Client Requirements Research Articles

INFORMATION-CONSULTING SERVICES AS THE BASIS OF THE ADVISORY SYSTEM IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR

The modern development of the agro-food sector faces new challenges caused by increased competition rates, globalization of world food markets, rising world prices, changes in the productivity and competitiveness of agricultural enterprises, etc. These changes force agro-food enterprises to increase their competitiveness possibilities and reduce costs using agricultural consultancy resources. The efficiency of the enterprises' activities in the specified sphere, the speed of adaptation to new economic conditions, and the quality of management decisions the management personnel makes depend on information and consulting support. This scientific research aims to substantiate the theoretical aspects of information and consulting services as the basis of agricultural counseling. The agro-food enterprises' management is cyclical in nature, which necessitates a regular repetition of management actions: analysis of the situation and problem statement; development and selection of an alternative version of the management decision; organization of decision implementation; control; assessment of a particular situation. In other words, there is an urgent need for updated information to ensure the effective management of agro-food enterprises. This is only possible with proper information support, ensuring the timely delivery of innovations to agricultural producers and their ability to make well-balanced decisions. The main task of agricultural consulting is analyzing and substantiating the development prospects, providing the most modern scientific-technical and organizational-economic solutions, considering the subject area of agribusiness and the client's requirements. The agricultural advisory system allows the creation of favorable conditions for agro-food enterprises' efficient functioning. Agricultural production is mostly impacted by clients-users of information and consulting services or organizations that use the above benefits. That is, the effect is not manifested directly but indirectly. Keywords: agricultural advisory, information, information and advisory service, agro-consulting, agri-foodsector.

Unboxing the digital forensic investigation process

As digital forensics continues to play an important role in criminal investigations, its investigative work must be underpinned with well-defined and robust methodologies. Over the last 20 years, a substantial body of research has been produced to define and codify the digital forensic investigation process and the stages/sub-processes involved. Whilst current digital forensic investigation process models provide a solid foundation, it is argued that existing attempts often only focus on those physical tasks, which a practitioner must carry out at any given stage of an examination, omitting to identify those core thought processes, decisions and behaviours that form part of effective investigative practices. This work presents the Digital Forensic Workflow Model (DFWM), a novel approach to the structuring and definition of the procedures and tasks involved in the digital forensic investigation process starting from the initial ‘Review of Client Requirements & Planning’ stage, right through to the ‘Evaluation of Deployed Workflow’ stage. The DFWM contributes to the digital forensic management toolbox, where it enables the identification and management of risk and supports error mitigation at each stage of the workflow. The paper demonstrates how the DFWM functions as a framework for unboxing the digital forensic investigation process based on the investigative strategy of the particular case, providing a detailed structure and depiction of the physical and investigative tasks and decisions. From a research perspective, DFWM is a descriptive starting point, and future empirical studies may expand and provide further detail to the various physical and cognitive tasks and associated risks during the DF workflow.

Implementation of the integrated lean six sigma philosophy in an Angolan manufacturing company – a case study

Today, manufacturing companies strive to find the stability between satisfying their customers by producing in accordance with their expectations (quantity and quality) and keeping leading positions when it comes to competitiveness on their markets. This paper aims to compare two very well-known philosophies in the manufacturing industry: Lean Manufacturing (LM) and Six Sigma (6S). The integration of these two philosophies solves the insufficiency that the absence of one of them causes, considering that Six Sigma is based on statistical tools that focus on measuring and reducing variations in processes and achieving goals set by the customers' requirements. Lean Manufacturing focuses mainly on the value added for a client, for example,by eliminating all kinds of waste from processes what leads to the reduction of time and cost of the process. Lean Six Sigma combines the features of both methods, which means that it meets the client's requirements based on statistical knowledge and the process flow control, but simultaneously in addition to that, it reduces the time and cost of the processes. As a result, it gives manufacturing companies the possibility of having loyal and satisfied customers and who provide companies with new customers. This paper has a greater goal of persuading the Angolan manufacturing industries to implement the Integrated Lean Six Sigma (IL6S) into their production and management processes.

Engineering Education Practice Using Project Management Methods

The "Project Management Exercise" lecture is offered as an elective course to allow students to experience problem-solving methods through practical project management. In FY2021, we designed and manufactured a device (stirring mechanism) to improve the efficiency of hydrate production experiments under the theme of "Provision of a stirring mechanism inside a pressure vessel. In order to complete the deliverables (stirring mechanism) to the level required by the client in a relatively short period of time, advance planning is extremely important. In this project, because we were able to create a solid project plan, we were able to proceed with the project with almost no problems, and we were able to submit deliverables that met the client's requirements by the scheduled date. As described above, it was confirmed that even in a project with relatively high expertise and a high level of requirements, the use of project management methods can increase the students' achievement in solving problems.

Energy sensing streaming media data transmission protocol based on implicit Markov algorithm in WSNs

Streaming media transmission protocols can be divided into traditional streaming media push protocol and streaming media pull protocol. Traditional streaming media push protocols such as RTP, whose server determines the channel state according to the RTP feedback from the client, and then decides to send data packets suitable for the current channel state. The pull protocol of streaming media sends data packets according to the content of the client when the transmission rate meets the requirement on the contrary. Streaming media pull protocol greatly reduces the complexity of servers in streaming media transmission technology; it can also support the application of different adaptive algorithms in the transmission process compared with the traditional universal server transmission algorithm mechanism. Therefore, this kind of pull protocol cannot only improve the quality of service of streaming media transmission, but also meet the requirements of different channel states and different clients.

Виклики та пріоритети управління власним капіталом банків України в період воєнного стану

The article examines the challenges and peculiarities of the management of the equity capital of Ukrainian banks during the period of martial law. It is proven that the current economic conditions of banks’ functioning are aggravated by a significant level of turbulence in financial markets, crisis phenomena in the real sector of the economy and the global energy market, which creates new challenges in the aspect of bank equity management. The existing understanding of the integrative role of banks’ equity capital in ensuring its functional adequacy to the needs of the national economy at each of the turns of its cycle is disclosed. The characteristic properties of banks’ equity capital, according to the practice of its management, are defined as favorable and those that bring additional challenges when increasing the capitalization of banks in the period of martial law. It was noted that the process of equity capital management has a contradiction at its core: on the one hand, the development of the bank is carried out mainly at the expense of borrowed funds, on the other hand, the scale of its activity is closely related to the amount of own capital. Therefore, it is advisable to make decisions in the field of the formation of the bank’s equity capital on the basis of a comparative analysis of the growth rates of risky assets and liabilities. The bank’s financial managers should pay critical attention to determining the value of equity capital, which will provide an opportunity to increase management efficiency and obtain a relevant information flow for making informed decisions. A comparative analysis of the main economic norms of the capital of the banking system of Ukraine for 2018–2022 justified the implementation of the basic norms regarding capital, however, the assessment of the structure of the equity capital of Ukrainian banks showed that the amount of equity capital continues to be less than the authorized capital, which is explained by the significant losses of the banking system of Ukraine. According to the results of the study, the modern problems of managing the equity capital of Ukrainian banks are substantiated, and priorities and recommendations for their solution are determined. It has been proven that in periods of turbulence, equity capital is more necessary to maintain the solvency of banks than to increase active operations, since capitalization processes occur more slowly than the trends of capital movement on a global scale require. In the conditions of limiting the number of external sources of capitalization of Ukrainian banks, special attention should be paid to the development of internal innovative financial and organizational tools capable of meeting the requirements of both bank owners, managers and clients. Among these tools, it is appropriate to single out corporate governance, in particular, the effective dividend policy of banks and the consideration in banking risk management systems of specific risks of the distribution of ownership rights and management, especially when it concerns the identification of beneficial owners from the aggressor country.

GENERATIVE DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL STEEL JOINTS

Structural project is based on technical regulations, structural codes, construction conditions, and client requirements. Through the structural design process, some important decisions that can significantly affect the final result must be implemented. The most important factor for optimal design is the reduction in material and overall work costs. Selecting appropriate joint configurations that can reduce the overall weight and work on the structure is critical. To examine a significant number of possible configurations and their effect on structural behavior, the generative design method (GDM) is used. In this study, software is custom developed, and a relevant example of generative joint structural design is provided. The methodology for the optimal joint and structure design is described comprehensively. The final results show that the GDM is an effective methodology for application in the design of steel structures.

The modern use of data in a property risk context

The increased use of aggregated data in property risk processing builds on the rapidly evolving economic benefits of automated ‘big property’ solutions in land and property assessment. This trend shadows the evolution of personal credit files as open banking trends making aggregation of people with property far easier in the 1/10thsecond ranges that drive many of today’s ‘decision in principle’ consumer solutions. The organisation of property with known geolocational parameters, unique property identifiers and associated property data attributes has been an accelerating phenomenon over the last decade. Chartered surveyors have not, however, benefitted substantially from these innovations and emerging trends in data organisation and aggregation. Legacy processes in the corporate environment and ‘cost of change’ in the private client sector have combined to stifle real progress in integrating modern data systems, machine learning (ML) and data capture and retention. Existing and new technologies, data availability, data aggregation, data storage and geospatial referencing should significantly improve reporting and recommendations relating to property condition and risk profiling; however, the nature of legacy systems, the differing requirements of large corporate clients versus private clients and the discontinuities in data are all hampering modernisation of approach. This paper looks at the evolution and convergence of big property data and provides a roadmap for the surveying profession and the sectors instructing clients to benefit from modern data processing and innovation in property risk.

Effects of different resource-sharing strategies in cloud manufacturing: a Stackelberg game-based approach

Cloud manufacturing (CMfg) aims to realise the sharing of manufacturing resources amongst different stakeholders. Resource-sharing strategies of suppliers are essential in achieving this aim. However, current studies on this topic rarely focus on the sharing of management rights over manufacturing resources. To fill this research gap, this study investigates three resource-sharing strategies: independently, as an alliance and by cooperating with a cloud platform operator. This study explores the effects of these different strategies on meeting client requirements in CMfg. The interactions between the operator and suppliers are modelled as a two-stage Stackelberg game that contains a simultaneous subgame. The equilibrium results indicate that players achieve a lower system profit when suppliers share as an alliance rather than independently, which is why the cloud platform operator strongly opposes it. The extended analysis indicates that considering multiple suppliers complicates the allocation of tasks and profits. Low-cost suppliers have significant advantages in terms of tasks and profits when considering different marginal costs. These findings provide insights for suppliers to select appropriate resource-sharing strategies in CMfg.

Projected federated averaging with heterogeneous differential privacy

Federated Learning (FL) is a promising framework for multiple clients to learn a joint model without directly sharing the data. In addition to high utility of the joint model, rigorous privacy protection of the data and communication efficiency are important design goals. Many existing efforts achieve rigorous privacy by ensuring differential privacy for intermediate model parameters, however, they assume a uniform privacy parameter for all the clients. In practice, different clients may have different privacy requirements due to varying policies or preferences. In this paper, we focus on explicitly modeling and leveraging the heterogeneous privacy requirements of different clients and study how to optimize utility for the joint model while minimizing communication cost. As differentially private perturbations affect the model utility, a natural idea is to make better use of information submitted by the clients with higher privacy budgets (referred to as "public" clients, and the opposite as "private" clients). The challenge is how to use such information without biasing the joint model. We propose <u>P</u> rojected <u>F</u> ederated <u>A</u> veraging (PFA), which extracts the top singular subspace of the model updates submitted by "public" clients and utilizes them to project the model updates of "private" clients before aggregating them. We then propose communication-efficient PFA+, which allows "private" clients to upload projected model updates instead of original ones. Our experiments verify the utility boost of both algorithms compared to the baseline methods, whereby PFA+ achieves over 99% uplink communication reduction for "private" clients.

A Multi Agent Based Dynamic Resource Allocation in Fog-Cloud Computing Environment

Cloud high latency limitation has necessitated the introduction of Fog computing paradigm that extends computing infrastructures in the cloud data centers to the edge network. Extended cloud resources provide processing, storage and network services to time sensitive request associated to the Internet of Things (IoT) services in network edge. The rapid increase in adoption of IoT devices, variations in user requirements, limited processing and storage capacity of fog resources and problem of fog resources over saturation has made provisioning and allotment of computing resources in fog environment a formidable task. Satisfying application and request deadline is the most substantial challenge compared to other dynamic variations in parameters of client requirements. To curtail these issues, the integrated fog-cloud computing environment and efficient resource selection method is highly required. This paper proposed an agent based dynamic resource allocation that employs the use of host agent to analyze the QoSrequirements of application and request and select a suitable execution layer. The host agent forwards the application request to a layer agent which is responsible for the allocation of best resource that satisfies the requirement of the application request. Host agent and layers agents maintains resource information tables for matching of task and computing resources. CloudSim toolkit functionalities were extended to simulate a realistic fog environment where the proposed method is evaluated. The experimental results proved that the proposed method performs better in terms of processing time, latency and percentage QoS delivery.
 HIGHLIGHTS
 
 The distance between the cloud infrastructure and the edge IoT devices makes the cloud not too competent for some IoT applications, especially the sensitive ones
 To minimize the latency in the cloud and ensure prompt response to user requests, Fog computing, which extends the cloud services to edge network was introduced
 The proliferation in adoption of IoT devices and fog resource limitations has made resource scheduling in fog computing a tedious one
 
 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Benefits of Quality Assurance and Control in Construction Industry

Quality assurance and control has been established by researchers to provide guidance for establishing an appropriate quality management procedure, in order to lower cost, increase productivity and customer's satisfaction, as well as market share in construction. This can assist construction industry to achieve successfully, their objectives, and ensure that all phases of construction projects consistently meet client's requirements. Basically, the objective of the study is to assess the level of quality assurance and control in construction through compliance evaluation and assessing the benefits and factors of implementing quality assurance and control on construction projects in Abuja and Environs. The research methodology adopted was an in-depth literature review and questionnaire administration while the data collected were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis through the application of percentage, frequency, mean and score. The findings have shown that construction firm’s adherence and compliance to International Standard Organisation series is low. The benefits of adopting Quality assurance and control are to improve site management, enhance reputation for good design and proper effective planning. It also highlighted factors affecting quality assurance and control implementation to be incompatible tendering procedure, design complexity, poor performance of quality and low tendency for team work. Finally, the measures for improving quality standard are enforcement of quality standard by agency of government and regulatory bodies and provision of training service on quality assurance. The study also recommends that all stakeholders need to understand the importance of quality assurance and control standards and also inculcate them throughout the design productive phase of their projects.

Decision making criteria for adaptive reuse strategy in UNESCO world heritage city

PurposeWithin the next 20–30 years, adaptive reuse will have the greatest potential to reduce the built environment's environmental impact. Despite this, stakeholders still do not have sufficient points of reference in justifying and evaluating their adaptation practice decisions. The decision to reuse a building involves a complex set of considerations, including economic, social, environmental, legislative and architectural issues. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the unique decision-making criteria among stakeholders when considering adaptive reuse of an existing building asset in Malaysian heritage cities.Design/Methodology/ApproachThirty (30) unique criteria of decision-making were identified through a detailed literature review. The quantitative method of a self-completion questionnaire survey was conducted among stakeholders, including architects, valuers, planners, government department, developers and building owners. There were asked about their opinion and view on the criteria that could have influenced the decision-making in considering the adaptive reuse of the existing buildings in two heritage cities in the states of Penang and Malacca, Malaysia. Thus, it is the aim of this paper to evaluate and reveal the key criteria pertaining to this.FindingsThe analysis shows that there are seven key criteria that influence the decision-making of adaptive reuse of existing building: building value; building suitability; structural condition; official plan and zoning; building code; client requirement and heritage designated. In this regard, while “building value” factors were the key determinants in deciding whether to reuse or demolish, the asset’s suitability and structural condition, as well as rules, were also taken into account. Additionally, the environmental, economic and social tenets of sustainability were also identified as important, but were given less weight in matters concerning reuse. And due to the fact that many of the existing buildings are rapidly becoming obsolete, they are now increasingly being prioritized during the adaptive reuse decision-making process to ensure long-term outcomes.Research Limitations/ImplicationsThe research is limited owing to the difficulty in obtaining accurate information concerning the number of decision agents who have been involved in the adaptive reuse of existing buildings. Thus, the respondents in this research were randomly selected. Due to this limitation, the result does not encompass the whole Malaysia, only the stakeholders in Penang and Malacca have been selected the respondents in this study as these states are listed in the UNESCO World Heritage.Social ImplicationsWhen deciding whether to reuse or demolish an existing building, the proposed criteria will outline the crucial areas that must be examined by owners, developers and key project stakeholders. It can also be used to assess the financial, physical and social aspects of a cultural project.Originality/ValueThis paper adds to the body of knowledge concerning decision-making criteria for adaptive reuse strategies in achieving heritage city sustainability.

Thermodynamic analysis and multi-objective optimization of a trigenerative system based on compressed air energy storage under different working media and heating storage media

To meet the diverse energy requirements of clients, a trigenerative system based on advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage is established. To investigate the thermodynamic performance of systems adopting different working media and heating storage media, four combination modes are proposed and studied. The results indicate that the exergy efficiency and energy density of mode 1 (air as the working medium, and water as the heating storage medium) exceed those of other modes. Among all modes, the maximum exergy destruction emerges in the second heat exchanger. For the system adopting therminol 66 as the heating storage medium, the gas storage chamber has great potential in improving system performance. Moreover, parameter analysis and multi-objective optimization are conducted. As a result, ambient temperature, cold tank temperature and convective heat transfer coefficient are of massive influence on system performance. Under certain optimal conditions, the optimal energy densities of the four modes are 5.28, 4.33, 4.81 and 3.84 MJ m−3, respectively, and the optimal exergy efficiencies are 53.51%, 46.43%, 50.19% and 42.59%, respectively.

Overcoming cross-organizational barriers to success in offshore projects

PurposeAdvances in information technology coupled with the need to build resilience against disruptions by pandemics like COVID-19 continue to emphasize offshoring services in the software industry. Service-level agreements (SLAs) have served as a key mechanism for safeguarding against risk in offshore service arrangements. Yet, variations in service cost and quality persist. This study aims to open up the blackbox linking SLAs to offshore project outcomes by examining (1) how the provisions in these contracts affect the ability of project teams – the work unit primarily in charge of producing the offshored service – to achieve their objectives and fulfill client requirements and (2) how differences in contextual factors shape the effects of these provisions.Design/methodology/approachThe authors incorporate the role of organizational work practice differences to understand the challenges that 270 offshore project teams faced in coordinating and integrating technical and business domain knowledge across organizational boundaries in offshore arrangements. The examined offshore IT projects were managed by a leading software vendor in India and several of its US-based clients over a three-year period.FindingsThe authors demonstrate that organizational work practice differences represent a barrier to offshore project success, and that project team transition processes are an important mechanism for overcoming these barriers. Moreover, the authors find that transition processes represent key mediating mechanisms through which SLA provisions affect offshore project outcomes.Originality/valueThe study findings shed light on how SLAs shape software project teams' balance between activities aimed at meeting client needs and those aimed at containing costs.

Edge Cloud Selection: The Essential Step for Network Service Marketplaces

The evolution of 5G network service ecosystems raises the need for the discovery of services among multiple (edge) clouds with potentially heterogeneous resources and features. Besides 5G service deployment, such a service discovery architecture could provide the means for cross-service communication (CSC), that is, the consumption of a network service (NS) by another NS, empowering the service capabilities of the latter. This article presents a distributed service discovery framework for network service marketplaces (NSMs) in edge computing. We exemplify the operation of a new distributed service discovery mechanism that relies on a cache-based protocol for the discovery of NSs among edge clouds. We also present a multi-criteria ranking mechanism, which identifies the most suitable edge cloud according to the client's functional, performance, and cost requirements. Our evaluation results indicate that the proposed service discovery mechanism (SDM) yields service discovery effectiveness on par with other approaches, while drastically reducing the communication overhead.

Interpreting in Tanzania from the perspective of Tanzanian interpreters

Abstract The study overviews the role of interpreting services in Tanzania, presenting mainly the experience of practicing freelance interpreters. The two official languages of Tanzania – English and Swahili – have separate roles in the country. Although most Tanzanians accept English as a necessary medium of intercultural communication, Swahili is perceived as an important part of Tanzanian national identity. It is the country’s lingua franca. On the one hand, Tanzania aims to preserve communication in Swahili; on the other hand, there is an inevitable need for intercultural communication with the rest of the world that grows especially in the context of globalization. The paper focuses on the role, status, education, working languages, conditions of Tanzanian interpreters, and the requirements of local and international clients. The study also creates a broader context that mentions crucial historical moments that have influenced the country’s current character of intercultural communication.

Carbon Accounting as a measure of Quality in Construction Projects

Construction industry has been identified as one of the major contributors for environmental pollution, now focusing widely on the sustainable construction aspects. One aspect in today’s spotlight is carbon accounting. The primary objective of measuring carbon emissions is to improve sustainability performance. Though the construction practitioners in Sri Lanka are aware of carbon accounting, there is lack of verification as to enthusiasm of the industry to this noble cause. A comprehensive literature survey was carried out to identify the drivers and barriers of its implementation. A semi structured questionnaire survey was conducted among 100 individual practitioners to gauge their perception and experience. 68 responses were received, 62 were considered valid for analysis. Data collected were then analyzed using the relative importance index. It was revealed that the key driver is “client requirement” and the crucial barrier is “resistance to change”. The study suggests that carbon accounting as a practice could be rapidly evolved by giving more emphasis at project level potentially as a result of client requirement. The outcome will be valuable for the government officials to formulate a policy that truly promotes sustainable construction via carbon accounting.
 Keywords: Barriers, Drivers, Carbon Accounting, Sri Lanka, Sustainability

The Netherlands’ first architectural couples: women architects in their own right?

In the period up to the end of the Second World War, 21 women in the Netherlands completed an academic architectural course. Five of these women married a fellow architect and conducted a joint architectural practice with their husband. These practices profited from the post-war reconstruction boom and, in the 1950s and ’60s, from the growing demand for housing and utilitarian buildings.
 Jannie Kammer-Kret, Toki Lammers-Koeleman, Jeanne van Rood-van Rijswijk, Koos Pot-Keegstra and Lotte Stam-Beese contrived to flourish in their chosen profession, and all had successful careers. The collaborative model embraced by these couples, which allowed the female partners to develop their potential to the full, was surprisingly emancipated for the time. Although a home-based office, with its combination of business with household and children, held obvious appeal for the woman, the initiative for such arrangements sometimes came from the husband. There were several variations on the respectful and equitable collaborative model, ranging from one in which each partner worked independently on their own commissions to one in which the melding of individual contributions was such that it was no longer possible to attribute designs to one or the other partner. What these models demonstrate is that the women architects did not need to depend on the name and fame of their husband but were perfectly capable of shaping their own career.
 The work of these women architects was strongly influenced by Nieuwe Bouwen principles as reflected in the application of a functionalist and sober formal idiom, averse to superfluous decoration. Unsurprisingly, given the professional circles they both frequented, their partners held similar architectural views. This undoubtedly contributed to mutual inspiration and possibly also to two-way influence.
 The output of women architects is astonishingly varied. These women responded to the spirit of the times and to the sometimes difficult economic circumstances by employing new types of dwellings, building materials and techniques, designing buildings for new groups of residents or by familiarizing themselves with the latest requirements of industrial clients or government bodies. Their portfolios encompassed commissions for utilitarian buildings as well as for the more predictable houses. Their household experience and practicality proved particularly useful in the design of private homes, residential aged care and schools, finding expression in efficient floor plans, modern furnishings and new, easy to clean materials. This is also evident in the home-cum-practice they designed for themselves, where they were able to give free rein to those principles.

Claim study of contractors in Commercial Berth Project in Duqm Port in Oman

The claim during the implementation of projects is very important for the contractor and the consultant. As for the owner, it is considered expensive and cumbersome,and therefore the project contract must be very clear so that there are no gaps or defects against the owner.The aim of this research is to analyze and study deeply contractor's claim.The objectives of this study are to study the main factors for the contractor's claim to the commercial pier project in the Sultanate of Oman,including eleven factors. The second objective is to study the impact of the contractor's claim on the commercial pier project in the Sultanate of Oman, and it includes five factors, as the questionnaire was distributed to customers and various segments of society.The results of analyzing 16 factors to identify the key factors and the impact of the study of the contractors claim conclude that the main factors affecting the contactor's claim to the pier project.The factors and impacts are valid to the study after conducting analysis on the obtained data. The factors include the development unexpected weather conditions, inconsideration of the time frame, government approval of delays,poor coordination with the project parties, poor site management and supervision,a change in the clients requirements, the lack of experienced staff, incompetence among teams, low items in the bill of products,and misunderstanding the scope of work and specifications.The impacts to the completion of the Berth project include payment delays, delays in the extension of time,issuing variation order,value implementation engineering and cost reduction,and contractor's performance.