lays the foundation for eugenol’s anti-bacterial property with various biofilm forming targets namely Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, Acetyl-CoA carboxylase-B, Acetyl-CoA carboxylase-C, Enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase [NADH], and 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase 1. Additional in vivo approach validation is required in future to support the current study.

Design of Delivery Systems (Nanoemulsions and Biopolymer Nanoparticles) of Cloves Essential Oil: Preparation, Characterizations, Study the Release, and Antioxidant Activity

Abstract BACKGROUND: Clove oil has a wide range of therapeutic and pharmaceutical applications. It is also used in the manufacture of pesticides and antifungals, as well as many advantages. The study aims to improve the properties of essential oils, especially clove oil, and make them more stable by the design of delivery systems (nanoemulsions and biopolymer nanoparticles). METHODS: Clove oil was mixed with water in the presence of tween-20 as a polysorbate-type nonionic surfactant, and then carboxymethyl cellulose was added with different ratios of glycerin as a cross-linking agent. The formation of the clove nanogel was tested by spectrophotometric assay 2.2.2 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-NMR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and morphology method field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), also the rate of clove oil release during different periods, and hemolytic and antioxidant activity were tested. RESULTS: The nanoparticles were demonstrated by DLS and FESEM. The polydispersity index value was 0.279, indicating good monodispersity and good stability, while higher release values were obtained when glycerol was not present as a cross-linker. In addition to the higher antioxidant, values of the clove oil nano emulsion (CNE) have a maximum inhibition of 65% at a concentration of 100 μg/mL, whereas clove nano-gel (CNG) at the same concentration exhibited 59.2% inhibition. The calculated IC50 values of CNG and CNE were 6.58 and 3.25 μg/mL, respectively. CONCLUSION: The study proved through the results obtained that nanocomposites help stabilize components, especially volatile oil, which increases their effectiveness.

Clove oil additives in vegetable oil: an assessment of fuel properties

Vegetable oil, obtained from plants such as coconut or Jatropha curcas, serves as a valuable renewable energy source. Nonetheless, it presents certain limitations in comparison to diesel fuels, namely, low volatility and high viscosity. One straightforward approach to overcome these limitations is the addition of high-volatility oil and low-viscosity oil. In this study, we incorporated 10% clove oil into coconut oil and Jatropha curcas oil. Fuel properties, including density, viscosity, flash point, and heating value, were measured in accordance with international standards. Additionally, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) testing was performed to detect decomposition during the heating process. The findings indicated that the addition of clove oil increases density (from 0.922 g/ml to 0.934 g/ml), while other properties decrease, such as viscosity (from 30.12 cst to 27.7 cst), flash point (from 286°C to 182°C), and heating value (from 37.1 MJ/kg to 35.8 MJ/kg). TGA demonstrated that the inclusion of clove oil resulted in increased decomposition within the temperature range of 200°C–400°C, suggesting that clove oil falls into the category of medium-volatile oils. Although the addition of clove oil were able to modify the fuel properties of vegetable oil, it did not align with the characteristics of conventional diesel fuel and necessitates further modification for practical implementation