Climate Cooperation Research Articles

Tourist destination network analysis: The ego network role

This paper aims to analyse the different roles that enterprises have within a tourist destination by identifying the presence and possible role of leaders within the system. The Social Network Analysis (SNA) is a tool that offers a greater degree of understanding of the operation of the destination. The map of commercial relations between the leading players of tourist supply can provide greater insight into the main relations existing between enterprises and the principles that ensure and regulate operation. In keeping with this objective and building on the results of a previous paper (Iannolino and Ruggieri, 2012), the authors have focused their attention on the role of some enterprises operating in San Vito Lo Capo (Italy) to determine the extent of their aggregating force vis-à-vis the destination. The ego-network analysis (ENA) has been applied to the existing relations between the enterprises at the destination San Vito Lo Capo, to determine the presence or absence of groups of enterprises, called Egos, which, with respect to the others, play an important role or are to be considered key subjects for the entire system in commercial terms. Following on this first results, the paper explores ways in which enterprises belonging to the ego networks are the key players responsible for a better climate of cooperation and trust among all of the system's enterprises.

U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement: Reasons, impacts, and China's response

Applying qualitative and quantitative methods, this article explains the driving forces behind U.S. President Donald Trump's decision to withdraw from the Paris Agreement, assesses the impacts of this withdrawal on the compliance prospects of the agreement, and proposes how China should respond. The withdrawal undercuts the foundation of global climate governance and upsets the process of climate cooperation, and the impacts are manifold. The withdrawal undermines the universality of the Paris Agreement and impairs states' confidence in climate cooperation; it aggravates the leadership deficit in addressing global climate issues and sets a bad precedent for international climate cooperation. The withdrawal reduces other countries' emission space and raises their emission costs, and refusal to contribute to climate aid makes it more difficult for developing countries to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Cutting climate research funding will compromise the quality of future IPCC reports and ultimately undermine the scientific authority of future climate negotiations. China faces mounting pressure from the international community to assume global climate leadership after the U.S. withdraws, and this article proposes that China should reach the high ends of its domestic climate targets under the current Nationally Determined Contributions; internationally, China should facilitate the rebuilding of shared climate leadership, replacing the G2 with C5. Meanwhile, China needs to keep the U.S. engaged in climate cooperation.

Gender and leadership aspiration: Interpersonal and collective elements of cooperative climate differentially influence women and men

AbstractFemale leaders remain a minority. Because leadership aspiration is a predictor of advancement, understanding stimulating conditions is important. A neglected perspective is the impact of organizational climate. We propose that cooperative climate can engender individuals’ motivation to contribute to the organization through leadership, and that leadership aspiration of women and men is differentially sensitive to interpersonal and collective aspects of cooperative climate. We argue that women are more disposed toward relational self‐construal and men toward collective self‐construal, and hence women's leadership aspiration is more influenced by the interpersonal element of cooperative climate whereas men's leadership aspiration by the collective element of cooperative climate. Results of a survey of N = 404 employed men and women supported both hypotheses.

Fairness in the climate negotiations: what explains variation in parties’ expressed conceptions?

ABSTRACTHow to differentiate efforts and obligations fairly between countries has been among the most central and controversial issues in climate negotiations. This article analyses countries’ fairness conceptions as expressed in position documents submitted during negotiations leading to the Paris Agreement. A regression analysis investigates which country characteristics predict relative support for three fundamental fairness principles – Responsibility, Capability and Rights (needs). The most consistent and important explanatory variable turns out to be whether a country is included in Annex I to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which lists developed countries. This finding is compatible with the hypothesis that parties invoke fairness principles with the goal of advancing their own interests: non-Annex I parties wanted this particular scheme of differentiation to be upheld in the Paris Agreement, whereas Annex I parties advocated its removal. Notably, the outcome in Paris omits references to Annex I. However, the Agreement does contain multiple references to ‘developed’ versus ‘developing’ countries, hence introducing a more subtle and ambiguous differentiation than before. Post-Paris, seemingly technical discussions have encountered ‘roadblocks’ that partially derive from how the Agreement resolved the issue of differentiation between developed and developing countries. It therefore appears that negotiators will have to continue to deal with this issue, even though it may take on a new dynamic now that the Annex I division has less force. Looking for pragmatic solutions tailored to each substantive agenda point will be likely more fruitful than discussions at the level of fairness principles aiming for one overarching solution.Policy relevanceArguments supported by reference to fairness principles play an important role in the discourse on international climate cooperation. Understanding how fairness conceptions vary between countries – and what background variables explain this variation – is crucial for understanding the negotiation process and outcomes, and for identifying which institutional arrangements are universally acceptable. This understanding is particularly relevant for current negotiations on the modalities for the ‘global stocktake’ – a process set up to assess collective progress every five years ‘in the light of equity and best available science’.

Monthly climate variation over Korea in relation to the two types of ENSO evolution

ABSTRACTThis study documents monthly temperature and precipitation anomalies over Korea during the different phases of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) for the two types of ENSO evolution. The evolution process of ENSO can be classified into two groups based on whether El Niño turns into La Niña in the subsequent year. The first group involves the transition process from El Niño to La Niña, while the second group shows the prolonged El Niño or neutral conditions after the mature phase of El Niño. Because the mid‐latitude atmospheric responses as well as the equatorial heating anomalies for the two groups of ENSO are different each other, the ENSO‐related climate variation over Korea are investigated separately for the two ENSO evolution groups. In particular, this study focuses on the entire monthly evolution of the temperature and precipitation over Korea during the different phases of ENSO. The statistically robust signals can be found in several particular months, which provides statistical basis for predicting monthly climate over Korea. In addition to the observational data analyses, we further investigate the forecast skill of the Asia‐Pacific Economic Cooperation Climate Center (APCC) Multi‐Model Ensemble (MME) in simulating two groups of ENSO evolution and their impacts on Korean climate. The result shows that the MME reasonably predicts the two different evolution of ENSO as in observation but their prediction skills for the ENSO‐related Korean climate are diverse, which largely depends on the phase of ENSO.

Interests, Norms and Support for the Provision of Global Public Goods: The Case of Climate Co-operation

Mitigating climate change requires countries to provide a global public good. This means that the domestic cleavages underlying mass attitudes toward international climate policy are a central determinant of its provision. We argue that the industry-specific costs of emission abatement and internalized social norms help explain support for climate policy. To evaluate our predictions we develop novel measures of industry-specific interests by cross-referencing individuals’ sectors of employment and objective industry-level pollution data and employing quasi-behavioral measures of social norms in combination with both correlational and conjoint-experimental data. We find that individuals working in pollutive industries are 7 percentage points less likely to support climate co-operation than individuals employed in cleaner sectors. Our results also suggest that reciprocal and altruistic individuals are about 10 percentage points more supportive of global climate policy. These findings indicate that both interests and norms function as complementary explanations that improve our understanding of individual policy preferences.

El buen humor como virtud en la práctica docente

Objetivo y tipologia textual. De la materia “Etica y liderazgo”, que forma parte del curriculo del Doctorado en Educacion, surge la inquietud de analizar la relacion del buen humor, virtud moral en particular tratada por Aristoteles, con la labor docente y debido a la asociacion que investigaciones han demostrado sobre el valor positivo del buen humor con la mejora del aprendizaje, el objetivo del presente articulo muestra una reflexion sobre la importancia que tiene considerar esta virtud en la practica educativa.Metodologia. Desde una vision hermeutica-dialectica se busca dar explicacion sobre el significado que tiene el buen humor dentro del aula y de la importancia que tiene la etica positiva del humor para promover, tanto las virtudes morales como las intelectuales. Diversos estudios expuestos por Jauregui y Fernandez (2009); Perandones, Lledo y Herrera (2013); Morreall (2010, 2014) y Siuruana (2014) han relacionado el sentido del humor con la disminucion de ansiedad, con el animo positivo y como promotor de otras virtudes, lo que ha dado pauta para asegurar que el humor debe formar parte integral de cualquier metodologia educativa.Una de las funciones basicas del buen humor es ser una forma de comunicacion social y estar conectado al codigo de cultura social. Profundizar en la investigacion de esta virtud en el salon de clase puede abrir puertas para fortalecer la motivacion y promover un clima de armonia y cooperacion.Resultados. El humor en la labor docente requiere de criterio, de muchas horas de trabajo y experiencia. Investigaciones han demostrado el valor positivo del buen humor asociandolo al fortalecimiento de las relaciones intrapersonales e interpersonales y como motor para el desarrollo y fortalecimiento de otras virtudes, lo cual deja ver que no pude haber educacion sin etica y que a traves de las virtudes el ser humano se humaniza.

The Club Approach: A Gateway to Effective Climate Co-operation?

Although the Paris Agreement arguably made some progress, interest in supplementary approaches to climate change co-operation persist. This article examines the conditions under which a climate club might emerge and grow. Using agent-based simulations, it shows that even with less than a handful of major actors as initial members, a club can eventually reduce global emissions effectively. To succeed, a club must be initiated by the ‘right’ constellation of enthusiastic actors, offer sufficiently large incentives for reluctant countries and be reasonably unconstrained by conflicts between members over issues beyond climate change. A climate club is particularly likely to persist and grow if initiated by the United States and the European Union. The combination of club-good benefits and conditional commitments can produce broad participation under many conditions.

Broadening the scope of loss and damage to legal liability: an experiment

ABSTRACTThe 2015 Paris Agreement represents a historic deal in the form of a strong international response to address climate change. This outcome came as a surprise for some, as several controversial issues had been postponed from previous conferences, and were expected to complicate the talks in Paris. One related to the Warsaw International Mechanism on Loss and Damage (L&D), and potential legal remedies for L&D in the form of compensation payments. This issue had been particularly contentious with some developing countries advocating ideas for climate damage liability, which developed countries were unwilling to include in an agreement. Although the negotiations on L&D secured many positive outcomes, Decision 1/CP.21 adopting the Paris Agreement notes that there is no possibility of claiming liability and financial compensation for developing countries. This article, however, argues that, rather than triggering endless compensation claims disputes, a liability mechanism could actually serve as a commitment and reciprocity device, ultimately increasing global policy ambition. In this regard, this article reports the results of two experiments testing the effects of liability rules on the climate policy investment decisions of two players that differ in wealth and vulnerability. Results show that liability rules imposing a responsibility for precaution on both parties increase cooperation significantly, consequentially minimizing risk of L&D occurrence in the first place. Liability rules could thus not only help to address future losses, but also to drive global mitigation and adaptation ambition.POLICY RELEVANCEThe research results presented in this paper suggest that policymakers would be well advised to further intensify negotiations on a climate-related compensation mechanism beyond that already committed to in the Paris Agreement. Our findings show that a compensation mechanism that implements a rather simple negligence rule makes climate cooperation more attractive and rewarding, potentially leading rich and poor nations to boost their investments in mitigation and adaptation for climate protection. Thus, far from opening up a Pandora’s box of endless compensation claims towards industrialized countries, a liability mechanism could make global climate cooperation more effective, and in the longer run also less costly.

An Exploration of Collaboration Risk in Joint Ventures: Perceptions of Risk by Local Economic Development Officials

This study explores the nature of “collaboration” risk in joint ventures and the factors that affect local development officials’ perceptions of these risks. Extant research on barriers to joint venture formation clearly indicates an important role for collaboration risk, but a systematic examination of the factors shaping local officials’ perceptions of this risk is lacking. The authors propose that their perceptions of the region’s norms regarding interlocal collaboration, the structure of the communication networks they have created with other local officials, and differences in the racial composition of their own cities are important factors shaping their perceptions of collaboration risk. The findings provide researchers with a basis for understanding the dimensions of collaboration risk in joint ventures and highlight the importance of the regional climate of cooperation among municipal leaders in shaping these perceptions. The two measures capturing the environment for collaboration in the region had the strongest link to the respondents’ perception of collaboration risk on joint ventures for economic development.

The EU–South Africa Strategic Partnership and global environmental governance: Towards effective multilateralism after Copenhagen?

ABSTRACTThis paper uses an analytical framework drawn from organisational studies to unpack and evaluate climate change relations under the EU–South Africa Strategic Partnership. The article finds that, while the EU and South Africa share a common purpose and high-level climate goals, many of the formal organisational structures set up under the partnership to tackle climate change and the environment are weak and have fallen into disuse. At the same time several factors outside of the strategic partnership, such as South Africa's hosting of the Durban climate change meeting, have played a significant role in promoting climate cooperation between the two partners. Therefore, while the strategic partnership creates an additional opportunity for climate cooperation, it is by no means the only or even the most important instrument in the EU's foreign policy tool box for negotiation and dialogue.

Subseasonal Prediction of Extreme Precipitation over Asia: Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation Perspective

The boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) is one of the most prominent modes in the tropical climate system. For better subseasonal prediction of extreme precipitation the relationship between BSISO activity and extreme precipitation events (days with daily precipitation exceeding the local 90th percentile) over Asia is investigated, especially the dependence of extreme precipitation occurrence on BSISO precipitation anomaly pattern (phase) and intensity (amplitude) in each month. At a given area and month, the probability of extreme precipitation changes from less than 10% to over 40%–50% according to BSISO phases, and it tends to be high when BSISO amplitude is large. The extreme precipitation probability estimated by BSISO activity is generally higher over ocean than over land. Over some land regions, however, occurrence of extreme precipitation is notably modulated by BSISO activity. In May, the extreme precipitation probability over southeastern China can reach about 30%–40% when BSISO precipitation anomaly arrives over the region. Similarly, in September the extreme precipitation probability over western China can reach 40%–50% when BSISO precipitation anomaly arrives there. The BSISO activity provides useful information in narrowing down the area and timing of high probability of extreme precipitation occurrence. Using real-time BSISO monitoring and forecast data provided by the Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Climate Center, it is shown that 1) the best model (ECMWF) can predict the leading BSISO modes about 20 days ahead with bivariate correlation skills higher than 0.5 except in May, and 2) the empirical probability distributions of extreme precipitation that are based on BSISO activity can be captured by the BSISO forecasts for lead times longer than 2 weeks.

Low Carbon Governance in Multi‐level Structures: EU–India relations on energy and climate

AbstractSince 2000, the European Union (EU), a leader in global climate politics, has been looking for alternative avenues to enforce climate relations with other countries. Employing a multi‐level governance lens, this article focuses on the EU–India bilateral relations on energy and climate. The analysis finds strong opportunities for mutually beneficial cooperation on low carbon development, a potential that has not yet been realized. The stimulating and accelerating impact that multi‐level reinforcement could have in the energy and climate relations between the EU and India has not been exploited by either side yet. The various forms of cooperation that include the national government and the states in India offer more room for linkages which might move the Indian/European climate cooperation ahead further. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment

Skill of real-time operational forecasts with the APCC multi-model ensemble prediction system during the period 2008–2015

This paper assesses the real-time 1-month lead forecasts of 3-month (seasonal) mean temperature and precipitation on a monthly basis issued by the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Climate Center (APCC) for 2008–2015 (8 years, 96 forecasts). It shows the current level of the APCC operational multi-model prediction system performance. The skill of the APCC forecasts strongly depends on seasons and regions that it is higher for the tropics and boreal winter than for the extratropics and boreal summer due to direct effects and remote teleconnections from boundary forcings. There is a negative relationship between the forecast skill and its interseasonal variability for both variables and the forecast skill for precipitation is more seasonally and regionally dependent than that for temperature. The APCC operational probabilistic forecasts during this period show a cold bias (underforecasting of above-normal temperature and overforecasting of below-normal temperature) underestimating a long-term warming trend. A wet bias is evident for precipitation, particularly in the extratropical regions. The skill of both temperature and precipitation forecasts strongly depends upon the ENSO strength. Particularly, the highest forecast skill noted in 2015/2016 boreal winter is associated with the strong forcing of an extreme El Nino event. Meanwhile, the relatively low skill is associated with the transition and/or continuous ENSO-neutral phases of 2012–2014. As a result the skill of real-time forecast for boreal winter season is higher than that of hindcast. However, on average, the level of forecast skill during the period 2008–2015 is similar to that of hindcast.

Does a Clean Development Mechanism Facilitate International Environmental Agreements?

When politicians negotiate in international climate conventions they may suffer from incomplete information for each other’s preferences for reaching an agreement. As is known, this may cause failure to reach an efficient cooperative agreement. We study the role of cross border abatement provisions in the likelihood of such failure. For instance, the clean development mechanism was introduced in the context of the Kyoto Protocol to allow countries to make efficiency-enhancing use of cross-country low-cost mitigation opportunities. We use a simple bargaining framework to uncover why this mechanism may reduce the likelihood of reaching an efficient cooperative climate agreement.

Leadership Dalam Pendidikan

Discussing leadership is essentially to discuss the intricacies of human society. Humans are social creatures, instinctively need to get along and needing another human in the process they form groups, communities, nations and state, which in turn needs a leader. A joint community leaders work together to organize, build, promote and defend the community.
 Leadership is understood as all efforts together to mobilize all the resources and tools available within an organization. Resources can be classified into two major parts, namely: human resources and non-human resources. In educational institutions, especially the educational institutions of Islam consists of various elements or sources, and humans are the most important element, so the success or failure of an organization to achieve its intended purpose is highly dependent on the ability of its leaders to foster a climate of cooperation easily and can mobilize resources existing power, so it can be run effectively and efficiently.
 Thus, the life of an organization is determined by the role of a leader. Effective leadership is the leadership that is able to grow and develop business cooperation and maintain a favorable climate in organizational life. Good leadership is leadership that can integrate with the task orientation of human relations orientation.

India, China and Climate Cooperation

India and China—two of the largest emitters today—share common concerns arising from climate change. Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and several other studies have concluded that the two countries face imminent threat in the form of ecological degradation, food and water scarcity, agricultural shifts, health hazards, etc. due to climate change. In addition, India and China have shared national circumstances as developing countries. Both nations face serious third world challenges such as socio-economic development, poverty eradication, and health and food security concerns in their respective home fronts. Home to approximately one third of the global population, the developmental needs and aspirations of these countries are enormous and certainly bound to be further complicated by the effects of climate change. India and China have emerged as key players in the international climate change negotiations voicing the concerns of the developing world and ensuring that issues of equity and justice are incorporated in any climate change related international agreement. Given the commonalities of the problems faced by these countries, India and China have embarked on halting yet deliberate climate diplomacy over the years. The core concern of this article is to explore the nature and extent to which India and China have developed cooperative engagement on climate change both at the bilateral as well as the multilateral levels. The article would also seek to analyse the challenges that stand in the way to this cooperative endeavour. Prospects for further cooperation would be explored in the final section.

Paris Accord and China’s Climate Change Strategy: Drivers and Outcomes

From the UNFCCC Copenhagen Climate Summit to the Paris Climate Summit, China has changed its position in global climate change talks in a substantive manner. There are three distinct drivers behind this change of strategy: domestic challenges of pollution, China’s search for an international leadership position on emerging issues and the US–China climate cooperation. This article looks at these three issues in detail.

From climate finance toward sustainable development finance

Decarbonizing the global energy system requires large‐scale investment flows, with a central role for international climate finance to mobilize private funds. The willingness to provide international finance in accordance with common but differentiated responsibilities was acknowledged by the broad endorsement of the Paris Agreement, and the Green Climate Funds in particular. The international community aims to mobilize at least USD 100 billion per year for mitigation and adaption in developing countries. In this article, we argue that too little attention has been paid on the spending side of climate finance, both in the political as well as the academic debate. To this end, we review the challenges encountered in project‐based approaches of allocating climate finance in the past. In contrast to project‐based finance, we find many advantages to spending climate finance in support of price‐based national policies. First, the support for international climate cooperation is improved when efforts of successively rising domestic carbon pricing levels are compensated. Second, carbon pricing sets incentives for least‐cost mitigation. Third, investing domestic revenues from emission pricing schemes could advance a country's individual development goals and ensure the recipient's ‘ownership’ of climate policies. We conclude that by reconciling the global goal of cost‐efficient mitigation with national policy priorities, climate finance for carbon pricing could become a central pillar of sustainable development and promote international cooperation to achieve the climate targets laid down in the Paris Agreement. WIREs Clim Change 2017, 8:e437. doi: 10.1002/wcc.437This article is categorized under: Climate Economics > Economics and Climate Change Climate and Development > Decoupling Emissions from Development

The Paris Agreement: China’s ‘New Normal’ role in international climate negotiations

The political success of the Paris COP 21 in 2015 contrasted sharply with the diplomatic breakdown at Copenhagen six years before in 2009. Contributing to this success was China’s emergence as a more positive participant in the international climate change negotiations. Despite efforts to reduce energy and carbon intensity since the mid-2000s, Chinese negotiators in Copenhagen were careful not to link domestic action on climate change to any presumptions of international obligation. This stands in marked contrast to Paris where, for the first time, China was willing to commit to an absolute cap on emissions subject to international measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV). This article examines what changed between 2009 and 2015 such that China was able to play a more constructive role in the global climate regime. It argues that a key driver of change was China’s shift to a ‘New Normal’ model of economic development. Beginning in the 12th Five Year Plan Period (2011–2015), China’s economic policy prioritized a transition from energy-intensive growth based on heavy industry, exports and investment, to a more balanced economy characterized by slower growth, an increasing role for services and domestic consumption, and a focus on innovation and low-carbon technologies. This transition gave China the opportunity to re-formulate its priorities in international climate negotiations and helped pave the way for increased climate cooperation with the US, the lack of which had been a major roadblock to success in Copenhagen. Progress was further facilitated by a range of external factors, including impressive French diplomacy in the run-up to COP21 and the important shift to a bottom-up, voluntary approach to commitments.Policy relevanceThis article analyses the reasons behind China’s more constructive engagement at COP 21 in Paris, which contributed to the Conference’s successful outcome. It is important for policy makers to better comprehend China’s shifting position and the motivations behind it, given the country’s key role in keeping temperature rise at a safe level. The deal reached in Paris now needs to be implemented, and success is by no means guaranteed. A deeper understanding of the position of this key player can only help with the negotiation process, implementation phase, and further negotiations that are needed to strengthen targets.