Clerodendrum Inerme Research Articles

Enhanced antimicrobial, antioxidant, in vivo antitumor and in vitro anticancer effects against breast cancer cell line by green synthesized un-doped SnO2 and Co-doped SnO2 nanoparticles from Clerodendrum inerme

A novel approach was employed for the synthesis of un-doped tinoxide and Cobalt-doped tinoxide (Co-doped SnO2) nanoparticles (NAPs) by using aqueous extract of Clerodendrum inerme with the help of eco-friendly superficial solution combustion method. Synthesized NAPs were characterized by different spectroscopic techniques and results from XRD, TEM, SEM, EDX and UV–Vis examines confirmed the successful synthesis, crystalline nature and spherical structure of un-doped SnO2 and Co-doped SnO2 NAPs with the average grain size of 30 and 40 nm; and band gap energy of 3.68 and 2.76 eV respectively. Antimicrobial propensity of the synthesized NAPs was determined by agar well assay, SEM, TEM and confocal laser scanning microscopic analysis against various bacterial and fungal strains. Synthesized Co-doped SnO2 NAPs were unveiled the extraordinary antibacterial and antifungal activities against E. coli, B. subtilis, A. niger, A. flavus, and C. albicans with the zone of inhibitions of 30 ± 0.08 mm and 26 ± 0.06 mm, 17 ± 0.04 mm, 23 ± 0.08 mm and 26 ± 0.06 respectively which were also evidenced from SEM, TEM and confocal laser scanning microscopy. In addition, green synthesized Co-doped SnO2 NAPs were demonstrated the substantial antioxidant activity by scavenging DPPH, significant in vitro anticancer and in vivo antitumor activity on breast carcinoma cells (MCF-7) and Ehrlich ascites tumor cell lines respectively than standard. The hemolytic activity disclosed low cytotoxicity of fabricated NAPs (0.89 ± 0.05%) at 5 mg/mL, which was indicated their biocompatibility potential. Hence, the multi-purpose properties of synthesized NAPs presented in the current study can be further deliberated for pharmaceutical and nanomedicine applications.

Adventitious and Denovo Somatic Embryogenesis from Nodal and Leaf Explants of Clerodendrum inerme

Adventitious and Denovo Somatic Embryogenesis from Nodal and Leaf Explants of Clerodendrum inerme

Green synthesis of ZnO and Cu-doped ZnO nanoparticles from leaf extracts of Abutilon indicum, Clerodendrum infortunatum, Clerodendrum inerme and investigation of their biological and photocatalytic activities

In the present study, green synthesis and determination of the antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer and photocatalytic properties of the resultant Cu-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles (NAPs) were carried out. A superficial method (solution combustion method) was employed for the synthesis of un-doped ZnO NAPs from aqueous extract of Abutilon indicum, and synthesis of Cu-doped ZnO NAPs from aqueous extracts of Clerodendrum infortunatum (M1 NAPs) and Clerodendrum inerme (M2 NAPs). The synthesized un-doped ZnO, M1 and M2 NAPs were characterized by different spectroscopic techniques like Ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis), Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antibacterial and antifungal activities of M1 and M2 NAPs were determined by agar diffusion method, while their antioxidant properties were assessed through DPPH radical scavenging and ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and assays. Under sunlight irradiation, photocatalytic disintegration potential of M1 and M2 NAPs were determined by the degradation of Acid Black 234 dye. Results from FT-IR, XRD, EDX and SEM confirmed successful synthesis, crystalline nature, and spheroid-to-rod-like shapes of un-doped ZnO, M1 and M2 NAPs, with grain sizes of 16.72nm, 17.49nm and 20.73nm; and band gap energies of 3.37eV, 3.36eV and 3.31eV, respectively. The NAPs were good catalysts for effective degradation of Acid Black 234. They also exhibited remarkable antioxidant and anticancer activities. Significant antibacterial activity was shown by M2 NAPs against E. coli, S. aureus, Klebsiella and B. subtilis, with zones of inhibition (ZOIs) of 13±0.09, 14±0.01, 18±0.07 and 20±0.10, respectively. Significant antifungal potential was also produced by M2 NAPs at 5mg with ZOIs of 17±0.07 and 24±0.08 against A. niger and T. harzianum, respectively. These results indicate that aqueous extracts of A. indicum, C. infortunatum and C. inerme are effective reducing agents for green synthesis of un-doped ZnO, and Cu-doped ZnO NAPs with significant antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antifungal potential. Thus they are good candidates for future therapeutic applications.

A new rearranged abietane diterpene from Clerodendrum inerme with antioxidant and cytotoxic activities

Eight compounds were isolated from the leaves of Clerodendrum inerme, including one new rearranged abietane diterpene, crolerodendrum B (1). Their structures were determined by means of spectroscopic methods including one-dimensional and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (1-D and 2-DNMR), high-resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) and circular dichroism (CD). The DPPH radical scavenging and cytotoxic activities of isolated compounds against MCF7 (breast), HCT116 (colon) and B16F10 (melanoma) cancer cell lines were evaluated. Compounds 1, 3 and 4 exhibited strong DPPH radical-scavenging effects (ED50 values of 17.6 ± 2.1, 10.1 ± 0.8 and 11.3 ± 0.3 μM, respectively) and 4 showed strong cytotoxicity against the HCT116 cell line (IC50 = 3.46 ± 0.01 μM).

Ovicidal and toxic effects of certain plant extracts to the castor semilooper, Achaea janata L. (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)

Ovicidal and toxic effects of crude leaf extracts of Clerodendrum inerme, Clerodendrum splendens, Clerodendrum multiflorum, Vitex negundo and Argemone mexicana were evaluated against the castor semilooper, Achaea janata L. (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) using different bioassay methods. Among the extracts tested, the highest ovicidal activity was observed in C. splendens as well as A. mexicana with LD50 values of 7.65 and 9.14 mg-1, respectively. Leaf extracts of A. mexicana and C. inerme were toxic to both third and fourth instar larvae of A. janata through topical application. However, the extracts of A. mexicana and C. inerme found to be more toxic to third instar larvae with 70 and 73 per cent mortality, respectively. The lowest LD50 value of 5.33 mg-1 was recorded by A. mexicana extract and was followed by C. inerme extract with LD50 value of 7.26 mg-1. Present results indicated that A. mexicana and C. inerme plants have potential to use in IPM programme.

Reproductive Biology of Mangrove PlantsClerodendrum inerme, Derris trifoliata, Suaeda maritima, Suaeda monoica, Suaeda nudiflora

AbstractFloral biology, sexual system, breeding system, pollinators, fruiting and seed dispersal aspects of five mangrove associate species, namely,Clerodendrum inerme,Derris trifoliata,Suaeda maritima, S. monoica, andS. nudiflorawere studied. All these species are hermaphroditic, self-compatible, and exhibit mixed breeding systems adapted for pollination by external agents.C. inermeandD. trifoliataare principally entomophilous, whileSuaedaspecies are ambophilous. The study suggests that these plant species are important constituents of mangrove forests.C. inermeandD. trifoliataare useful in stabilizing the banks of back water creeks, whileSuaedaspecies are useful to carpet the saline areas and desalinate the soils which are subsequently useful for agricultural activities.

Hispidulin alleviated methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion by acting at α6 subunit-containing GABAA receptors in the cerebellum.

Hispidulin is a flavonoid we isolated from Clerodendrum inerme, an herb that effectively remitted a case of intractable motor tic disorders. Hispidulin was shown to be a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of GABAA receptors, including the α6 subunit-containing subtype (α6GABAAR) that is predominantly expressed in cerebellar granule cells and insensitive to diazepam. We explored the action mechanism(s) of hispidulin using hyperdopaminergic mouse models induced by methamphetamine and apomorphine, based on the hyperdopaminergic nature of tic disorders. Hispidulin significantly inhibited methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion (MIH) at i.p. doses without affecting apomorphine-induced hyperlocomotion and stereotypy behaviors or having significant benzodiazepine-like effects (BZLE), including sedation, anxiety, and motor impairment. When given by intracerebellar (i.c.b.) microinjection, hispidulin also alleviated MIH and this effect was prevented by i.c.b. coadministration of furosemide, an α6GABAAR antagonist, and mimicked by i.c.b. Ro 15-4513, an α6GABAAR PAM. Conversely, i.c.b. diazepam did not affect MIH while it reduced MIH at i.p. doses having significant BZLE. In a screening assay for 92 neurotransmitter receptors/degradation enzymes/transporters, hispidulin displayed significant (>50% inhibition of radiolabeled ligand binding at 10μM) binding affinity only at the benzodiazepine binding site of GABAARs (IC50 0.73∼1.78μM) and catecholamine-o-methyl-transferase (COMT) (IC50 1.32μM). OR-486, a more potent COMT inhibitor than hispidulin, did not affect MIH. It is suggested that hispidulin alleviates MIH via acting as a PAM of cerebellar α6GABAARs, but not through COMT inhibition or affecting dopamine receptor responsiveness. Thus, selective α6GABAAR PAMs may have the potential to be a novel treatment for hyperdopaminergic disorders.

Pollination ecology of Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. (Lamiaceae) in Coringa mangrove ecosystem, Andhra Pradesh, India

Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. (Lamiaceae) is bisexual, self-compatible and has a vector-dependent mixed breeding system. They are dichogamous and herkogamous; the day 1 flowers are staminate while the day 2 and 3 flowers are pistillate. The plant blooms in the evening, possesses a white long corolla with a hairy interior to exclude other insects and strong fragrance are adaptations for pollination by the hawk-moth Macroglossum gyrans. The 2nd and 3rd day flowers are nectar-rich and attract hawk-moths during the dawn and dusk hours. The plant is also visited by bees and butterflies. The bees Xylocopa and Anthophora are primary nectar robbers which collect nectar without effecting pollination. In C. inerme, three forms of flowers can be distinguished based on the position of sex organs. The first form is characterized by elongated stamens and a style which occur in close proximity to each other just after anthesis facilitating contact between the stamens and stigma. The second form is characterized by the scattered position of stamens and style. In the third form, the stamens are fully extended while the style is curved away from them, either to the left or to the right; subsequently the stamens curl inward and the style elongates. Interestingly, the three flower forms can be found within a cyme also. These forms of flowers with strong protandry prevent autonomous selfing but not geitonogamy. The fruit is a capsule and breaks open to disperse nutlets. Birds such as Acridotheres tristis, Corvus splendens, Corvus macrorhynchos and Turdoides caudatus disperse nutlets during the early winter season. Seeds germinate in June and seedlings grow gradually to produce new plants.

Antifungal activity of plant extracts against Colletotrichum musae, the post harvest anthracnose pathogen of banana cv. Martaman

Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to determine the antifungal activities of different solvent extracts of common plants in vitro and in vivo against banana anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum musae (Berk & M.A. Curtis) Arx, and to investigate its effects on the pathogen and identify the bio active component(s). Design/methodology/approach – Extracts were obtained from leaves, tender shoots, rhizomes, bulbs, seeds and fruits of 42 naturally growing plant species following hot sequential extraction. Preliminary screening of the solvent extracts was done based on the inhibition of radial mycelial growth of C. musae following poison food technique and conidial germination inhibition by cavity slide technique. The selected extracts were assessed for their effect on harvested banana in reducing anthracnose during storage. The active components in the bio-active fractions of plant extract were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Findings – Methanol extracted a larger quantity of material (between 6.9 and 12.5 per cent) than hexane or chloroform, and all its extracts were active against the test pathogen with mycelial growth inhibition ranging from 13.70 to 88.89 per cent. Zingiber officinale rhizome extract as well as Polyalthia longifolia and Clerodendrum inerme leaf extracts exhibited more than 80 per cent inhibition of mycelial growth. Total inhibition of spore germination of C. musae was recorded in Z. officinale and P. longifolia extracts at 0.3 per cent w/v and 0.5 per cent w/v concentration, respectively, while only 68 per cent spore inhibition was recorded in C. inerme at 0.5 per cent w/v concentration. Of the three plant species, Z. officinale had the best antifungal activity (18.0 per cent disease incidence; 2.2 disease severity scale) when banana fruits were dipped in the extract at a concentration of 0.5 per cent w/v at 5 days of storage in ambient condition (80-82 per cent R.H., 27 ± 1°C). The bio-active compounds in the extract of Z. officinale were identified as alpha-curcumene and zingerone. Originality/value – Based on the antifungal activity, plant extract of Z. officinale can be used as an effective alternative to chemicals in controlling anthracnose pathogen in harvested banana.

Screening and antibacterial efficacy of selected Indian medicinal plants

ObjectiveTo evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of five Indian medicinal plants such as Acalypha indica L. (A. indica), Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult. (A. lanata), Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn., Pergularia daemia (Forsk.) Chiov. and Solanum surattense Burm. f. against opportunistic bacterial pathogens isolated from HIV infected patients for the potential phytoconstituents in plant extracts. MethodsThe opportunistic bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Serratia marcescens from Gram-negative group and Staphylococcus aureus from Gram-positive group were isolated from HIV infected patients. The antibacterial efficacy of ethanolic extracts of selected medicinal plants was carried out by disc diffusion method. The potential phytoconstituents of medicinal plant extracts were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. ResultsAmong the five medicinal plants tested, A. indica and A. lanata showed the significant antibacterial activity. A. indica showed potential activity against Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. A. lanata significantly exhibited antibacterial activity against E. coli, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A total of 19 phytoconstituents were identified in the ethanolic extract of A. indica and A. lanata by GC–MS analysis respectively. ConclusionsThe results of the present investigation revealed that A. indica and A. lanata, possessed significant antibacterial activity when compared with the other plant extracts tested. The presence of 3-O-methyl-d-glucose by GC–MS analysis in both A. indica and A. lanata extracts has not been reported elsewhere in the literature and the findings in this study could be the first one to report.

Phytochemical content and antioxidant potential of Clerodendrum inerme and its different parts-A comparative study

Medicinal plants are excellent sources for phytochemicals, mostly polyphenols, flavonoids which exhibit high antioxidant activity. The therapeutic efficacy of these antioxidants for specific pharmacological actions has also been established by experimental and clinical studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the phytochemical and antioxidant properties of different parts of Clerodendrum inerme in a series of in vitro assays in order to find possible sources of antioxidants in food and pharmaceutical formulations. The whole plant of C. inerme and its different parts were extracted by cold and hot extraction methods with 95% ethanol and subsequently evaluated for phytochemical and in vitro antioxidant screening. The total antioxidant capacity of leaf extracts was found to be 10.41±0.321 mg AAE/g dw and the ferric reducing power was found to be 45.39±3.563 mg AAE/g dw. The IC50 values for free radicals scavenging were found to be lowest in case of leaf extracts compared to other extracts; for DPPH (30.93±0.6569 μg/ml), H2O2 (37.37±1.107 μg/ml), Super oxide (44.10±1.177 μg/ml) and lipid peroxidation (29.32±1.106 μg/ml). The data from present results revealed that C. inerme act as an antioxidant agent due to its free radical scavenging activity and can be utilised as an effective and safe source of functional food materials such as natural antioxidants.

A New Alkaloid from Penicillium Dipodomyicola

A new alkaloid, speradine B (1), together with griseofulvin (2), epigriseofulvin (3), and isogriseofulvin (4), was purified from the extracts of Penicillium dipodomyicola isolated from Clerodendrum inerme, a tree from the intertidal zone of Nanhai. Their structures were elucidated on basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis.

In Vitro and in Vivo Inhibition of Haemolymph Juvenile Hormone Esterase Activity by the Ethanol Extract of Clerodendrum inerme in Fifth Instar Larva of Castor Semilooper, Achaea janata (L.)

Juvenile hormone (JH) is a unique hormone in insects that controls growth, development, metamorphosis and reproduction. It has been well established that JH esterase is an enzyme involved in JH regulation. Results of both in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that ethanol leaf extract of Clerodendrum inerme significantly inhibits haemolymph JH esterase activity affecting growth and normal development of the test insect, castor semilooper ( Achaea janata ), a serious pest of oil seed crops like castor and groundnut.

Hispidulin, a constituent of Clerodendrum inerme that remitted motor tics, alleviated methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion without motor impairment in mice

Ethnopharmacological relevancePreviously, we found a patient with an intractable motor tic disorder that could be ameliorated by the ground leaf juice of Clerodendrum inerme (CI). Furthermore, the ethanol extract of CI leaves effectively ameliorated methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion (MIH) in mice, an animal model mimicking the hyper-dopaminergic status of tic disorders/Tourette syndrome, schizophrenia, or obsessive–compulsive disorder. Here, we for the first time identified a constituent able to reduce MIH from the CI ethanol extract that might represent a novel lead for the treatment of such disorders. Materials and methodsThe ethanol extract of CI was sub-divided into n-hexane, dichloromethane, n-butanol and water fractions. Using MIH alleviation as a bioassay, active compounds were identified in these fractions using silica gel chromatography, recrystallization and proton NMR spectroscopy. ResultsThe dichloromethane and n-hexane fractions were active in the bioassay. Further subfractionation and re-crystallization resulted in an active compound that was identified to be hispidulin by proton NMR spectroscopy. Hispidulin significantly alleviated MIH in mice at doses that did not affect their spontaneous locomotor activity or performance in the rotarod test, a measure for motor coordination. ConclusionsHispidulin is a flavonoid that has been isolated from several plants and reported to have anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. Here, we for the very first time found that hispidulin can also alleviate MIH at doses that did not impair motor activity, suggesting a therapeutic potential of hispidulin in hyper-dopaminergic disorders.

Bioassay-guided isolation and mechanistic action of anti-inflammatory agents from Clerodendrum inerme leaves

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe leaves of Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. have commonly been used in Thai traditional medicine for treatment of inflammatory diseases. However, the bioactive compounds responsible for the anti-inflammatory effect of leaves have not been yet determined. The objective of the present study was to isolate these bioactive compounds by bioassay-guided isolation technique and to determine the mode of action of isolated compounds in LPS-induced macrophages. Materials and methodsAnti-inflammatory effect of various fractions (hexane, ethyl acetate and water) of ethanol extract of C. inerme leaves was determined from the production of nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 macrophage stimulated with LPS. The mRNA and protein levels were determined also by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. Leaf bioactive compounds were isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation technique using column chromatography. ResultsThe ethyl acetate fraction (EA) among solvent extracts provided the most potent inhibitory activity on NO production. Also, EA reduced the mRNA and protein expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Three known flavones, acacetin (1), hispidulin (2) and diosmetin (3), were isolated based on inhibition of NO production. Furthermore, hispidulin also inhibited PGE2 production as well as iNOS and cyclooxygenase-2 expressions via the blockade of NF-κB DNA-binding activity and JNKway. ConclusionsOur results found acacetin (1), hispidulin (2) and diosmetin (3), were responsible for the anti-inflammatory properties of C. inerme leaves. We provide scientific evidence to support the usefulness of C. inerme leaves in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases.

Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Ethanolic Extract of Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn.

Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. (Verbenaceae) is very popular among the traditional practitioners in Bangladesh for the treatment of local pain and inflammation, skin diseases, topical burns etc. However, so far no scientific study has been carried out which may support its uses in traditional medicine. In the present study, we evaluated the possible analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanol extract of C. inerme for the first time. Analgesic activity was assessed by using acetic acid-induced writhing and heat-induced pain in mice and anti-inflammatory activity using xylene-induced ear edema in mice at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight. The extract significantly (P< 0.05) attenuated the acetic acid-induced writhing with the highest activity being observed at 500 mg/kg b.w. (45.83%) comparable to that of diclofenac sodium (57.64%), the standard drug. A significant dosedependent increase (P< 0.05) of the latency period was also observed in hot plate method. In the xylene-induced inflammation assay, the extract showed significant (P<0.05) and dose dependant inhibitory effect on the edema formation. These findings indicate that the extract has significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities which support the folkloric claim of this plant and thus it has a great potential as source of natural products-derived drug. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v17i1.22317 Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 17(1): 62-66, 2014

Control of Bean common mosaic virus by plant extracts in bean plants

The present study aimed to evaluate some plant extracts from Plectranthus tenuiflorus, Azadirachta indica, Clerodendrum inerme, Schinus terebinthifolius and Mirabilis jalapa as antiviral materials against Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) in bean plants. The results showed that all the tested plant extracts were effective in reducing the number of local lesions formed by BCMV. The mixing of P. tenuiflorus extracts with BCMV inoculum achieved the highest reduction in BCMV infection (92%), while the mixing of S. terebinthifolius extracts with BCMV inoculum recorded the lowest reduction in BCMV infection (68%). Seed treatment with 1% (w/v) of P. tenuiflorus showed the highest reduction in disease incidence (93% and 85%) under greenhouse and field conditions, respectively. Spray treatments of P. tenuiflorus and M. jalapa reduced disease incidence to 12% and 17% under greenhouse conditions, whereas under field conditions they reduced disease incidence to 17% and 23%, respectively. Protein analysis revealed different effects of the tested treatments on bean plants indicating different gene(s) expression. This study suggests the possibility of using plant extracts for controlling BCMV infection.

A cultured endophyte community is associated with the plant Clerodendrum inerme and antifungal activity.

Fungal endophytes live in the inner tissues of Clerodendrum inerme and may be significant resources for new chemicals in drug discovery. A total of 242 endophytic fungi were recovered from 602 sample segments of C. inerme; 66 were purified. The 66 fungi belonging to 16 taxa and 11 genera (Alternaria, Nigrospora, Bartalinia, Pestalotiopsis, Fusarium, Mycoleptodiscus, Trichoderma, Phomopsis, Diaporthe, Lasiodiplodia, and Curvularia) were identified by morphological characteristics and fungal internal transcribed spacer sequences. The most abundant genera were Alternaria and Lasiodiplodia. Some of the endophytes exhibited tissue specificity. The colonization frequencies of endophytes in the stems were evidently higher than those in the roots and leaves. The crude ethyl acetate extracts were tested against 6 endophytes isolated from C. inerme. Three of 10 (33.3%) endophytes, which were identified as Phomopsis sp, Curvularia sp, and Mycoleptodiscus sp, displayed distinct antifungal activity against ≥3 tested fungi. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an endophytic community associated with C. inerme in China and its antifungal activity in vitro.

Chemical constituents and biological investigations of the aerial parts of Egyptian Clerodendrum inerme

B-friedoolean-5-ene-3-β-ol (1), β-sitosterol (2), stigmasta-5,22,25-trien-3-β-ol (3), betulinic acid (4), and 5-hydroxy-6,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone (5) were isolated from the aerial parts of Clerodendrum inerme L. (Verbenaceae). Their structures were established based on analyses of physical and spectroscopic data. Compounds 1, 4, and 5 were isolated for the first time from the plant. C. inerme L. was known as a rich source of terpenes, sterols, and phenolic compounds, so the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated. The total methanolic extract (TME) and compound 5 showed scavenging activity with maximum inhibition of 61.84% for TME (100μg/mL) and 37.19% for 5 (20μM), respectively, using DPPH assay. In addition, the TME exhibited anti-inflammatory activity more than indomethacin at dose 200mg/kg using the formalin induced hind paw edema method.

SYNERGISTIC AND INDIVIDUAL EFFICACY OF CERTAIN PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINSTDENGUE VECTOR MOSQUITO, AEDES AEGYPTI.

ABSTRACT Mosquitoes are responsible for transmitting pathogens of many diseases such as malaria, filariasis, dengue haemorrhagic fever and chikunguinya than any other group of arthropods. The present studywas undertaken to evaluate larvicidal efficacy of Vitex negundo, Clerodendrum inerme andGliricidia sepium individually and synergistic activities combined with Pongamia glabra seedextract against early fourth instar dengue vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti. In the acute toxicity tests against the early fourth instar A. aegypti larval mortality increased with increased concentrations of the extract. The results revealed that, C. inerme found to be more toxic plant when testedindividually. The maximum synergistic activities were found in the combination extracts of V. negundo with P. glabra (50: 50). These results are significantly effective than the combinationextract ratio of C. inerme with P. glabra (50:50) and G. sepium with P. glabra (50:50) followed byother combinations with concentrations. The results of study revealed that Vitex negundo, Clerodendrum inerme plant leaves individual and/or combinations with extracts of P. glabra can beused as potent source of natural mosquito larvicidal agent.