Clean Water Resources Research Articles

Magnetic field assisted synthesis of JANUS Fe3C@ Enteromorpha doped graphene aerogels for simultaneous recovery of fresh water and salt in high salinity wastewater

Solar-driven evaporation technology has captured great attention in the fields of desalination and separation due to its eco-friendliness and minor energy costs. It is difficult to maintain durable stability and high efficiency for the evaporation process due to salt contamination. Herein, Fe3C@ Enteromorpha doped graphene aerogel (GEF) was synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal reduction method for the simultaneous recovery of fresh water and salt in high salinity wastewater. Enteromorpha was doped between graphene lamellae to construct the structural basis for the rapid water evaporation and salt resistance of aerogel. Fe3C was concentrated on the surface of aerogel with the assist of magnetic field, which not only improves the hydrophilicity of GEF by increasing the roughness and increasing hydrophilic groups, but also concentrates the heat on the evaporation surface. The rich microporous structure with super hydrophilicity endows the GEF with exceptional evaporation performance. Water evaporation rate and photothermal conversion efficiency can reach 3.76 kg·m−2·h−1 and 127 %, respectively, under 1 sun irradiation. The multi-layer structure of GEF enables the salt precipitation on the side, assisting the evaporation and crystallization. GEF has a stable evaporation rate of 3.2 kg·m−2·h−1 for 20 % NaCl solution during 10 h continuous evaporation for 5 days. The GEF aerogel shows excellent photothermal properties and salt resistance, and practical ability to recover clean water and salt resources from the actual treatment of high-salt wastewater.

Synthesis and Structure of ZnO-Decorated Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) with Improved Photocatalytic Activity under Visible Light

The volume of dye production in the chemical industry is growing rapidly every year. Given the global importance of clean water resources, new wastewater treatment solutions are required. Utilizing photocatalysis by harvesting solar energy represents a facile and promising solution for removing dangerous pollutants. This study reports the possibility of increasing the photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4 by creating nanocomposites with ZnO. Exfoliated g-C3N4/ZnO nanocomposites were synthesized by heat treatment of urea and subsequent ultrasonic exfoliation of the colloidal solution by introducing zinc acetate. The uniformity of the distribution of ZnO nanoparticles is confirmed by the method of elemental mapping. The obtained X-ray diffractograms of the obtained nanocomposites show typical X-ray reflections for g-C3N4 and ZnO. It was found that the introduction of oxide into g-C3N4 leads to an increase in the specific surface area values due to the developed ZnO surface. The maximum value of the specific surface area was obtained for a sample containing 7.5% ZnO and was 75.2 m2/g. The g-C3N4/7.5% ZnO sample also demonstrated increased photocatalytic activity during the decomposition of methylene blue under the influence of visible light, which led to a twofold increase in the reaction rate compared to initial g-C3N4.

Potable water production from ambient moisture

Nowadays, with the rapid increase in world population, potable water shortage has started to create serious problems. Many factors such as increased water consumption, environmental problems and climate change cause the decrease in potable water resources. In this study, a fully automatic system which produces water from ambient humidity developed to provide solutions especially in areas where access to clean and potable water resources is difficult. Moisture and salt are used for raw material. CaCl2 salt is not very good for moisture absorption, but when compared with other salts, it can provide a great advantage under human health and cost. The machine is also reinforced with electrical equipment and measures the ambient temperature, pressure values and humidity, consumed energy and prints it on the memory card (SD card) in real time. While the system is running, it can be controlled and read over the phone. Experiments have been carried out and the changes in the amount of water produced and the amount of salt consumed depending on the ambient humidity and temperature have been investigated. The amount of energy consumed by the system was also analyzed. It was observed that the amount of water produced was directly proportional to the ambient humidity.

Assessing value of water purification services by Kelantan Forest Reserves

Forest acts as natural water purification agent that is very effective in providing clean water resources to consumers, especially for domestic use. Clean water from natural purification processes would lead to a reduction in water treatment costs at treatment plants. This service is important for safety, assurance of resource availability and health. Hence, the aim of this paper is to assess the value of purification services by Kelantan forest reserves. The assessment is based on economic benefit using the benefit transfer approach of cost functions model with input for environmental values. Assessment enclosed for Kelantan main basin, namely Pergau, Lebir and Galas Basin. Water Treatment Plants (WTPs) data and forest land use information are used as the main data input for the analysis. Results show that basins with more virgin forest have lower treatment cost reduction in WTPs. Hence, the conservation of forest reserves as water catchment areas is important to ensure the availability of clean water especially for domestic uses.

Nanofiber-based aerogel integrating photothermal and photocatalytic properties for efficient wastewater treatment

Solar interfacial evaporation (SIE) is a technology for obtaining clean water resources with high energy efficiency, low cost, and small carbon footprint. However, current SIE devices focus on seawater desalination treatment and pay little attention to organic pollutants in sewage, which greatly limits their application fields. Herein, we demonstrate an aerogel integrated by PVA-co-PE/ZrC composite nanofiber and hydrophilic TiO2 nanoparticles (H–TiO2 NPs) for efficient SIE and photocatalytic degradation of organics in wastewater. The aerogel has excellent underwater superelasticity and achieves a water evaporation rate of 2.38 kg m−2 h−1 under one sun (1 kW m−2). In addition, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the sewage treated by the aerogel could reduce from 5400 mg L−1 to 170 mg L−1, which fully satisfies the sewage discharge standard. This work provides a new possibility for water treatment by SIE and shows great potential in industrial and domestic wastewater treatment.

China sewage treatment engineering issues assessment

Urban clean water is an important component of water resources management and is essential for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal. The Chinese government has attached great importance to urban sewage treatment and clean water resources. Unfortunately, the urban water quality has not shown a corresponding improvement with the increasing investment in the construction of urban sewage treatment infrastructures. In this study, we established a quantitative assessment index framework for engineering issues of urban sewage treatment system, including the lacking rate of a sewage pipe network, external water infiltration rate of a sewage pipe network, surplus rate of a sewage treatment plant, and discharge rate of untreated sewage. Then the assessment for engineering issues of urban sewage treatment system in China was conducted from the national level, provincial level and city level for the first time, with the Chinese government's open data and statistics. The results showed that the lacking rate of sewage pipe networks in China was 53%, the external water infiltration rate of sewage pipe networks was 34%, the surplus rate of sewage treatment plants was 54%, and the discharge rate of untreated sewage was 38%. The engineering efficiency of urban sewage treatment system in China was not high and varied among provinces and cities. In many urban areas, sewage pipe networks were incomplete or defective, lack and external water infiltration of sewage pipe networks are common, as well as misconnection of stormwater pipelines; and the problem of sewage direct discharge is serious. Improving the engineering efficiency of urban sewage treatment system, completing, repairment and reconstruction of sewage pipelines were the top priority of urban clean water in China. The assessment index framework established in this study can provide scientific basis for further advancing urban clean water, and the assessment for engineering issues of urban sewage treatment system is significant for the sustainable development of urban water resources.

The science-policy interfaces of the European network for observing our changing planet: From Earth Observation data to policy-oriented decisions

This paper reports on major outcomes of the ERA-PLANET (The European network for observing our changing planet) project, which was funded under Horizon 2020 ERA-net co-funding scheme. ERA-PLANET strengthened the European Research Area in the domain of Earth Observation (EO) in coherence with the European participation to Group on Earth Observation and the Copernicus European Union’s Earth Observation programme. ERA-PLANET was implemented through four projects focused on smart cities and resilient societies (SMURBS), resource efficiency and environmental management (GEOEssential), global changes and environmental treaties (iGOSP) and polar areas and natural resources (iCUPE). These projects developed specific science-policy workflows and interfaces to address selected environmental policy issues and design cost-effective strategies aiming to achieve targeted objectives. Key Enabling Technologies were implemented to enhancing ‘data to knowledge’ transition for supporting environmental policy making. Data cube technologies, the Virtual Earth Laboratory, Earth Observation ontologies and Knowledge Platforms were developed and used for such applications.SMURBS brought a substantial contribution to resilient cities and human settlements topics that were adopted by GEO as its 4th engagement priority, bringing the urban resilience topic in the GEO agenda on par with climate change, sustainable development and disaster risk reduction linked to environmental policies.GEOEssential is contributing to the development of Essential Variables (EVs) concept, which is encouraging and should allow the EO community to complete the description of the Earth System with EVs in a close future. This will clearly improve our capacity to address intertwined environmental and development policies as a Nexus.iGOSP supports the implementation of the GEO Flagship on Mercury (GOS4M) and the GEO Initiative on POPs (GOS4POPs) by developing a new integrated approach for global real-time monitoring of environmental quality with respect to air, water and human matrices contamination by toxic substances, like mercury and persistent organic pollutants. iGOSP developed end-user-oriented Knowledge Hubs that provide data repository systems integrated with data management consoles and knowledge information systems.The main outcomes from iCUPE are the novel and comprehensive data sets and a modelling activity that contributed to delivering science-based insights for the Arctic region. Applications enable defining and monitoring of Arctic Essential Variables and sets up processes towards UN2030 SDGs that include health (SDG 3), clean water resources and sanitation (SDGs 6 and 14).

Logistics simulation of a remediation effort for a hypothetical radiological contamination scenario

To mitigate the effects following a large-scale nuclear or radiological material release in an urban environment and to expedite recovery, the Integrated Wash-Aid Treatment Emergency Reuse System (IWATERS) was developed. IWATERS consists of three operations: washing contaminated surfaces with an ionic wash solution, collecting, and treating the contaminated wash solution on-site to remove contaminants, and reusing the treated solution throughout operations to preserve the clean water resource. This study develops a framework to simulate the logistics of IWATERS deployment, thereby gaining an understanding of the timeline for decontamination operations. For this purpose, the Analysis of Mobility Platform and GoldSim were leveraged for a hypothetical contamination scenario covering 65,200 m2 of an urban center. The framework reveals that remediation progress is limited by several resources, notably the availability of vermiculite, a reactive clay that is required to treat the contaminated wash solution. This study also presents how the simulation approach can be used to characterize alternatives to reduce the influence of limited resources on operational progress. Overall, this work lays the foundation for evaluating different decontamination methods through detailed logistics simulation, i.e., by refining simulation assumptions and expanding the range of scenarios the simulation can depict.

RECYCLİNG OF WASTE VEGETABLE OİLS

With the increasing fast-paced consumption culture in the world, our resources are rapidly decreasing, and environmental pollution is increasing with the unconscious release of used products to nature. With the decrease in resources, the issue of raw material supply emerges as a serious problem. Among the products used, the most harmful products to the environment are the oils that we use both industrially and individually. Used waste oils must be recycled or disposed of in an environmentally friendly manner if they are not suitable for recycling. Unfortunately, 1 liter of waste vegetable oil damages exactly 1 million liters of drinking water, rendering it unusable. As a result of the mixing of waste vegetable oils with toxic properties into groundwater, clean water resources are polluted. Groundwater is a very important source of drinking water for all countries in the world. By reviewing the national and international literature on waste vegetable oils and their recycling, general and up-to-date information has been compiled, and this compilation study has been prepared by taking into account the current legal regulations. Throughout the study, it was aimed to raise awareness in order to leave a more livable environment, cleaner and healthier world to future generations, and some suggestions were developed and tried to be presented.

Graphene oxide/MIL 101(Cr) (GO/MOF) nano-composite for adsorptive removal of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4 D) from aqueous media: synthesis, characterization, kinetic and isotherm studies.

Contamination of water resources with various pollutants and therefore lack of clean water resources are major problems that threaten many human societies. The need to develop efficient methods and materials to decontaminate water resource is an undeniable fact. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), as new class of highly crystalline porous solids, have attracted a great deal of attention in different research fields, especially in adsorptive removal and purification. In this study, MIL 101(Cr) MOF decorated with graphene oxide nano-layers (GO/MOF) was synthesized by a simple one-pot hydrothermal method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and electron dispersion energy (EDS) were utilized to approve the growing of Cr-MOF on graphene oxide nano-layer. The synthesized nano-composite was used as a potential adsorbent for the removal of a pesticide, 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4 D). The adsorption performance, kinetic and mechanism of 2,4 D adsorption onto GO/MOF were studied. The highest adsorption capacities of 476.9 mg g-1 was obtained at room temperature, pH 6.0 using 0.6 gL-1 of GO/MOF which was 34% higher than that of pristine Cr-MOF. The kinetics and isotherm data fitted well with pseudo-second kinetic and Langmuir isotherm model, respectively. The reusability and stability analyses showed that the synthesized GO/MOF nanocomposite kept 89% of sorption capacities for 2,4 D after four adsorption-desorption cycles. GO/MOF nano-composite was successfully applied to remove 2,4 D from agricultural waste. The results approved that the synthesized nano-composite could introduce as a stable and high performance adsorbent for adsorptive removal of selected pesticide.

Effects of Cadmium on Superoxide Dismutase Activity in Reed Leaves

Industrial polluted water has become an important water source for irrigation in the majority of constructed wetlands or even natural wetlands in China. The shortage of clean water resources has raised concerns about the potential accumulation of heavy metals, such as cadmium. Plants stressed by high levels of cadmium can increase the activity of superoxide dismutase. We have identified a positive correlation between the superoxide dismutase activity and the cadmium content of reed leaves in the wetland. Regression analysis confirmed that the superoxide dismutase activities fit a logistic curve. The logistic model was then applied to describe the superoxide dismutase activity, estimating parameters under different levels of cadmium stress. According to the findings, higher cadmium concentrations would cause the superoxide dismutase activity to increase at a higher intrinsic rate, have a lower environmental capacity k, and have lower inflection points. The dynamic model predicted an acceptable cadmium concentration of less than 3mg.kg-1. At this concentration, reeds could develop and grow satisfactorily in the presence of cadmium. Therefore, the concentration of cadmium in the irrigated water of polluted water in mine sites, papermaking wastewater, or other industrial wastewater should be less than or equal to 3mg.kg-1 to ensure the normal growth of reeds in related wetlands.

Adsorption of Indigo Carmine onto Chemically Activated Carbons Derived from the Cameroonian Agricultural Waste Garcinia cola Nut Shells and Desorption Studies

In the quest for a sustainable environment and clean water resources, the efficacy of activated carbons synthesized from Garcinia cola nut shells impregnated with KOH (CBK1/1) and ZnCl2 (CBZ1/1) for the adsorption of indigo carmine (IC) dye was studied using the batch technique. The prepared activated carbons were characterized using iodine number, elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), TGA/DTA, Boehm titration, and pH at point of zero charge. The elemental analysis showed a high percentage of carbon in both activated carbons (ACs). FTIR and Boehm titration analysis indicated the presence of several functional groups on the surfaces of both ACs which could influence the adsorption of IC. The primary adsorption mechanisms involved electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonds formation, and π−π interactions. Maximum adsorption capacity values obtained using the Fritz–Schlunder III three-parameter model were 19.019 mg·g−1 and 18.299 mg·g−1 for CBK1/1 and CBZ1/1, respectively. The Fritz–Schlunder model exponent mFS of value less than 1 showed that the adsorption of IC by the ACs occurred on heterogeneous surfaces. Positive values of ∆Q obtained by the linear and nonlinear forms of the Temkin model indicate the exothermic character of the adsorption process.

Environmentally Friendly Reactive Washing Process: A Case Study

Available and clean water resources in the world are decreasing day by day. Textiles is one of the industries that are consuming the highest volumes of water. For this reason, it is necessary to develop environmentally friendly textile processes within the scope of sustainability. Reactive dyeing is followed by a washing process consisting of many steps to remove unfixed/hydrolyzed dyes, which is the most preferred dyeing in the coloring of cotton products. A high amount of water is consumed in these processes. In this study, an alternative washing process was developed instead of the conventional reactive washing process. The baths, which were decided to be used according to the transmittance values of the washing baths after dyeing in light, medium, and dark shades, were used again as the first two baths of the next washings. Alternative washing did not have a negative effect on the quality parameters, namely washing and rubbing fastnesses. As a result, it was observed that the last two baths of the washing cycle could be used as the first two baths of the next washing cycle. In this case, it was predicted that approximately 40%−50% water savings could be achieved.

Importance of Water Ecological Environment Protection in Urban Landscape Design

With the continuous acceleration of urbanization, urban construction has gradually become an important factor to promote the development of productive forces, the construction level of first-tier cities in China is higher than that of second-tier cities, and the economic volume is about several times that of other cities. Therefore, urban construction is an important factor to promote productivity. As a special regional type, a city watershed is a complex system with integrity and regionality. The particularity of urban watersheds lies in the fact that cities are characterized by the aggregation of elements. Cities are not only areas with densely populated population and buildings, but also the concentrated places of production, consumption and exchange. The development of cities is dynamic and diverse. The city ecological elements in the watershed are closely related, and the upstream and downstream regions are inseparable and affect each other. The current issues in the administration and conservation of the river basin’s water environment are due to conflicts of interest between the upstream and downstream of the city river basin, as well as between numerous departments. The conflict of interest and conflict of interests between the upstream and downstream of the urban watershed and various departments is the difficulty in the management and protection of the water environment in the current watershed. Water environment security means that there are clean and sufficient water resources to meet the needs of human survival, to meet the needs of social progress and economic development, and to maintain a good ecological environment. Water ecology refers to the influence of environmental water factors on organisms and the adaptation of organisms to various water conditions. Urban greening and landscape design are of great significance to the improvement of the ecological environment and the realization of sustainable urban development. This article takes the ecological landscape of a certain area as a research object to study the complexity, diversity, variability and other characteristics of modern ecological environmental problems, and analyzes the relevant situation of water pollution in the landscape ecological environment. The research shows that: permanganic acid in the water body around the lake The salt index, COD, BOD5, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen cannot meet the requirements of the Class III water environment functional zone. Among them, the highest pollution of the permanganate index is the W10 monitoring point, which exceeds 1.98 times, and the second is the W8 monitoring point, which exceeds 1.65 Times; COD pollution is the heaviest at the W7 monitoring point, exceeding the standard by 0.56 times; BOD5 pollution is the heaviest at the W8 monitoring point, exceeding the standard by 0.39 times; the heaviest total phosphorus pollution is the W11 monitoring point, exceeding the standard by 19.90 times. From the water quality testing data, it can be concluded that the water quality of the landscape area is seriously polluted, which seriously affects the drinking water safety of residents. In the process of modern urban garden landscape planning and design, only full use of ecological concepts can reduce the consumption of natural resources, avoid damage to the original ecological environment, and provide a more comfortable and healthy living environment for the people.

GIS-Based Analysis of a Rainwater Harvesting System in the Multipurpose Hall of Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science, and Technology

Drinking water availability has become a major issue. Rainwater Harvesting Systems (RHSs) amass and store rainwater for future use. In Pakistan, drinking water availability has become a major issue. Rainwater can be used as a constant alternative to clean water resources. Google Earth Pro (GEP) is utilized in this paper to select suitable locations for the installation of RHSs. The decision must not be too excessive, must fit in buildings that have small available space, and must cover the needs of bigger buildings. The required capacity for an RHS to cope with an unusually high water shortage in the study area was calculated using GEP and ArcGIS. The total estimated amount of rainwater harvesting potential during the average annual monsoon period from 2012 to 2021 is 1064.056 m3 from the 13452.05 m2 available area from rooftops and plain surfaces. The capacity of storage containers is primarily based on day-to-day spills and breadth.

Synthesis and characterization of amino functionalized bimetallic metal-organic frameworks as peroxymonosulfate activator for water purification: Performance and mechanistic studies

The importance of new water purification technology for maintaining clean water resources and a high quality of life is self-evident. In this study, amino functionalized bimetallic metal-organic frameworks (NH2-MIL-101(FeCo)) were prepared to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for removal of organic pollutants from water. The structure, morphology, and physicochemical properties of as-prepared NH2-MIL-101(FeCo) were comprehensively evaluated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, and X-ray photoelectric spectroscopy. Degradation tests were performed to study effects of PMS concentration, catalyst dosage, initial pH, and common substances on the orange G (OG) removal. The acidic and alkaline conditions promoted the formation of mesoporous structures in NH2-MIL-101(FeCo) and enhanced the mass transfer processes to remove OG. 100% of OG was removed through a rate constant of 0.0711 min-1 within 45 min in NH2-MIL-101(FeCo)− 2/PMS/OG system, where 1O2, SO4•−, and ·OH played pivotal contributions in the OG removal. The catalytic activity of NH2-MIL-101(FeCo) originated from unsaturated metal sites of Fe(II) and Co(II). This work demonstrates a feasible strategy towards the synthesis of functional MOFs for removal of organic contaminants.

Guest Editorial. Water Supply and Wastewater Management in Modern and Smart Cities

Water is the basis of modern societies. However, population growth and rapid urbanization on the one hand, and anthropogenic activities, on the other hand, have considerably contributed to the scarcity of clean water resources. Hence, modern and smart cities have to develop sustainable tools and technologies for providing clean water resources and treat the generated effluents from the various industrial and non-industrial origins to satisfy the sustainability and circular economy goals. In this regard, a wide range of interdisciplinary knowledge is needed to investigate various aspects including site selection and designing modern (waste)water treatment facilities. Therefore, studies are welcome to design modern and smart cities or to modify the conventional infrastructures in the existing urban areas.

Retrospective Analysis of the Distribution of Intestinal Parasites in Patients Admitted to Dicle University Faculty of Medicine Between the Years 2011-2020

The purpose of this study was to determine and evaluate retrospectively the distribution of intestinal parasites detected in patients who applied to Dicle University Medical Faculty Parasitology Laboratory between 2011-2020. Stool samples sent to the parasitology laboratory for parasite examination were examined by the native-Lugol method and the samples sent with cellophane tape were examined microscopically for parasite examination. In addition, modified acidfast and trichrome staining methods were used to identify protozoan. Parasites were detected in 5.99% of 60.501 stool samples sent to the parasitology laboratory. Blastocystis spp. (57.62%) was detected with the highest rate among positive samples, followed by 31.93% Giardia intestinalis, 3.75% Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, 2.37% Hymenolepis nana, 1.57% Fasciola spp., 0.91% Taenia saginata, 0.72% Enterobius vermicularis, 0.52% Cryptosporidium spp., 0.42% Cyclospora cayetanensis, 0.19 Ascaris lumbricoides were detected. Although the incidence of intestinal parasite infections in our study decreased over a ten-year period, it continues to maintain its importance. Therefore, to reduce the prevalence of intestinal parasites; It is important to safeguarding clean water resources, solve infrastructure problems, and inform the public about sanitation rules.

The Application of Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) Approach in Water Quality Assessment for The Batu Pahat River

An increased number of rivers categorized as polluted is alarming that their repercussions are so severe that the rivers can no longer be rehabilitated. This pollution might result from rapid urbanization and population growth, uncontrolled development, which produces a high volume of water pollution that is discharged into the river. Rapid development has led to a large discharge of point source (PS) and nonpoint source (NPS) pollution into the water supply. As a result, the deterioration in water quality, a decline of safe water supply, and the difficulties in accessing clean water have emerged as massive concerns for water authorities attempting to fulfill the increasing supply of clean water resources. To resolve these issues, several approaches were implemented to determine the best approach that could effectively control water quality pollution in Malaysia. One of the best methods that could be used to manage the water quality is Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL). TMDL seeks to establish or restrict the amounts of a pollutant allowed to enter the river and is assisted by identifying physical, chemical, and organic qualities in the river water body. In this study, six parameters were measured such as dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), total suspended solids (TSS), and pH. QUAL2K software was utilized to model the water quality and test several scenarios to reduce the pollutant concentration. The analysis shows that the commercial sector poses the most contributor to the pollution loading (kg/day) in Batu Pahat River, mainly from workshop, wet market and restaurant. In addition, low tide flow produced a higher pollution load (kg/day) than high tide flow due to larger discharge during high flow. In conclusion, the development TMDL plan could improve water quality at the Batu Pahat River by analysing pollution loading reduction and future management of watersheds area.

Effectiveness of Mussel Shells (Polymesoda erosa) as an Adsorbent to Improve Water Quality

From a quality point of view, peat water cannot be used for clean water resources, therefore it is necessary to improve the quality of peat water. An alternative effort to treat peat water can be done by adsorption process using seashell shell adsorbents. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of mussel shells (Polymesoda erosa) as an adsorbent to improve the quality of peat water. The size of the adsorbent particles is varied, namely 8 mesh, 50 mesh, and 200 mesh. We used 30 grams of adsorbent for 300 ml water sample. The results were that the adsorbent for clam shells was able to reduce the TDS level from 402 mg/l to 112 mg/l, increase the pH level from 3.43 to 7.6 from an acidic state to an alkaline state. In this case, peat water is then suitable for use. Based on the test results, within 12 hours of contact time there was an increase in levels for all parameters along with the increase in the size of the adsorbent particles. Whereas in the contact time of 7 days, the test results experienced a decrease in levels for all parameters along with the increase in the size of the adsorbent particles which is a good optimum contact time in the adsorption process. However, the adsorbent of seashell shell has not been used effectively to adsorb turbidity and color parameters.1