Climatic Factors Research Articles

Modelling the paleopedological development of loess/palaeosol sections using discriminant function analysis of compositional geoscience data, case study in Eastern Croatia

Previous studies on the mineralogical differentiation of Pleistocene loess/palaeosol sections focused on the description and source material of four loess/palaeosol sections located on the eastern border of Croatia along the Danube: Zmajevac, Zmajevac I, Erdut and Šarengrad. The authors demonstrated the decreasing influence of the Danube and the increasing influence of the rivers draining the Central Bosnian Mountains of the Dinaric Ophiolite Zone both important source areas for aeolian sediments at the southern edge of the Carpathian Basin that transport material from the Central Bosnian Mountains. The aim of this research is to identify the palaeoclimatic factors that influenced the pedogenetic development of the studied palaeosols. The model was created based on the research results of the same four loess/palaeosol sequences in Eastern Croatia. This model can also be applied in other locations to determine the influence of certain climatic factors on the degree of pedogenetic development of individual palaeosols. The loess/palaeosol sequences were divided into eight comprehensive groups (horizons) based on their genesis, degree of pedological development and/or position in the soil profiles. The explanation of the typical patterns occurring between the studied horizons is based on the construction of a Discriminant Function Model (DFM) resulting from the analysis of the compositional data (CoDa) of the geochemical (major and trace elements) and granulometric (grain size) data of the loess/palaeosols in combination with external variables such as weathering coefficients and chemical soil properties. In the final phase, the DFM was transformed from structural (mathematical) to functional (process) terms. This revealed that three main themes dominate the formation of Pleistocene loess/palaeosol sequences: 1) the separation of well-developed palaeosols from parent material; 2) the separation of automorphic palaeosols from hydromorphic soils exposed to post-pedogenic waterlogging conditions; and 3) the differentiation of horizons (soils and alluvium) formed by the redeposition (by water or mudflows) of previously deposited aeolian material, regardless of whether and to what extent it was exposed to post-sedimentary pedogenesis.

Evaluation of the impact of natural weathering on the properties of high‐density polyethylene bottles by experimental approach

AbstractThis work presents an in‐depth experimental study aimed at assessing the impact of natural weathering on the behavior of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles. To this end, several analytical techniques were employed, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to examine molecular changes, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to study morphology, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to assess thermal properties, and tensile and compression tests to evaluate mechanical properties. The results obtained reveal significant changes in HDPE exposed to natural weathering. FTIR analysis enabled us to identify that the HDPE bottles had been subjected to an oxidation process initiated by the absorption of solar radiation during natural weathering treatments, while SEM analysis showed the presence of holes resulting from the detachment of material fragments after exposure, TGA analysis confirms the impact of natural exposure time on the decrease in the average molecular weight and chemical degradation of HDPE macromolecules, through a reduction in the initial degradation temperature and the maximum thermodegradation temperature. However, tensile and compressive tests showed a reduction in the mechanical strength of HDPE after exposure to natural conditions, with notable variations depending on environmental conditions, making the material damaged. These results enabled us to calculate the damage caused by three damage laws. These results offer important insights into the mechanisms of HDPE degradation under the influence of natural climatic factors, paving the way for the development of more resistant and durable packaging materials in the face of variable environmental conditions.Highlights The objective of this study is to analyze and describe the effects of natural weathering on high‐density polyethylene bottles. This involves evaluating the deterioration of physicochemical, mechanical, and morphological properties. Additionally, three damage laws are employed to assess the extent of damage inflicted by this material. Analytical techniques were used, including SEM, FTIR, and TGA, tensile and compressive test.

Spatial-temporal evolution of plateau and plain lakes and climate driving factors based on Google Earth Engine platform

Accurate understanding of lake water dynamic changes is beneficial to sustainable utilization of water resources and maintenance of ecological balance. Lake change is sensitively reflective of climate and environment change. This study chooses plateau lake and plain lake as the study area, and uses Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI and meteorological data as data source. Based on the Google Earth Engine platform, lake areas are extracted using NDWI method, and lake morphological characteristics are analyzed. The model between climate factors and lake area is established and analyzed in sections according to the difference of lake change trend. The results indicate that the morphological characteristic index of the plateau lakes changes little, but that of the plain lakes changes greatly. Precipitation in the plain lakes fluctuates more violently than that in the plateau lakes. The temperature fluctuation in the plateau lakes is larger than that in the plain lakes.

Chemical Composition and Clinical Potential of Shrubby Cinquefoil (Pentaphylloides fruticosa (L.) O. Schwarz) Shoots: A Review

INTRODUCTION. It is important to study medicinal plants that are not listed in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation but are used in traditional medicine and represent an abundant source of raw materials.AIM. This study aimed to collate data on the composition and pharmacology of the biologically active substances contained in shrubby cinquefoil (Pentaphylloides fruticosa (L.) O. Schwarz).DISCUSSION. According to the reviewed literature, the underground and aboveground parts of P. fruticosa contain flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids, triterpenoid saponins, and other compounds with significant therapeutic potential, which show antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. Most pharmacology studies of P. fruticosa bioactive metabolites investigate the modulating action they exert on innate and adaptive immune responses via various mechanisms. The majority of studies use different techniques and focus on the properties of crude extracts from morphologically different parts of the plant, which precludes meaningful comparisons of the results obtained in these studies.CONCLUSIONS. P. fruticosa is a promising medicinal plant for inclusion in the pharmacopoeia. The plant has clinical potential as an antioxidant and an immunomodulator for the prevention and treatment of many diseases. The standardisation of Р. fruticosa herbal drugs requires thorough studies. The chemical composition of various plant tissues should be analysed with due consideration of seasonal, climatic, and anthropogenic factors.

Interannual Variations in the Summer Coastal Upwelling in the Northeastern South China Sea

This study scrutinizes interannual (2003–2023) variations in coastal upwelling along the Guangdong Province during summers (June–August) in the northeastern South China Sea (NESCS) by comprehensively applying the moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) remote sensing sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll concentration (CHL) data and the model reanalysis product. The results show that SST and upwelling intensity in the sea area have significant (p < 0.05) rising trends in the last 21 years. The CHL shows an upward but insignificant trend, which is affected simultaneously by the rise in SST and the enhancement of upwelling. Further analysis reveals that the interannual variations in upwelling are robustly related to the wind fields’ variations in the coastal region. A clockwise/counter-clockwise anomaly in the wind field centered on the NESCS facilitates alongshore/onshore winds near the Guangdong coast, which can strengthen/weaken coastal upwelling. Based on the correlation between wind field variations and large-scale climate factors, long-term variations in the upwelling intensity can be primarily predicted by the Oceanic Niño Index.

Predicting Current and Future Habitat Suitability of an Endemic Species Using Data-Fusion Approach: Responses to Climate Change

Fritillaria imperialis L., an indicator plant species in Iran, is facing threats and its population has declined in recent years. To provide insights into the drivers affecting its loss, this research aims to identify the effects of three groups of factors, including climate, soil, and physiographic variables, on the current and future spatial distributions of F. imperialis. For this purpose, we used five machine learning algorithms as well as an ensemble forecasting of species distribution approach to explain the geographical distributions of the species as a function of these factors. In addition, we used two shared socio-economic pathways scenarios – SSP 1-2.6 and SSP 5-8.5 – to project the future distributions of F. imperialis in 2030, 2050, 2070, and 2090. Based on evaluation indices, area under the ROC curve (AUC) and true skill statistic (TSS), the Random Forest (RF) model generated the strongest prediction of the distribution of F. imperialis (TSS>0.9 and AUC>0.9). No significant difference observed among the three datasets (climate-only variables, climate + physiography variables, and climate + physiography + soil variables) in terms of AUC values. In models using climate + physiography + soil datasets, soil electrical conductivity, clay, and pH emerged as the most important variables affecting the growth and development of F. imperialis while climate factors played a lesser role in its distribution. Future projections revealed different patterns when using the optimistic (SSP 1-2.6) and pessimistic (SSP 5-8.5) socio-economic pathway scenarios and either the climate only or climate + physiography models. The climate + physiography + soil model produced similar prediction patterns for the scenarios. The climate-only models predicted larger areas suitable for crown imperial in the future than did the climate + physiography + soil model. These results emphasize the consideration of factors beyond climate scenarios when modeling biological responses to global warming and regional climate change.

Metabolic niches in the rhizosphere microbiome: dependence on soil horizons, root traits and climate variables in forest ecosystems.

Understanding belowground plant-microbial interactions is important for biodiversity maintenance, community assembly and ecosystem functioning of forest ecosystems. Consequently, a large number of studies were conducted on root and microbial interactions, especially in the context of precipitation and temperature gradients under global climate change scenarios. Forests ecosystems have high biodiversity of plants and associated microbes, and contribute to major primary productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. However, the impact of root metabolites/exudates and root traits on soil microbial functional groups along these climate gradients is poorly described in these forest ecosystems. The plant root system exhibits differentiated exudation profiles and considerable trait plasticity in terms of root morphological/phenotypic traits, which can cause shifts in microbial abundance and diversity. The root metabolites composed of primary and secondary metabolites and volatile organic compounds that have diverse roles in appealing to and preventing distinct microbial strains, thus benefit plant fitness and growth, and tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought. Climatic factors significantly alter the quantity and quality of metabolites that forest trees secrete into the soil. Thus, the heterogeneities in the rhizosphere due to different climate drivers generate ecological niches for various microbial assemblages to foster beneficial rhizospheric interactions in the forest ecosystems. However, the root exudations and microbial diversity in forest trees vary across different soil layers due to alterations in root system architecture, soil moisture, temperature, and nutrient stoichiometry. Changes in root system architecture or traits, e.g. root tissue density (RTD), specific root length (SRL), and specific root area (SRA), impact the root exudation profile and amount released into the soil and thus influence the abundance and diversity of different functional guilds of microbes. Here, we review the current knowledge about root morphological and functional (root exudation) trait changes that affect microbial interactions along drought and temperature gradients. This review aims to clarify how forest trees adapt to challenging environments by leveraging their root traits to interact beneficially with microbes. Understanding these strategies is vital for comprehending plant adaptation under global climate change, with significant implications for future research in plant biodiversity conservation, particularly within forest ecosystems.

ПЛАНИРОВАНИЕ И РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫХ РАБОТ ПРИ ТОЧЕЧНОЙ ЗАСТРОЙКЕ ДЛЯ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ УДЕЛЬНЫХ ПЫЛЕВЫХ ВЫБРОСОВ

Abstract. The construction industry is one of the significant sources of environmental damage. The effects of dust pollution have an impact on all stages of the building's life cycle, from the start of work on the construction site to completion, operation and demolition. Despite the fact that the stage of work implementation does not last long in comparison with other stages of the life cycle of an investment and construction project, the construction stage has a number of significant impacts on the environment. The development of the construction industry requires the comprehensive assessment and investigation of the construction site as a source of pollu-tion, identification and evaluation of all sources of dust pollution on the construction site, the processes of dust pollution propagation in an urban environment. 
 The article offers an analysis of data on field studies of the degree of atmospheric air pollution in the territory of Rostov-on-Don, an analysis of the volume of construction dust emissions from construction works, a method for calculating control over the implementation of construction processes and the spread of dust pollution generated in the atmospheric air, indi-cators of the maximum, average daily emission concentration of fine dust PM2.5 and PM10 formed from construction production and the ability to control the level of pollution on the construction site. There are no fundamental studies on the calculation of dust emission from construction works during spot construction. Based on the field studies conducted earlier using the Handheld 3016 particle counter, data on dust emissions from construction processes under various climatic influences were obtained.
 Subject: analysis of data on field studies of the degree of atmospheric air dustiness in the territory of Rostov-on-Don, the volume of emissions of construction dust from construction work on construction sites in urban conditions.
 Materials and methods: conducting systematic measurements of the degree of dust in Rostov-on-Don using the Lighthouse Handheld 3016 IAQ manual particle counter, taking into account typical climatic, heterogeneous factors of the territory on which the city is located. Systematic monitoring of several construction sites where residential complexes similar in technology and conditions were built in the most dusty area of Rostov-on-Don and the selection of five construction sites for the development of a calendar schedule for construction and installation work, taking into account specific emissions of dust particles and climatic conditions for calculating the dust pollution factor.
 Results: an effective approach that can be usefully applied to the determination of dust emissions on the construction site, to calculate the gross emission of dust released on the site from construction work, daily indicators of the maximum single and average daily concentration, as well as to dust dispersion with the determination of zones exceeding the MPC indicators is the use of network modeling with further calendarization to predict these types of indicators during the design and implementation of construction production.
 Conclusions: based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that with the existing implemented organization and technology of work, the concentration of fine dust particles are within the MPC, but given the background concentrations of atmospheric air in Rostov-on-Don, these indicators in a particular area will exceed the permissible MPC. The process of using existing SMR models taking into account specific dust emissions, the development of a schedule of dust pollution of a specific territory taking into account natural and climatic factors and the determination of zones of excess of MPC indicators in the process of modeling the dispersion of fine dust particles beyond the fence boundaries of the construction site will make it possible to draw up a passport of environmental safety of the nearby urbanized territory during spot development. Daily determination of dust pollution indicators will allow you to adjust the schedule of construction work. Modeling the dispersion of construction dust, taking into account the direction and speed of the wind, will make it possible to monitor the zones of exceeding the MPC of the neighboring territory on a daily basis and adjust measures to extinguish dust emissions at the construction site.

Diversity of Collembola on Various Post-Rehabilitation Land Covers

The success of rehabilitation has altered environmental conditions from critical land to new habitats for living organisms. One of the representative and sensitive mesofauna to environmental changes is Collembola. Various vegetation cover almost all of the rehabilitation area, which has impacts on microclimate and soil quality as important factors to Collembola existence. This study investigated the diversity and abundance of Collembola and its relation to environmental factors on various land covers, including teak, grass, and mixed stand land cover. Data were collected in an observation plot of 20 m × 20 m using purposive samples, including environmental measurements, Collembola collection, and soil samples for physical and chemical analysis. The results showed that different land covers affected the abundance and diversity of Collembola, even though the statistical analyses of TLC, GLC, and MLC were not significantly different. However, TLC has a higher litter thickness and organic material than the other land cover types. A few families of Collembola, such as Cyphoderidae, Brachystomellidae, Katiannidae, Isotomidae, Oncopoduridae, and Isotogastruridae, show their correlation to climatic and edaphic factors in a certain land cover.

West Nile Fever: Analysis of the Epidemiological Situation in the Russian Federation in 2023, Forecast for 2024

An analysis of the epidemiological situation on West Nile fever (WNF) in the Russian Federation in 2023 has revealed an increase in the number of cases (210) relative to the year 2022 by 6.3 times, the long-term average value by 1.2 times. Manifestations of the epidemic process were characterized by a significant expansion in the number of territories, where cases of the disease were confirmed (24 constituent entities, including in 13 – for the first time); a long epidemic season; an increase in the proportion of cases with a severe clinical course and fatality rate, which significantly exceeded the long-term average across Russia (8.5 and 1.2 %, respectively). Patients with fever and other similar manifestations of WNF were examined for the presence of the disease markers in 50 entities of the Russian Federation. Continued trend towards a decrease in the volume of diagnostic studies carried out by medical organizations and an increase in the time required for the etiological deciphering of disease cases has been established. Serological examination of sample groups of healthy population was performed in 65 entities. Epizootiological monitoring was carried out in 74 entities, rate of infection of carriers and vectors with West Nile virus (WNV) was confirmed in 14 entities. In the territory of the European part of Russia and the North Caucasus, the circulation of WNV lineages 1, 2 and 4 with the dominance of WNV lineage 2 has been established. Data on the genetic heterogeneity of WNV lineage 2 strains that circulated in Russia in 2023 have been obtained. Based on an analysis of climatic factors, a forecast of WNF incidence in the Russian Federation for 2024 was prepared.

The Experience in Using the MaxEnt Model to Rank the Territory of the Caspian Sandy Natural Plague Focus (43) according to the Risk of Epizooty Registration

The aim of this work was to rank the territory of the Caspian sandy natural plague focus (43) by the risk of epizooty emergence using the MaxEnt model.Materials and methods. The archival data on epizootic manifestations of plague over the past 35 years, aggregated by the Stavropol Anti-Plague Institute of the Rospotrebnadzor, the Dagestan, Elista, Astrakhan PCSs of the Rospotrebnadzor, were used for model design. 615 archive plague detection points were converted into the coordinate system (1980–2015). 87 publicly available bioclimatic variables BioClim were deployed to construct the MaxEnt model. Applied weather and climatic factors of the BioClim database are averaged over a multiyear period.Results and discussion. The MaxEnt model has a very high degree of reliability (AUC=0.975), with a sufficiently high predictive ability (AUC=0.973). According to the generated model, the Caspian sandy natural plague focus has a heterogeneous structure in terms of the probability of epizooty registration and can be divided into five zones. The most significant factors for the model are the following indicators: the average temperature of the wettest quarter, solar radiation in November, the average temperature of the driest quarter, the amount of precipitation in the coldest quarter, wind speed in May, the amount of precipitation in the wettest quarter, and the average air temperature in September. The data obtained allow for targeted search for plague epizootics and can be used to adjust boundaries of a surveyed natural focus in the future.

The Impact of Climate Change on the Failure of Water Supply Infrastructure: A Bibliometric Analysis of the Current State of Knowledge

With ongoing climate change, new threats appear to the operation of water supply systems (WSSs), which are related to the amount of available drinking water resources, its quality, the operation of existing water supply infrastructure and changes in consumer behavior. The paper presents a bibliometric analysis of the state of knowledge on the impact of climate change on the failure of water supply infrastructure. The bibliometric analysis was performed based on the VOSviewer program. The results of the analysis indicate current research trends in this area around the world and allow the identification of strengths and weaknesses. Most research concerns the identification of factors related to the impact of climate on the failure rate of water distribution systems. A popular research topic was also the prediction of water supply network failures, taking into account the impact of climatic factors. The main research gap is determining the impact of climate change on water quality. The acquired knowledge can be used by water companies, policy-makers and other researchers to plan adaptation strategies to climate change, which pose new challenges for the operation of water supply systems. The conducted bibliometric analysis also allowed for identifying research gaps.

Simulation of national-scale groundwater dynamics in geologically complex aquifer systems: an example from Great Britain

ABSTRACT The national-scale British Groundwater Model (BGWM) is implemented to simulate groundwater dynamics and budgets in Great Britain. Notwithstanding the challenges of integrating a very large amount of data, finding a trade-off between computational efficiency and realism, performing automatic calibration, and addressing multiple sources of structural and parameter uncertainty, a quantitative–qualitive evaluation approach showed that the BGWM provides a reasonably accurate digital representation of groundwater systems and processes at a national scale. In this work, the model was applied to understand the variability of budget components across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Comparisons showed regional differences linked to lithological and climatic factors, which in turn can be associated with more or less groundwater resilience to extreme climatic events. There is confidence that the current and future versions of the BGWM can become valuable tools for effective water resources management and adaptation strategies under future climatic and population changes.

Spatial variations in leaf trichomes and their coordination with stomata in Quercus variabilis across Eastern Asia

Abstract Leaf trichomes are derived from epidermal cells and serve an important function in regulating leaf heat balance and gas exchange. Variation in leaf functional traits is critical for predicting how plants will react to global climate change. In this study, we aimed to investigate how leaf trichome densities vary along large geographic gradients and how they interact with with stomata in response to environmental change. We investigated the leaf trichome densities of 44 Quercus variabilis populations in Eastern Asia (24° to 51.8° N, 99° to 137° E) and their correlation with climatic factors and stomatal traits. In addition, 15 populations were grown in a common garden to study their adaptive variation and coordination with stomata. The mean value of trichome density in situ conditions was 459.78 trichome mm-2 with a range of 325.79 to 552.38 trichome mm-2. Trichome density increased with latitude and decreased with longitude. Both temperature and precipitation reduced the trichome density. Moreover, trichome density was positively correlated with stomatal density whether in situ or in the common garden, and both increased with drought. Our results suggested that leaf trichomes possess highly adaptive variation and are in close coordination with stomata in response to climate change. Our findings provide new insights toward elucidating the interactions between leaf traits and the adaptive strategies of plants under climate change.

Distribution patterns and driving factors of mixed-ploidy Actinidia species in China

Polyploidization is an important driver for species formation and adaptive evolution, which results in mixed-ploidy species in the nature, i.e., one species contains at least two cytotypes. Understanding the driving factors of mixed-ploidy species offer unique insights into unraveling the evolutionary mechanisms of polyploid species. Here we investigated the distribution patterns and driving factors of 40 Actinidia species in China. Polyploid Actinidia species formed from whole-genome duplication (WGD). Actinidia species showed a mosaic geographic pattern. The potential range of mixed-ploidy Actinidia species is significantly larger than diploid and polyploid species, with higher ecological amplitude of longitude, latitude and elevation. Mixed-ploidy species showed wider temperature and water niches than diploid and polyploid species, and the tolerate capacity of mixed-ploidy species to climate extremes increased with ploidy diversity. Polyploid Actinidia species occupied niches of high altitude, low temperature and drought, supporting the niche shift hypothesis to explain the survival of polyploids. Ploidy diversity and mixed-ploidy effect was positively correlated with the ecological amplitude of temperature. Our results support that the formation and distribution of polyploidy species are associated with climate factors and adaptation capacity to abiotic stresses, and highlight the importance of mixed-ploidy species in the species formation and adaptive evolution.

Mathematical modeling of the creation process and aging of polymer composite materials

Based on the analysis of the literature on the possibility of using neural networks to create new materials with high functional properties, the article considers a solution to the problem of determining the operational stability of polymeric composite materials by creating physical and chemically sound mathematical prediction models. Epoxy resins of the UP-637 and EA brands with an isophorone diamine hardener were chosen as the matrix of the model composite material, and oligobutadiene rubber of the SKN-10 KTR brand was chosen as the modifier. It justifies directions of work necessary for development of new materials creation methodology with optimal characteristics, building a model for changing the properties of materials at variation of composition and implementation of full-scale mathematical modeling of physical and chemical processes of polymer composite materials aging at changing level and time of climatic factors influence. Verification of the obtained dependence of service characteristics on the composition of the material and the level of influencing climatic factors was carried out on the basis of data from full-scale tests in a temperate climate. The proposed methodology for modelling the properties of polymer composite materials will reduce the development time of new materials and allow creation of polymer composites based on epoxy resin containing fillers of various natures (carbon, mineral and polymer) with high performance parameters.

Study and development of a logical model for an ORC based district heating renewable energy system considering discrete analysis

Renewable energy sources may help build energy-efficient, ecologically friendly communities. District heating systems are crucial for distributed renewable energy. The objective of this study is to establish a theoretical framework for a district heating distribution system capable of accommodating bi-directional flow and effectively serving a large number of consumers. Distinction and continuity are present in District Heating System fuel selection and energy demand determination. Scholarly literature suggests many modeling methods for discrete and continuous consumer decision-making. This method has been used to solve transportation, housing, and water problems. The overall demand for consumer choices can be separated into two components: a discrete component with several possibilities and a continuous component. Energy includes social, economic, security, climate, and environmental factors. This study analyzed previous energy logical modeling methods and examines energy consumption trends and climate change. This study supports its claims on modern conflicts using expert interviews, research expertise, and a thorough literature assessment. The model was used to assess control system architectural improvements and low-cost device integration. This study shows the versatility of using real data and model output under varied boundary conditions by using validation. The research suggests that adding waste heat input may make pressure equilibrium in nearby consumer substations harder. Despite assumptions and simplifications, the results show waste heat source features, benefits, and limitations.

Impact of Climate Change on Tourism Sector in Nepal

Climatic variations might have a negative impact on the activities and services provided by the tourism industry. However, this idea has not yet been investigated in the context of Nepal. This study examines the monetary impact that climate change has had and will continue to have on Nepal's tourism industry and makes projections on such impacts. The economic impact assessment of climate change on Nepal's tourism sector is the first study of its sort to be conducted anywhere in the nation. This research is predicated on a conceptual model that was established on the theoretical foundation, a mathematical model that generated the tourism demand function, and an economic effect analysis that was performed on the tourism sector using secondary data. The findings of the study's analysis have been broken down into three distinct sections: a trend analysis of tourism and its contribution; regression results based on the models that have been established; and a projection of GDP for the years 2020-2030 and 2100. It is abundantly clear from the trend analysis, the analysis of loss and damage from climate-induced hazards, the econometric modeling for tourism function analysis and correlation on tourism GDP, and other research that the tourism sector is extremely vulnerable to the effects of climate change and that it will have significant repercussions. The projection of tourism's contribution to the national GDP shows that this sector has the potential to make a larger contribution, provided that the conditions that could prevent this from happening do not change. On the other hand, the rising trend of climatic factors and climate-induced dangers could potentially lead to a greater overall loss and damage in the tourism industry. As a result, it will have an immediate bearing on the contribution made to the national economy.

Investigating the Impact Of Organizational Climate On Organizational Silence In Higher Education Institutions

A favourable organizational climate is vital for the effective functioning of organizations, as it promotes the exchange of knowledge and information in the team, develops the competencies of employees, motivates them to manage the organization, predicting that they will express themselves and respond to problems in the working environment and beyond. Organizational silence is a term used to denote the phenomenon of collective behavior of employees when they do not want to discuss their thoughts, feelings and organizational problems, express their suggestions during meetings, hide information about potential difficulties or challenges, etc. Organizational silence can lead to “suppression of the collective voice”, limited communication from the bottom up, a decrease in the level of corporate involvement of employees, the effectiveness of organizational changes, the emergence of explicit or latent organizational conflicts, deformations in the organizational culture and inhibition of decision-making dynamics. The article, based on the example of the University of Setif2, Algeria, examines how the teachers of this university evaluate the organizational climate in their team, whether they feel the presence of the problem of organizational silence and at what level, whether there is a relationship between the corporate environment and organizational silence, and to what extent they influence each other. On one, what factors of the organizational climate can affect the reduction of organizational silence. The basis of the study was a survey of 50 teachers from various departments of the university in 2021: a simple random sample, the questionnaire contains 39 items, and a Likert scale was used for assessing the responses; the Cronbach’s alpha scale has been utilized to determine the scales’ reliability. SPSS version 26 software was used for data analysis, frequency analysis, simple regression, multiple regression, descriptive statistics, and stepwise multiple regression. The results showed a moderate relationship between organizational climate and organizational silence (the partial correlation coefficient of organizational climate is 0.708). In addition, it has been proven that the organisational environment influences organizational silence, not vice versa. Leadership turned out to be the most significant of the investigated determinants of the organizational climate (leadership, organizational structure, working conditions, participation in decision-making, and communication), which allows for reducing organizational silence. The leader’s behaviour plays a vital role in mitigating the negative consequences of organizational silence, can strengthen employees’ trust, and strengthen their sense of identification or attachment to their organizations. Communication has the most significant influence, and organizational structure has the most minor influence of all the determinants of organizational climate. The article studied two types of organizational silence: submissive silence and defensive silence, and the first was more significant from teachers’ perceptions than the second. The results of this study can be helpful in the management of universities and other educational institutions to adapt the current organizational structure, create conditions for direct dialogue between management and employees, help more active agents of positive change, increase the overall level of decision-making efficiency, create more opportunities for teachers to take on themselves more responsible, improve working conditions in universities, etc.

Sense and sensibility: dual routes from ethical leadership to moral voice

PurposeEthical leadership has been recognized as a critical factor in encouraging employees’ moral voices. This study offers a dual-route model to understand this process. The boundary conditions of these two routes are discussed herein.Design/methodology/approachThe data originate from a multiwave, multisource survey study of 212 leader–subordinate dyads in Taiwan drawn from a variety of industry sectors.FindingsThe findings validate both the cognitive (moral efficacy) and affective (affective attachment) pathways from ethical leadership to moral voice, influenced by the organizational factor of political climate. While the moral efficacy pathway is more pronounced in a situation of weak political climate, the affective attachment pathway remains effective regardless of the climate’s strength.Practical implicationsManagers need to identify if their organization prioritizes rational professionalism or interpersonal affection. In the former case, they should focus on the learning effects of ethical leadership. Conversely, in the latter, the emphasis should be on the leader-subordinate relationship. Doing so optimizes the effectiveness of ethical leadership in growing moral voices.Originality/valueConsidering both cognitive and affective routes from ethical leadership to moral voice could integrate social learning theory (SLT) and social exchange theory (SET). Identifying factors influencing these two routes resonates with the leader–situation interaction perspective. This research deepens the understanding of ethical leadership's effects on encouraging and protecting employee moral voice.