Clear Glass Research Articles

S2k guideline: Diagnosis and management of cutaneous lupus erythematosus - Part1: Classification, diagnosis, prevention, activity scores.

S2k guideline: Diagnosis and management of cutaneous lupus erythematosus - Part1: Classification, diagnosis, prevention, activity scores.

Automatic Water Dispenser Based on Hand Gesture Detection Using Arduino

Water dispensers are electronic devices that are widely available in households and offices. In general, water dispensers use faucets to drain water. During the pandemic, many people avoid touching equipment used by many people. Various ways have been done so that the water dispenser can be operated automatically without touching the faucet. Previous research on water dispensers was only applied to one type of water. This study aims to make an automatic water dispenser without touching the faucet used for two types of water, namely hot water or cold water. This research is based on hand gesture detection to choose hot water or cold water. The APDS-9960 gesture sensor detects hand movements to select hot or cold water, and then a servo motor is used to open the water faucet. After that, the position of the glass is validated by the ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04, and water will flow for 30 seconds into the glass. The entire input and output process is controlled using Arduino. The results show that this automatic water dispenser can detect hand gestures at a maximum distance of 15 cm with a hand movement speed of 2 to 3.7 seconds. This automatic water dispenser can detect three kinds of glass, namely ceramic, clear glass, and plastic, at a distance of 1 to 3 cm, and the volume of water flowing for 30 seconds is 240 ml.

DE EFFECT OF CLEAR AND DEFUSE GLASS COVERING MATERIALS ON FRUIT YIELD AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF GREENHOUSE CUCUMBER GROWN IN HOT CLIMATE

Using proper greenhouse covering materials can provide a suitable environment for plant growth in Saudi Arabia. The effects of three different greenhouse covering materials, clear glass, polycarbonate and diffuse tempered glass were used to evaluate its effect on cucumber productivity, water and energy use efficiency. Results show that either water or light use efficiency was higher in compartments covered with diffused or clear glass than polycarbonate compartment. Inconsequence, fruit yield of cucumber plants/m2 was significantly higher (58%) in clear and diffuse glass greenhouses as opposed to polycarbonate greenhouse. In term of the effect of cultivar or plant density, no significant differences on cucumber yield were found. Using of different covering materials did affect environmental data of greenhouses. Less light was transmitted through polycarbonate cover than clear or diffuse glass. The photosynthesis active radiation (P.A.R.) was 996, 1703, 1690 mol/m2/d, while the electricity consumption was 2.97, 3.44, and 2.88 kWh under polycarbonate, clear glass, and diffuse glass, respectively. Meanwhile, diffuse glass compartment revealed 16% lower of water consumption than other covering materials. In this respect, it could be concluded that using diffuse glass, as a greenhouse cover material, has a strong positive influence on crop productivity under Saudi Arabia climate.

Chest x-ray scoring as a predictor of COVID-19 disease; correlation with comorbidities and in-hospital mortality.

To devise a novel, simple chest x-ray (CXR) scoring system which would help in prognosticating the disease severity and ability to predict comorbidities and in-hospital mortality. We included a total of 343 consecutive hospitalised patients with COVID-19 in this study. The chest x-rays of these patients were scored retrospectively by three radiologists independently. We divided CXR in to six zones (right upper, mid & lower and left, upper mid & lower zones). We scored each zone as- 0, 1 or 2 as follows- if that zone was clear (0) Ground glass opacity (1) or Consolidation (2). A total of score from 0 to 12 could be obtained. A CXR score cut off ≥3 independently predicted mortality. Along with a relatively higher NPV ≥80%, it reinforced the importance of CXR score is a screening tool to triage patients according to risk of mortality. We propose that Pennine score is a simple tool which can be adapted by various countries, experiencing a large surge in number of patients, to decide which patient would need a tertiary Hospital referral/admission as opposed to patients that can be managed locally or at basic/primary care hospitals.

Impact of BIPV windows on building energy consumption in street canyons: Model development and validation

Photovoltaic components have been increasingly integrated into the façades of buildings as a means to enhance their energy efficiency in recent years, yet the impact of using building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) windows in street canyons has been rarely studied due to the lack of modelling tools. In this study, we developed a new parametrization scheme for BIPV windows, and incorporated it into building energy simulations coupled with a single-layer urban canopy model. Evaluation against in-situ measurements and EnergyPlus simulation suggests that the coupled model is able to reasonably capture the diurnal profiles of BIPV window temperature, building cooling load, and outdoor microclimate. A set of simulations were conducted to examine the impact of BIPV windows on summertime building energy consumption and outdoor air temperature in different street canyons. Compared to clear glass windows, BIPV windows can reduce canyon air temperature and building cooling load. Temperature reduction is found to increase with window coverage but does not change significantly with canyon geometry. Savings on cooling energy consumption vary between 9.16% and 63.71% for the studied neighbourhood in Phoenix, US, but tend to be higher for open street canyons with north–south orientation and large window-to-wall ratios. The coupled model takes into account the dynamic interactions between building energy consumption and the outdoor microclimate, thus providing insight into the benefit of using BIPV windows at the neighbourhood scale.

Effects of Green Color Exposure on Stress, Anxiety, and Pain during Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation in Dental Patients Requiring Sedation.

Intravenous cannulation is an invasive procedure that causes stress, anxiety, and pain for many patients. A recent animal study found that exposure to green light induced antinociceptive and anxiolytic effects. This study examined whether green color exposure reduced stress, anxiety, and pain during peripheral intravenous cannulation (PIC) for sedation in dental patients. In this controlled clinical trial, 24 patients (mean age 40.9 years) were randomized to wear clear glasses or green-colored glasses for 15 min before PIC on two separate days in a cross-over manner. The primary outcome measures were salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) activity and stress-related hemodynamic changes, and the secondary outcome measures were the visual analog scale anxiety (VAS-A) and pain (VAS-P) scores during PIC. The sAA level in the clear group significantly increased during PIC compared with baseline, but did not increase in the green group. Median VAS-P scores during PIC were lower in the green group than in the clear group (VAS-P, 17.0 vs. 50.0). Green color exposure with glasses significantly reduced stress and pain during PIC without any adverse effects. This simple, safe, and effective method may be useful during painful medical procedures.

Use of Insulation Based on Nanomaterials to Improve Energy Efficiency of Residential Buildings in a Hot Desert Climate

Building insulation based on nanomaterials is considered one of the most effective means of reducing energy consumption in the hot desert climate. The application of an energy-efficient insulation system can significantly decrease the energy consumed via a building’s air-conditioning system during the summer. Hence, building insulation has become an interesting research topic, especially with regards to the use of insulation based on nanomaterials due to their low U-values. In the present study, the use of nano vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) or polystyrene foam in the walls enabled a significant reduction in the annual energy consumption, a savings of 23% compared to the uninsulated wall in a study in New Aswan City. The application of nanogel glazing to the windows (two layers of clear glass filled with the nanogel) achieved approximately 11% savings in annual energy. This savings, twice that obtained by using double-glazed windows, could be due to the low U-value of nanogel compared to the U-values of argon or air. The embedded nanogel layer between two layers of argon and two layers of single clear glass showed a significant reduction in annual energy consumption, saving 26% compared to the use of a single layer of glass. Moreover, the integration between this window and embedded walls with 50 mm of polystyrene foam exhibited a significant improvement of energy efficiency by 47.6% while presenting the lowest value of simple payback period (SPP). This research provides a way for buildings to be insulated to make them more energy efficient as well as attractive from the economic standpoint.

Preview the Products on Display at Display Week 2021

Preview the Products on Display at Display Week 2021

Thin film coated windows towards low/zero carbon buildings: Adaptive control of solar, thermal, and optical parameters

Thin film coated windows are considered as the future of fenestration market owing to their characteristic features such as solar radiation and visible light control, UV and IR rejection and promising U-value range. Within the scope of this experimental research, various thin film technologies developed for glazed areas in buildings are comprehensively analysed as a potential retrofit solution to conventional windows. 12 commercial thin film coating products are laminated between clear glass sheets with very high visible light transmittance, and they are subjected to outdoor tests covering different sky conditions. UVA/UVC blockage, visible light and solar radiation control is evaluated for a wide range of thin film coating technologies from ceramic to metallic films as well as EVA and PVB-IR. The results indicate that ceramic and metallic thin film coatings are in general successful at visible light control. 93% of incoming visible light is found to be blocked by I118. EVA welcomes about 49% of incoming solar radiation whereas it is 31% for I178. Thin film coatings are capable of rejecting almost 100% of incoming UV light. It is also achieved from the research that UVC light figures are noticeable and this justifies the ozone layer depletion which needs to be noted.

Ventilation performance of a naturally ventilated double skin façade with low-e glazing

Natural ventilation through double-skin façades shows promising effects in building energy saving, but the possible potential and behind mechanisms with low-e glazing remain to be explored. To fill the research gap, this study compared the normal clear glazing and the low-e glazing in the use of a naturally ventilated double-skin façade (NVDSF), together under impacts of spectral optical properties, environmental factors and configurations. Results reveal a significant enhancement - 13% more ventilation rate by replacing clear glass with low-e glass. However, the ventilation performance is sensitive to low-e glazing’s spectral optical properties, where a higher portion of absorptivity is more advantageous for natural ventilation. Besides, environmental factors - solar incident angles and solar intensities - show predominant impacts on ventilation performance, which are correlated in the form of power functions. Results suggest that NVDSFs with small incident angles (<40°) is better. At similar trends, the NVDSF performance is also better under solar intensities larger than 600 W/m2. On the other hand, configurations of NVDSFs also exert primary influences. The optimal cavity gap is found ranging between 0.15–0.3 m, and the ventilation rate increases until a vent height of 0.4 m. This study demonstrates that a significant improvement in ventilation efficiency can be achieved simply by changing the glazing type.

Preshaping clear glass at low temperatures.

Pelletized glass-forming composites enable rapid injection molding and facile binder recovery

Improvement on Window Glassing for an Enhanced Indoor Thermal Environment of Tropical Office Buildings

The intense solar radiation absorbed through the window glassing and transmitted into the indoor environment constitute thermal discomfort and increased cooling energy demand for buildings in the tropical climatic zone. This is because tropical climates are generally characterised by hot thermal distress almost all the year round. The need for improvement on window glassing of office buildings arise as a result of the global consensus on reducing energy demand of building sector. In office buildings, higher level of thermal and visual comfort is required for productive work performance within the indoor environment. This place office buildings in a position to enhance the realisation of a sustainable environment in the tropical climatic zone. This paper focus on effect of two types of window glassing on indoor air temperature and achieving improvement on single pane ordinary clear glassing window through the use of low-solar gain low-emissivity windows of two existing office buildings in the warm-humid zone of the tropical climate of Nigeria. An experimental investigation was scheduled during rainy and dry seasons of the year to collect outdoor and indoor microclimatic data of air temperatures in the west-facing natural ventilated office spaces within the existing office buildings through the use of Tiny Tag Ultra 2 Dual Channel Temperature/Relative Humidity (TGU-4500) Data loggers. Data collected were sorted and analysed through descriptive statistics. Improvement on single glassing window of existing office building was obtained through calculation of heat gain characteristics and comparison with that of low-solar gain low-emissivity glass window heat gain characteristics. Results showed that single pane ordinary clear glassing window exhibits higher indoor temperatures in the monitored office space. 89.54% improvement was recorded by using low-solar gain low-emissivity glass window over single pane clear glass window in the investigated office buildings. The study therefore recommends the use of low-solar gain glass low-emissivity window in office buildings within the warm-humid zone of tropical climate of Nigeria.

Feasibility of thermal load control from electrochromic windows for ground coupled heat pump optimization

The concept of designing a ground coupled heat pump (GCHP) system as a rechargeable source of energy by implementing supplementary heating and cooling load devices to dynamically balance building energy loads has recently been introduced. This research presents a novel design of integrating electrochromic glass window controls with a GCHP system for long-term optimization and sustainability. A building energy model was developed and simulated with the solar heat gain coefficients of 0.41, 0.25, 0.15, and 0.09 to model electrochromic glass windows. The energy model outputs were used for ground heat exchanger model simulations which analyzed 20-year temperature trends and system efficiencies. The results showed the integrated GCHP system with electrochromic windows was feasible and a conceptual control sequence and design was developed. The annual cooling demand decreased by 32% between the clear glass and fully tinted state. It was recommended to increase the ground heat exchanger capacity to 200 boreholes at 45.7 m in 2040 to prevent overheating from projected climate change. The average system coefficient of performance was 7.6 for the fully tinted window state. The integrated GCHP system reduced CO2 emissions by 30% and the 30-year NPV was US$142,273.65 cheaper compared to a conventional boiler and chiller system.

Utilization of Waste Glasses as Supplementary Cementitious Materials

Wastes of Glass are recognized as pozzolanic material. This study aims to investigate utilization of local glass wastes in Sudan as supplementary cementitious materials. Two glass wastes specimens having different colors are procured from a local source namely Sudanese Emirati Glass and Metal Company (SEGMAL). Then thy are ground to micro sizes producing two types of glass powders, clear white glass powder (W-GP) and colored glass powder (C-GP). The two Specimens are characterized using tests specified in American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM C311. These tests include chemical properties using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Loss on Ignition (LOI), Insoluble Residue (IR), also physical properties such as fineness, specific gravity, water requirement, and strength activity index (SAI). This study shows that at 7 days W-GP and C-GP produced SAI of 84% and 87% at 7-days respectively. These values are more than the 75% of SAI’s requirements of ASTM C618. Both specimens have outperformed the control OPC mix at 28 days by producing SAI of 108.68% and 123.82% for GP-W and GP-C respectively.

Optimization of the thermochromic glazing design for curtain wall buildings based on experimental measurements and dynamic simulation

Thermochromic (TC) glazing could provide a significant reduction of energy consumption in curtain wall buildings. However, each application requires a design tailored to building’s specifications. This paper proposes a complete approach for designing TC glaze based on building energy simulation starting from the production of thin thermochromic layers and the measurements of their optical properties by means of a customized spectrophotometer. The main focus of this work is to identify the optimal TC optical response that minimises the building energy consumption. Energy simulations have been performed for a virtual mock-up set at two locations with different climates, Italy and Poland. A set of profiles, each one determining thermochromic properties in terms of switching temperature, range of solar transmittance and transition speed, have been created with a fine step of temperature (2 °C) and used to simulate different scenarios. The outcome of the optimization provided the optimal properties to achieve the right balance between cooling energy reduction and heating energy increase due to the application of the thermochromic layer, in comparison to a standard clear glass. The fine step in switching temperature allowed to accurately estimate the subtle differences for the two different climates (25 °C Italy, 24–26 °C Poland). The highest impact has been found for the Italian location with a maximum reduction of total energy consumption of 22.8%. This was achieved with a thermochromic switching at 25 °C, with fast transition and range of transmittance between 0.1 (switched state) and 0.5 (normal state), which is a not extreme behaviour.

Textural and geochemical window into the IDDP-1 rhyolitic melt, Krafla, Iceland, and its reaction to drilling

Abstract The unexpected intersection of rhyolitic magma and retrieval of quenched glass particles at the Iceland Deep Drilling Project-1 geothermal well in 2009 at Krafla, Iceland, provide unprecedented opportunities to characterize the genesis, storage, and behavior of subsurface silicic magma. In this study, we analyzed the complete time series of glass particles retrieved after magma was intersected, in terms of distribution, chemistry, and vesicle textures. Detailed analysis of the particles revealed them to represent bimodal rhyolitic magma compositions and textures. Early-retrieved clear vesicular glass has higher SiO2, crystal, and vesicle contents than later-retrieved dense brown glass. The vesicle size and distribution of the brown glass also reveal several vesicle populations. The glass particles vary in δD from −120‰ to −80‰ and have dissolved water contents spanning 1.3−2 wt%, although the majority of glass particles exhibit a narrower range. Vesicular textures indicate that volatile overpressure release predominantly occurred prior to late-stage magma ascent, and we infer that vesiculation occurred in response to drilling-induced decompression. The textures and chemistry of the rhyolitic glasses are consistent with variable partial melting of host felsite. The drilling recovery sequence indicates that the clear magma (lower degree partial melt) overlays the brown magma (higher degree partial melt). The isotopes and water species support high temperature hydration of these partial melts by a mixed meteoric and magmatic composition fluid. The textural evidence for partial melting and lack of crystallization imply that magma production is ongoing, and the growing magma body thus has a high potential for geothermal energy extraction. In summary, transfer of heat and fluids into felsite triggered variable degrees of felsite partial melting and produced a hydrated rhyolite magma with chemical and textural heterogeneities that were then enhanced by drilling perturbations. Such partial melting could occur extensively in the crust above magma chambers, where complex intrusive systems can form and supply the heat and fluids required to re-melt the host rock. Our findings emphasize the need for higher resolution geophysical monitoring of restless calderas both for hazard assessment and geothermal prospecting. We also provide insight into how shallow silicic magma reacts to drilling, which could be key to future exploration of the use of magma bodies in geothermal energy.

Attenuation of Several Common Building Materials: Millimeter-Wave Frequency Bands 28, 73, and 91 GHz

Future cellular systems will make use of millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency bands. Many users in these bands are located indoors, i.e., inside buildings, homes, and offices. Typical building material attenuations in these high frequency ranges are of interest for link budget calculations. In this paper, we report on a collaborative measurement campaign to find the attenuation of several typical building materials in three potential mmWave bands (28, 73, 91 GHz). Using directional antennas, we took multiple measurements at multiple locations using narrow-band and wide-band signals, and averaged out residual small-scale fading effects. Materials include clear glass, drywall (plasterboard), plywood, acoustic ceiling tile, and cinder blocks. Specific attenuations range from approximately 0.5 dB/cm for ceiling tile at 28 GHz to approximately 19 dB/cm for clear glass at 91 GHz.

Light protection performance of wrapping films to prevent the photo-oxidation of extra virgin olive oil during storage in glass bottles

&lt;abstract&gt; &lt;p&gt;Packaging material plays an important role in minimizing food waste in the supply chain. This study evaluated the light-protective effects of wrapping films as a secondary packaging material on the deterioration of extra virgin olive oil after exposure to sunlight for 5 weeks. Milky white polyethylene terephthalate (MW-PET) and aluminum oxide vapor-deposited polyethylene terephthalate (AV-PET) were used on bottles of different transparency (clear or amber glass) as the primary packaging material. Wrapping the bottles with either PET film resulted in protection against fatty acid release and secondary oxidation of the oils upon exposure to sunlight, but no protection against the primary oxidation of the oils. Although sunlight exposure induced the degradation of minor components, including chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments, in oils stored in clear glass bottles with no film, in oils stored in clear and amber glass bottles with either type of PET film, these compounds were partially protected from degradation during storage. In addition, sunlight exposure induced a decrease in E2-hexenal, which has a positive olive aroma in oils stored in clear glass bottles with no film, but this decrease was not observed to the same extent in oils stored in clear and amber glass bottles with either PET film. The light-protective effects of the AV-PET film were significantly higher than those of the MW-PET film. These results showed that secondary packaging with these PET films provided more effective protection against sunlight-induced oxidative deterioration of extra virgin olive oil during storage in primary materials, such as glass bottles, compared with storage in glass bottles with no secondary packaging.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/abstract&gt;

Study on physical and optical properties Sun Guard HP Clima Guard Neutral 70 and clear vision glasses

Abstract The article offers the attention of two type glass the structural, physical and optical properties of clear vision glass and Sun Guard HP Clima Guard Neutral 70 glass were studied. Transmission spectra of clear vision and Sun Guard HP Clima Guard Neutral 70 glasses were analyzed by UV-VIS-NIR spectrometer at room temperature. The transmittance of the clear vision glass is higher than Sun Guard HP Clima Guard Neutral 70 on the other hand the heat comes with the light. Reflectance spectra of the clear vision glass is also higher than that of Sun Guard HP Clima Guard Neutral 70 glass indicated that clear vision can reflect heat better than Sun Guard HP Clima Guard Neutral 70 glass

Design, Fabrication and Evaluation of Solar and Biomass Hybrid Dryer with Trackable Solar Collector

Newly constructed solar and biomass hybrid dryer consists of solar collector with solar tracking option, biomass backup heater and a drying chamber. The absorber of the trackable solar collector was made of black painted corrugated GI sheet and clear glass for the top. Saw dust was used as the fuel for the biomass burner. The drying chamber was built of plywood and insulated by aluminium foil. The performance was evaluated using five drying treatments with three replicates; namely, only with solar power (T1), solar power with tracking (T2), only with biomass (T3), with hybrid mode (T4), and direct sun drying (T5; Control). Invented hybrid dryer reduced the initial moisture content of Musa spp. (banana), Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit) and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom) from 80%, 74% and 90% to 12%, 12% and 10%, respectively. Under no-load condition, the average temperature of drying chamber reached to 45.040C with solar drying and 55.650C with solar tracking option, while the ambient temperature was 33.520C. The solar collector efficiency obtained from the no-load test was 34.07%. Results revealed that the dryer can reduce the high initial moisture contents up to a safe storage moisture content within a day. With the support of the backup heater, the dryer can be used even under the inadequate solar radiation. Improper drying chamber insulation was observed as a limitation.