Client Confidence Research Articles

Effect Of Consumer Education By Consumer Federation Of Kenya On Consumer Protection In Commercial Banks Of Kenya

Background: In many jurisdictions, consumer protection law has not been enacted despite the financial services industry's development. This means that in order to boost client confidence and promote the adoption of innovative products, financial services clients must have access to fundamental protections. The prevalence of uninformed customers who rely on financial institutions for their information has led to a rise in the misuse of consumer confidence. Abuse by banks and its marketers, such as imposing exorbitant charges on clients' accounts without providing formal advice, is becoming more widespread. The purpose of the study was to ascertain the measures taken by the Consumer Federation of Kenya to ensure adequate access to information by Kenyan commercial banks customers in an effort to ensure their protection. approach was taken to get in touch with the COFEK staff. Methodology: Questionnaires were utilized in the study to collect data. Both inferential and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Version 22 of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was employed. Frequency tables, percentages, and relevant statistical descriptions were used to display the data. Results: Most of the respondents were fairly aware of the consumer education activities carried out by the protection agency in commercial banks. Consumer education had a significant coefficient (p-value = 0.0001; β = 0.469) according to the data analysis. Consumer education is statistically significant in ensuring consumer protection. Conclusion: COFEK should enhance the sensitization programs put in place for clients with a view of making them more informed. Public drives to raise the awareness levels should be carried out.

IMPACT OF DIGITALISATION ON BANKING SECTOR

The banking sector has been substantially changed by the fast development of digital technology. The effect of digitalisation on general financial services, client contacts, and banking operations is investigated in this article. In banking, digitalisation has brought about the automation of formerly manual procedures, therefore improving client happiness, efficiency, and operating expenses while lowering running costs. Offering 24/7 access to financial services from anywhere in the globe, services such internet banking, smartphone apps, and digital payment systems have transformed the way consumers connect with banks. Furthermore, digitalisation has helped fintech to emerge, therefore undermining established banking structures and encouraging more innovation and competitiveness. Advanced technologies such artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and blockchain have been embraced by banks to guarantee better security in transactions, provide tailored services, and help to guide decisions. Although digitalisation has many advantages, it also brings problems like cybersecurity threats, data privacy issues, and the necessity of large technological infrastructure investment. This study also addresses its function in financial inclusion by enabling underprivileged groups to use banking services. Banks have to strike a mix between innovation and regulatory compliance, risk control, and client confidence as the digital revolution unfolds. The results of this research imply that banks must embrace digital transformation if they are to stay competitive in an economy becoming more and more digital and also meet the changing demands of tech-savvy customers.

An Analysis of Managing the Cloud: Obstacles and Solutions for Efficient Administration and Protection

Cloud management offers possibilities and difficulties to enterprises looking for effective management and strong data security. This essay examines the challenges associated with cloud administration and suggests workarounds for these issues. Assuring data security, upholding legal compliance, cutting expenses, and overseeing intricate multi-cloud setups are important obstacles. The use of cloud-native monitoring and governance tools, the implementation of extensive data backup and recovery plans, the use of automation for resource provisioning and administration, and the implementation of strong security measures like encryption and access restrictions are all necessary for finding solutions. Organizations may improve the security of their important data assets and expedite their cloud administration procedures by tackling these challenges with suitable solutions. Ensuring data security is a major concern in cloud administration. Organizations are concerned about data breaches, illegal access, and industry regulatory compliance when they move critical data to the cloud. Organizations need to have strong security mechanisms like identity management, access restrictions, and encryption in place to lessen these risks. Furthermore, implementing a defense-in-depth strategy that incorporates several security tiers might improve cloud environments' overall resilience. Upholding legal requirements and industry norms is another challenge for cloud managers. To secure sensitive data and uphold client confidence, businesses in regulated sectors like healthcare and finance are subject to strict compliance regulations. Adherence to frameworks like HIPAA, GDPR, and PCI DSS, as well as thorough policies and frequent audits are necessary to achieve compliance in the cloud. Organizations may minimize the risk of non-compliance penalties and expedite compliance processes by putting governance tools and compliance automation systems into place. For enterprises using cloud resources, cost optimization is another major concern. Pay-as-you-go cloud services might result in overspending and financial restrictions due to improper resource utilization.

Risk-averse coordinated operation of hydrogen-integrated energy hubs with seasonal energy storage

Addressing seasonal fluctuations and supply–demand mismatches in renewable energy is vital for sustainable multi-energy hubs. Moreover, current research has limitations in achieving economic efficiency, flexibility, security, and sustainability simultaneously. Therefore, this study leverages hydrogen storage’s long-term flexibility, proposing an integrated operational strategy to manage these fluctuations and optimize green energy utilization. This novel tertiary hub hydrogen-based integrated energy system integrates producers, prosumers, and consumers, optimizing ecological and economic sustainability via demand response programs and carbon capture, utilization, and storage systems. Utilizing risk-averse stochastic optimization for day-ahead and real-time operations, it evaluates dispatch decisions’ impact on risk costs and coupling efficiency. This study’s mixed-integer linear programming model, solved using CPLEX in GAMS, ensures a globally optimal solution. Key findings include an 86.15% cost-saving return through multi-energy storage and hub coordination, along with a 5.27% decrease in operating expenses and an 8.13% drop in emissions. In addition, adjusting the risk level parameter by 10% leads to a 14.76% variance in risk cost, bolstering client confidence in the model’s efficacy and sustainability.

Food Safety Management System (FSMS): An Analysis of Restaurant Certificate Schemes in Malaysia

Customers of restaurants encounter some degree of uncertainty or risk due to their inability to evaluate the food or service qualities received before or after meal consumption. The Food Safety Management System (FSMS) certification schemes are intended to reduce the incidence of foodborne illnesses in Malaysia and to be used as a communication instrument to address the issue of information asymmetry. This investigation investigates the diverse FSMS certification programs that are accessible to food establishments, with a particular emphasis on restaurant operations in Malaysia. The study is dedicated to the identification of the concept of various FSMS certificate schemes that are designed and implemented in Malaysian restaurant operations. It also discusses the fundamental concept of the role differences of each FSMS certificate scheme that is obtained by numerous restaurant operations in Malaysia to communicate with potential customers. A content analysis was conducted on ten independent Malaysian-owned restaurants that had obtained and disclosed their FSMS certifications online (i.e., through their official website or social media account) to the public. All participating restaurant premises believe food safety certification through appropriate authorities is crucial, particularly in the context of the provision of information regarding sanitation, safety, and nutrition to guarantee high food quality standards and service delivery. FSMS eliminates the knowledge asymmetry between producers and consumers and demonstrates that a certified party adheres to a recognised standard. This investigation suggested that the Food Safety Management System (FSMS) should function as more than merely a mechanism for guaranteeing the safety and quality of food for consumers. It contributes to the establishment of client trust and confidence in the restaurant and improves the image of food businesses.

Dynamic panel data analysis of the impact of governance on bank capital structure in Indonesia

The banking industry plays a crucial role in driving the Indonesian economy. Therefore, any financial upheaval within this sector would have a significant influence on the overall economy. Hence, this study examines the capital composition of banking institutions in Indonesia to assess the financial soundness of the banks. A bank’s susceptibility to default will adversely affect client confidence in the bank. This study investigates the influence of governance attributes, such as board size, board meeting frequency, risk committee presence, institutional ownership, and independent committee existence, on the capital structure of Indonesian banks. 31 samples were intentionally chosen using purposeful sampling. Data estimation was performed using a two-step Arellano-Bond Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimator. The findings suggest that the bank risk committee, institutional ownership, and independent committee exert a notable and favorable influence on the capital structure of banks in Indonesia. Nevertheless, the size of the board and the frequency of board meetings do not exert a substantial impact. The size of the board and the use of leverage have no substantial impact. Developing efficient corporate governance procedures is essential for ensuring the bank’s financial stability. This involves maximizing the effectiveness of the risk committee, institutional ownership, and independent committee. AcknowledgmentThis paper is funded by PPM-PTM Grants of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology of 2023 (03/SP2H/RT-MONO/LL4/2023).

Measuring Intellectual Capital Performance of Indian Private Sector Banks Using WASPAS

Indian private sector banks are currently showing excellent performance. Their success is largely attributed to strong management practises, customer-centric strategies, technical breakthroughs, and risk management techniques. Indian private sector banks are quickly adopting digital transformation, responding to shifting market circumstances, and providing cutting-edge banking solutions. This has aided in expanding their customer base and raising client contentment. To inspire client confidence, they have also concentrated on enhancing service quality, offering individualised services, and putting in place robust security measures. Policy makers, regulators, and business experts can benefit from studies regarding the performance of Indian private sector banks and a knowledge of the elements that contribute to their growth and success. This makes it possible for them to locate best practises and methods that may be used repeatedly to enhance the general wellbeing and effectiveness of the banking industry. Comparative evaluations with public sector banks are possible by investigating the efficiency of private sector banks. The usefulness of various ownership structures and management philosophies in promoting financial performance, client satisfaction, and general competitiveness is evaluated through this comparison. The Weighted Aggregate Product Assessment (WASPAS) approach is a making decisions methodology which employs the Weighted Sum Model (WSM) as well as the Weighted Product Model (WPM) to rank and evaluate alternatives based on many criteria, each of which is weighted to reflect its relative relevance. An overall rating for each alternative is then determined by evaluating and combining the criteria utilising either additive or multiplicative techniques. This strategy enables decision-makers to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of each criterion among the possibilities. KAL has got first ranking and KMB has got lowest ranking in the Indian private sector banks. In this paper, The Performance of Indian private sector banks KAL has got first ranking and KMB has got lowest ranking.

Use of maternity open days initiative to increase access to comprehensive maternal and neonatal health services at the Lwala Community Health Centre

Background: Maternity open day (MOD) is an event in which a health facility opens its doors to the community and provides a specific opportunity for pregnant women and their birth companions to interact freely with health care providers and receive antenatal care services, including obstetric ultrasound, and tour maternity units. Objective: To increase access and utilization of MNH services, improve knowledge, promote transparency, familiarize with the environment, procedures, and maternity staff, and increase the client's knowledge and confidence on what to expect during labor and delivery. Results: It ensured an increase in the number of women seeking comprehensive antenatal care (ANC), including ANC profile care at both first and fourth ANC visits, and skilled birth attendants. The (MODs) provided a platform to expand access to affordable maternity care through client enrollment in Linda Mama services. Over 99% of pregnant women who attended MODs embraced hospital deliveries and 99% skilled births. A total of 1060 women attended MOD, and 3,903 women underwent obstetric ultrasound, with zero maternal deaths and one neonatal death recorded between 2022 and 2023. Conclusion: Maternity open day provides a platform for increasing access to comprehensive antenatal care and affordable maternity care through Linda Mama. It improved the quality of maternal and child health services, reduced defaulters in the ANC clinics, and increased access to MNH services for continuum care and built trust between women and healthcare providers.

Veterinary Students Underestimate Cat and Dog Owner Adherence and Knowledge Regarding Antimicrobial Use and Resistance.

The purpose of this study was to explore students' perceptions related to cat and dog owners' (a) knowledge of antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance, (b) expectations and preferences related to antibiotic use, and (c) preferences and experiences related to veterinarian-client communication preferences and experiences. This project compared students' responses to those provided by cat and dog owners in a previous study. Because that prior research suggested that students' perceptions can shift over time, we also explored whether progression throughout the DVM curriculum impacted students' views of cat and dog owners. DVM students (n = 584) from seven schools in the Southeastern Veterinary Education Consortium completed an online survey based on prior research of cat and dog owner behavior and preferences. Results indicate that DVM students overestimate cat and dog owner's expectations for antibiotics and underestimate cat and dog owners' adherence to veterinary directions for antibiotic use. Similarly, fewer DVM students than cat and dog owners agreed that veterinary communication about antibiotics, their side effects, and their cost occurs during visits with a sick pet. Where significant, more students in later DVM class years had a positive view about client knowledge/adherence and veterinary communication. This lack of confidence in clients' knowledge and competence and in the quality of veterinarian-client communication indicates a need to educate students on their perceptions of veterinary-client communications, as well as reinforcing that clients generally listen and trust veterinarians' recommendations regarding antimicrobial prescribing and stewardship.

Health care provider and client experiences of counselling on depot medroxyprogesterone acetate subcutaneous (DMPA-SC) for self-injection in Malawi.

Since the introduction of subcutaneous depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA-SC) in 2018, Malawi has achieved national coverage of trained providers in the public sector and steady increases in uptake of DMPA-SC. However, the rate of clients opting to self-inject DMPA-SC has remained lower than early acceptability studies suggested. Providers play an instrumental role in building client confidence to self-inject through counselling/training. This cross-sectional qualitative study explored the perspectives of providers and injectable clients on the integration of self-injection into contraceptive counselling, to identify best practices and potential gaps. The study was conducted at public sector sites in three districts (Nkhotakota, Mzimba South, Zomba) in Malawi. In-depth interviews were conducted with provider-administered injectable clients, self-injecting clients, and DMPA-SC trained providers. All providers interviewed reported successfully integrating self-injection into their approach. During group health education sessions, some providers reported focusing on benefits of self-injection to spark interest in the method, and then follow that up with more in-depth information during individual counselling. Due to time pressures, a minority of providers reported replacing individual counselling with small-group counselling and limited use of elements such as visualizations and demonstrations. Most providers skipped client practice on inanimate objects, feeling this was either not necessary or inappropriate given stock constraints. Self-injection clients tended to credit their decision to take up SI to receiving lengthy, comprehensive counselling/training, often inclusive of reassuring messages, visualizations, demonstrations and sometimes repeated trainings over time. Provider-administered clients tended to credit their lack of uptake of self-injection to fear and lack of confidence, often blaming themselves instead of the quality of their counselling/training-even while many felt their counselling/training had been rushed or incomplete. Providers should be supported to overcome time- and resource-pressures to invest in counselling/training best practices, to ensure sufficient support is provided to clients interested in self-injection.

Assessing nursing students’ confidence in sexual health counseling and knowledge

IntroductionThere is a lack of studies to guide nursing faculty to meet the needs of students regarding sexual and reproductive health (SRH) topics. AimThis qualitative study explored the knowledge and confidence in counseling clients on SRH topics in prelicensure nursing students. MethodSemistructured interviews (n = 20) evoked descriptions of the lived experiences of prelicensure nursing students. Saldana's First Cycle/Second Cycle constant comparative method was used for data analysis. ResultsThree themes were identified: Motivated by Prior Education Experience, Google as a Manual, LGBTQIA Curious. DiscussionEmerging themes can assist nursing faculty in designing and delivering curricula to BSN students regarding SRH care.

The Role of Fintech in Promoting the Takaful Model of Islamic Insurance

This study examines the influence of fintech integration on the Takaful insurance business in Qatar, emphasizing profitability and industry development. Takaful, an Islamic insurance policy based on ethical values, faces practical difficulties. Fintech, driven by technical breakthroughs such as blockchain and AI, provides solutions to simplify processes and improve accessibility. To get quantitative data, 320 Takaful and fintech experts were polled. Respondents had a wide range of expertise levels, emphasizing the importance of industry collaboration. Positive opinions of regulatory support (85.9%) and proactive fintech uptake (84.1%) were noted. Regulatory barriers (82.5%), cybersecurity concerns (82.2%), opposition to change (82.8%), and a lack of fintech financing (82.5%) were among the challenges. The study discovered that Fintech plays a substantial role in increasing profitability, with 91.3% reporting greater earnings and 84.4% reporting enhanced operational efficiency. Personalized insurance solutions (84.4%) and data-driven growth (88.1%) generated profitability. Fintech was largely viewed as supporting the Takaful insurance sector (83.4%), increasing client involvement (81.9%) and confidence. Correlation and regression analysis demonstrated the existence of favorable relationships between fintech integration, its problems, profitability, and industry promotion. These studies highlight Fintech’s transformational potential and inform industry stakeholders and policymakers. Addressing regulatory, cybersecurity, change resistance, and finance issues is critical to effectively integrating Fintech into Qatar’s Takaful insurance.

Smoking Cessation Counseling in Practice: A Qualitative Analysis of Quitline Conversations in Queensland, Australia.

Telephone-based services are a practical and effective behavioral support for smoking cessation, yet no in-depth analyses of this counseling have been conducted. Understanding the general content of Quitline conversations can help to improve current practices and may inform future interventions. Therefore, we aimed to independently explore conversation themes, topics, and client questions during Quitline counseling sessions with Quitline clients in Queensland, Australia. A purposive sample of 30 recorded counseling sessions, completed between January and March 2019, were de-identified, transcribed, and thematically analyzed. Seven themes, encompassing 35 topics, were derived from 26 initial calls and four follow-up calls: (1) Client details and building rapport; (2) Client history and motivation to quit; (3) Pharmacotherapy; (4) Behavioral aspects of quitting and relationship with smoking; (5) Understanding nicotine dependence and other important considerations; (6) Additional support and smoking cessation resources; and (7) Planning, goal setting and follow-up. Three themes emerged from 18 client questions including (1) Pharmacotherapy safety and contraindications; (2) Pharmacotherapy instructions and mechanism of action; and (3) Physiology of nicotine dependence. This is the first qualitative analysis of the content of Quitline counseling sessions in Australia. Counselors collect and deliver a breadth of information to provide tailored, evidence-based health care, while building rapport and trust. Findings may be translatable into personalized self-help interventions that are more accessible or appealing to people reluctant to contact Quitline. Harnessing educational opportunities regarding pharmacotherapy adherence and misconceptions can improve client confidence in the product and smoking cessation outcomes. Further research will map conversations to motivational interviewing and behavior change techniques.

Engaging Robo-advisors in Financial Advisory Services: The Role of Psychological Comfort and Client Psychological Characteristics

Robo-advisor is an artificial intelligence (AI) driven professional financial service that suggests financial portfolios and offers personalised investment recommendations to clients. Since the services are high in credence properties where financial results only become manifest over time and clients typically have difficulty assessing outcomes even after consumption, client psychological comfort is vital for service adoption. Drawing on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT), information economic theory and the self-service technology (SST) literature, this study investigates a mediating role of psychological comfort, antecedents of psychological comfort and possible boundary conditions. Thailand (an emerging economy with sophisticated financial systems) was selected as our research context. Data were collected through a mixed method approach involving in-depth interviews with investors followed by a structured survey administered to 548 current and potential investors. The findings revealed clients’ key psychological characteristics (performance expectations, suspicion of human financial advisors) and boundary conditions that drive psychological comfort. Performance expectations and suspicion of human advisors are associated with psychological comfort, which subsequently fosters intentions to use and percentage of investment through robo-advisors. Client confidence in ability to search for financial information and need for human interaction have small but distinct moderating effects. This study extends the SST adoption and AI-enabled professional service literature. It reveals psychological comfort as a key mediator between client psychological characteristics and robo-advisors usage.

Optimizing Bank Performance through Loan Recovery in Nigeria: A Comprehensive Analysis of Loan Recovery Strategies of Ecobank Plc.

Banks have significant difficulties in recovering debt, especially when consumers are no longer available following loan disbursement. This study carefully examines the effects of debt management and recovery on bank performance, paying particular attention to the applicability of the credit theory of money. The study's main goals are to thoroughly comprehend the various debt recovery strategies used in Nigeria's banking industry and investigate the connections between outstanding debt, recovered funds, loan client retention, and bank performance. To evaluate the given hypotheses and determine the relationships between these variables, the Chi-Square test was used. The data show that outstanding debt has a considerable influence on bank performance, supporting the credit theory of money. Additionally, a positive correlation between bank performance and loan client retention is discovered and the study finds a link between bank profitability and client relationships. The development of strong, dependable, and good customer connections improves the bank's reputation by increasing client satisfaction, loyalty, and confidence in the bank's dependability as a lender. Credit officers are advised to constantly monitor ongoing debt to avoid payment defaults as part of the study's recommendations. Finally, credit officers should pay frequent visits to borrowers to make sure the money from the loan is being used for what it was intended.

Family carer and professional perceptions of the potential use of telehealth for behavioural support.

Telehealth (i.e. the use of technology across distance) is widespread in many fields. Although its use for behavioural support for people with intellectual or developmental disabilities (IDD) is emerging, there are no known studies examining stakeholder perceptions of this. A four-round Delphi consultation was conducted with 11 professionals and six family carers of children with IDD to generate consensus on what would influence participants' use of telehealth for behavioural support. Data were collected prior to the coronavirus pandemic. Thirty-six items reached consensus for professionals (26 advantages and 10 disadvantages/barriers) and 22 for family carers (8 advantages and 14 disadvantages/barriers). A range of solutions were also identified for the disadvantages/barriers. Participants were willing to use telehealth for behavioural support. However, disadvantages/barriers need to be addressed, and guidelines relating to the use of telehealth in this field are needed. We report a number of practice recommendations including combining telehealth with in-person supports where possible, incorporating video technologies, and considering client perspectives and confidence with telehealth methodologies.

Psychological assistance to a child in case of mother loss: ethnic and religious resources (case analysis)

This article is an integral part of a series of articles in which the positive dynamics of psychological work based on Ingush culture and religious values is shown by the example of specific cases of child-parent relations. In the first article of the series “Multicultural approach in psychological counseling: ethno-religious aspect (case analysis)”, using the example of fatherdaughter relations, we described the content of the process of psychological counseling, that was performed taking into account the ethno-cultural and spiritual characteristics of the client. The second article “Counseling in the cultural and spiritual context of the client (case analysis)” reveals the process of culturally oriented counseling on the example of a father-son relationship. The third article, “Ethnic and religious identity as a client's resources in working with a psychologist,” reveals the process of psychological counseling, taking into account cultural, religious and individual diversity, using the example of the relationship between a spouse and her missing husband. In the fourth article “Cultural and spiritual dimension in psychological counseling (case analysis)”, an analysis of a multicultural approach in psychological counseling, which takes into account the ethnic and religious specifics of the client, is given on the example of a specific case of the work of a psychologist sensitive to cultural and spiritual differences with mother-daughter relationships. The positive dynamics of psychological work based on the Ingush culture and values of Islam is shown.In this article, we tried to comprehend the experience of a ten-year-old girl saying goodbye to her mother, to understand what helps a person when his loved one leaves this world. The results of the study showed that the multicultural competence of the therapist provides him not only with a high level of client confidence, but also a professional approach based on the use of ethno-religious resources in therapeutic work.

Legal Ethics and Privilege Communication

The lawyer-client privilege is a significant characteristic of their fiduciary relationship. The duty of confidentiality obliges the communication that occurred between the client and lawyer should not be disclosed anywhere. This article inspects the significance and importance of the privileged professional communication held between the lawyer and his client. This research piece qualitatively surveys and critically analyses the laws of various jurisdictions including Pakistan, India, the United Kingdom, and the United States to highlight why the communication between lawyer and client is privileged and should not be disclosed. With that aim, this paper pinpoints the broad and loose application of privileged professional communication laws by the various courts. This article finds how the privileged professional communication laws have increased the confidence of clients and strengthened the fiduciary relationship between lawyer and client.

Meningkatkan Minat Belajar dan Kepercayaan Diri Remaja Panti Asuhan Menggunakan Media Youtube

Confidence and interest in learning are two important aspects that must be possessed by children who are entering their teens. Teenagers should have good self-confidence and interest in learning, if they feel less confident and their interest in learning decreases, this will have fatal consequences when they reach adulthood. They will become individuals who tend to close themselves and find it difficult to be active in their social environment. One of the teenagers at the Ora Et Labora Nusantara Orphanage in Medan also experienced the same thing, he needed professional help to help him regain his confidence and interest in learning. The assistance process provided was also carried out in the PKL 1 mini project activity, using the casework method through the general intervention stage consisting of Engagement Intake Contract, Assessment, Planning, Intervention, Evaluation and Termination. The focus of solving client problems in the intervention process this time is honing the interests and talents of clients through watching via Youtube media and accompanied by joint discussions as a strategy designed to increase the client's confidence and interest in learning. The objectives of this program are stated to have been achieved, as evidenced by the return of self-confidence and increased client interest in learning.

Tips for handling common avian and reptile pets

Background: Exotic pets are increasingly being presented to veterinary practices. Familiarity with basic handling techniques of commonly presented species helps significantly in building client confidence and improving the client bond with the practice. Basic handling skills are integral in enabling a clinical examination, as well as being the first step in obtaining appropriate diagnostic samples. Species size can vary dramatically which will have a bearing on particular techniques used, but techniques have a degree of commonality. This article will consider handling of common pet avian and reptile species.Aim of the article: This article aims to provide handling advice for common avian and reptile pets, but not for all of the 20,000+ species that exist; for example, reference to crocodilia, venomous species, large terrestrial chelonia and large flightless birds are beyond the scope of this article.