Causes Of Landslides Research Articles

Estimates of three-dimensional rupture surface geometry of deep-seated landslides using landslide inventories and high-resolution topographic data

Deep-seated landslides cause significant damage to the built environment. Characterizing the shear surface and volume of these features is often limited to intensive site-specific monitoring, or at a larger scale, generalized empirical relationships developed from change analysis. However, there is limited means of generalizing regional-scale rupture surface information for deep-seated landslides where deposits still overlay much of the failure surface. Herein, a method is proposed that uses high-resolution bare earth digital elevation models with an inventory of mapped landslide extents to gather first order estimates of three-dimensional rupture surface geometries and volumes for rotational and compound landslide features at a regional scale. This approach is first calibrated to a suite of well-characterized landslides and then applied to over eight hundred deep-seated landslides in three different geologic regimes. Estimates of landslide area-volume relationships are proposed that are consistent with previous empirical assessments. The aforementioned relationships describe mean landslide thickness; added relationships relating landslide area to maximum landslide thickness are proposed. The presented results suggest limits on magnitudes of depth with landslide classification between geologic settings. Consistent with prior research, it is observed that landslide area exhibits a first-order control on maximum and mean landslide thickness, but further insight is provided towards the influence of a limited set of landslide classification, which exhibit controls on the range of magnitudes observed for maximum landslide depth associated with failure. Lastly, the implications and limitations of the developed three-dimensional mapping approach is discussed.

Regional Recognition and Classification of Active Loess Landslides Using Two-Dimensional Deformation Derived from Sentinel-1 Interferometric Radar Data

Identification and classification of landslides is a preliminary and crucial work for landslide risk assessment and hazard mitigation. The exploitation of surface deformation velocity derived from satellite synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) is a consolidated and suitable procedure for the recognition of active landslides over wide areas. However, the calculated displacement velocity from InSAR is one-dimensional motion along the satellite line of sight (LOS), representing a major hurdle for landslide type and failure mechanism classification. In this paper, different velocity datasets derived from both ascending and descending Sentinel-1 data are employed to analyze the surface ground movement of the Huangshui region (Northwestern China). With global warming, precipitation in the Huangshui region, geologically belonging to the loess basin in the eastern edge of Qing-Tibet Plateau, has been increasing, often triggering a large number of landslides, posing a potential threat to local citizens and natural and anthropic environments. After processing both SAR data geometries, the surface motion was decomposed to obtain the two-dimensional displacements (vertical and horizontal E–W). Thus, a classification criterion of the loess landslide types and failure mode is proposed, according to the analysis of deformation direction, velocities, texture, and topographic characteristics. With the support of high-resolution images acquired by remote sensing and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), 14 translational slides, seven rotational slides, and 10 loess flows were recognized in the study area. The derived results may provide solid support for stakeholders to comprehend the hazard of unstable slopes and to undertake specific precautions for moderate and slow slope movements.

Vulnerability analysis of landslide at Sibolangit using Geographic Information System (GIS) based on population density and slope gradient

Sibolangit is one of districts in Deli Serdang that has wavy and hilly relief and has high gradient of slope. This condition causes Sibolangit is vulnerable towards natural landslide. One of the causes of landslide is population density and slope gradient / Based on BPS data in 2018, the population growth/year from 2016 to 2016 is 2.42% and in 2015 to 2016 is 2.37%. It shows that the growth in Sibolanngit increases where the population densitiy affects the changes of land use. People living on a land with high gradient is most likely to be one of the causes of slide. This research is to determine the vulnaribility level in Sibolangit based on population density and gradient. The analysis is done using Geographic System Information. Parameter used is gradient, population density, working factor, number of children, number of the elderly, and number of women to map the vulnaribility. Risk Map with citizenship as parameter has three classes such as low, high and very high.

Effect of Precipitation Characteristics on Spatial and Temporal Variations of Landslide in Kermanshah Province in Iran

Landslide can be defined as the mass movement of sloping slopes under the influence of mass gravity and its stimuli such as earthquakes, floods and flood plains. This phenomenon is one of the natural hazards that every year causes a lot of financial and financial losses in mountainous, rain-fed and seismic areas. Detection of time and the magnitude of land slides are necessary to understand the causes of landslide and to warn potential hazards. In this research, the amount of landslide displacement in Kermanshah province was evaluated by the characteristics of rainfall. To this end, a network of fixed points in and out of the slipping mass of 20 points was created to monitor the amount of displacement on different slip load users and the amount of displacement of each point in 5 time intervals using the Global Positioning System for two-dimensional GPS measurement. The results of the 511-day follow-up showed that the total horizontal displacement of the moving points in the 5 intervals measured at 1658 mm has a monthly displacement rate of 112 mm. Also, the total vertical displacement of moving points at the same time is 899 mm, with a monthly movement rate of 71 mm. Then, precipitation variances such as rainfall, rainfall, precipitation duration, maximum rainfall intensity in the intervals of 10, 20, 30 and 60 minutes and the average rainfall intensity were calculated and extracted for each of the 5 time periods. The drawing of the vectors of points on the topographic map of the area indicated that the direction of mass movement is in the direction of elevation gradient of the region. The results showed that only the precipitation severity with the landslide had a good correlation. The landslide movement had the highest correlation with average rainfall intensity (R = 0.85) and with maximum 30 minutes rainfall (R = 0.67), respectively, and other rainfall characteristics like amount, duration, and type of rainfall had not signifi cantly correlated with movement of landslides.

Application of remote sensing and GIS for temporal dynamics of land use and land cover changes in 2013-2018 for watershed protection

In the past decade, various environmental problems have emerged related to land resources. The facts show that the rate of degradation of land resources and the decline in environmental quality in Indonesia have recently increased and have not shown signs of decline. The degradation of land resources and environmental quality need to be taken seriously so that increasingly serious environmental problems can be avoided. The purpose of this study is to determine the temporal dynamics of watershed land cover in Sinjai Regency and analysed the effect of land cover changing on the in protection function index of the Sinjai watershed in the year 2013 to 2018. Research was using quantitative research. This research is closely related to the enumerative induction process (induction based on calculations). The main causes of landslides in Sinjai Regency consist of rainfall, slope, and land cover. Part of the level of potential landslides based on rainfall is divided into low classes with a range of 2000-2500 mm rainfall, areas scattered in Sinjai Bulupoddo Regency, North Sinjai, parts of North Central Sinjai Regency and Northeast Sinjai District. While the area is located in the class of landslide potential, namely in the range of rainfall 2500 mm - 3000 mm, the potential for the spread of northern Sinjai, West Sinjai, Central Sinjai Regency, Sinjai District, East, and South Sinjai.

APLIKASI METODE GEOLISTRIK RESISTIVITAS UNTUK ANALISIS BIDANG GELINCIR DAN STUDI KARAKTERISTIK LONGSORAN DI JALAN RAYA SUBAN BANDAR LAMPUNG

Pidada Urban Village, Panjang District, Bandar Lampung is an area that has medium to high landslide potential. One of landslides prone area triggered by rain located on Jalan Raya Suban. The slip surface areas under water-saturated soil is one of causes of landslides triggered by rain. Geophysical method used to detect slip surface is 2D Resistivity Method of Wenner-Schlumberger Configuration. In this study, an analysis of the slip surface has been carried out with the 2D resistivity method of the Wenner-Schlumberger Configuration and determination characteristic of landslide on Jalan Raya Suban. Based on the results of study indicated that the subsurface lithology consists of layers of tuff sediment, sandy clay and breccia. The slip surface is estimated at the boundary the layers of tuff sediment layer and sandy clay with depth (5-15) meters from the ground surface. The results of analysis and observation showed that type of landslide is translational fine-grained soil. Types of slope reinforcement that can be applied are civil and vegetative techniques.

Landslide Classification from Synthetic Aperture Radar Images Using Convolutional Neural Network with Multichannel Information

Landslide Classification from Synthetic Aperture Radar Images Using Convolutional Neural Network with Multichannel Information

Monitoring Dan Evaluasi Jalan Raya Rawan Longsor Di Kelurahan Tanah Baru Kecamatan Beji Depok Dan Upaya Penanganannya

The Tanah Baru Depok Road is 4.12 km in length consisting of two lanes connecting the Jakarta-Depok route. Current conditions with a road width of 5.2m during the rainy season on the right side of the new dirt road, there are certain parts of the STA, there are certain road conditions that are cracked and landslides. rainy season. The purpose of this research is to conduct monitoring and evaluation of the handling that has been done on the highway, as well as providing these results to make planning for the prevention of landslide prone roads. Stages of methods to be carried out during monitoring are identification of landslide hazard locations (not / moderate / already handled), identification of causes of landslides, identification of consequences, morphological analysis, geology, hydrology, and land use. Whereas in the evaluation stage is the analysis of the handling that has been done and the determination of new treatments. The results of monitoring and evaluation are there are 5 locations on STA Km 3 + 240 and STA Km 3 + 650 landslides, STA Km 1 + 970 and STA Km 2 + 450 potential landslides, STA Km 3 + 840 have dangerous roadside because there is no road divider. Countermeasures for landslide areas are carried out by installing a retaining construction on the right side of the road that intersects the river in the form of a cantilever wall. +840 mounted guardrail to prevent vehicles from entering the river bank..

Effect of Additive Chemicals on Soil Characteristics

The occurrence of landslides in the hills of Walahir, Kidang Pananjung village, Cililin subdistrict. Bandung in May 2004 needed attention and research so that the causes of the landslide could be identified. This landslide took many lives and property, heaped around 5 hectares of rice fields and residents’ villages below and claimed 15 lives. Based on geotechnical investigations, the slip plane is at a depth of 4 meters from the ground surface and the area of the landslide ranges from 30,000 m2 leaving weathered rock beneath. Is the opening of agricultural land and fields followed by the use of chemical fertilizers is one of the causes of landslides? This study aims to determine the effect of a single chemical fertilizer (Urea, Za, SP36) and compound (Green Giant NPK, MKP) on the soil under conditions of optimum water content and water saturation or soaked which are carried out at the Chemical Laboratory of the Department of Energy and Mineral Resources of Bandung and Mechanics Laboratory Bandung Institute of Technology. Research on the influence of chemical fertilizers which is carried out using percentages of 1%, 2% and 3% with a relatively short ripening time intends to analyze the extent to which chemical fertilizers have an effect. Research is limited to the identification of minerals and chemical elements of original soil, soil physis properties, Atterberg boundaries, soil index properties, soil classification, soil elastic modulus. Hypothesis; The chemical content of fertilizers in the soil causes changes in soil characteristics. The method of taking original soil is by drilling original soil around the area where landslide disaster occurred at the same height as the height of the landslide slope, soil samples taken from depths of 1 meter and 3 meters from the surface of the land or the base layer between soil and rocks based on ASTM D-1452, 1587, 1586. Laboratory data from the original soil and chemical soil mixture of fertilizers is needed as input data for the study material and is an analytical proof of the hypothesis. Based on research that the presence of chemical fertilizers in soil samples with optimum water content causes the water content in the soil to decrease this is because chemical fertilizers absorb water while the soaked soil samples cause the water content in the soil to increase, the plasticity index decreases so that changing the soil classification in the area from OH-MH becomes ML-OL unified classification and the elasticity of the soil changes. Based on the analysis that the presence of chemical fertilizers showed an influence on the physical properties of the soil where soil minerals are very possible the replacement of cations of the chemical elements contained in the chemical fertilizers. The addition of chemical fertilizer by 3% and curing time for 14 days is a maximum condition compared to the percentage and age of other curing.

Smorph application for landslide identification in Kebumen Regency

Indonesia is a country that has natural geological disasters. One of the most frequent geological disasters in Indonesia is a landslide. Landslides are movements of rock or soil mass due to gravitational forces pulling down accompanied by a driving force on the slopes greater than the innate material. Identification and mapping of landslide potential areas has an important role as an effort to overcome and anticipate landslides. One of methods that can be used to determine potential landslides is the SMORPH method. The SMORPH method will produce a landslide classification based on a matrix between slope angle and slope form. This study aims to analyze the landslides potential distribution area in Kebumen Regency. Landslide identification was carried out at 30 locations of landslide events. Spatial analysis of landslide potential is done by overlaying the slope angle with slope form. The potential level for low landslides has a percentage of 79.54% in the southern and central parts of Kebumen Regency, the level of moderate potential level with a percentage of 8.81% randomly scattered over the Kebumen Regency, and 11.65% of high potential level in the north and southwest of Kebumen Regency.

Landslide types in the Slani Potok gully, Croatia

The Slani Potok gully (0.48 km2) is situated in the central part of the Vinodol Valley (64.57 km2) in Croatia, and it was formed in the Eocene flysch deposits. So far, the area of Slani Potok has been mainly referred in the scientific literature as being subjected to unusually intense soil erosion processes (i.e., ‘’excessive erosion’’), associated with landslides. However, the landslides were never investigated in detail, given the available research methods only involved field investigations. Therefore, the landslide types according to the most commonly used landslide classifications have remained undetermined. In this paper, landslide types in the Slani Potok gully are presented, identified and mapped based on the visual interpretation of seven different LiDAR topographic derivatives computed from the 1 x 1 m DTM available from March 2012. The geomorphological historical landslide inventory of the Slani Potok gully was created, consisting of 181 landslide phenomena. Landslides cover 69 % of the area (0.33 km2) of the Slani Potok gully. The size of the smallest landslide is 65 m2, and of the largest is 10,563 m2. Landslides are very small to moderate-small, shallow to moderate-shallow, and mainly successive in distribution. Most of the landslides initiate along the margins of the gully channel walls, and extend to the gully channel bottom. Such a large number of identified landslides, as well as their specific spatial arrangement within the gully, indicates that sliding processes predominantly affect the morphologic development of the Slani Potok gully, and that the soil erosion is the secondary process in the study area.

IDENTIFIKASI BIDANG GELINCIR PADA DAERAH RAWAN LONGSOR DESA SRIMARTANI, YOGYAKARTA

Landslides are one of the disasters that often occur in Srimartani Village, Piyungan District, Yogyakarta. The biggest cause of landslides is the steep slope and the existence of a sliding plane on the slope. This study aims to identify the sliding plane on the slopes in Srimartani Village. This research was conducted using geoelectric method Wenner configuration with a: 10 m and n: 6. The data acquisition was taken in 6 lines. Data processing was done using Res2Dinv software and the result is a 2D true resistivity cross section. The results of the interpretation of the six lines indicate the existence of a sliding plane which is characterized by low resistivity contrast at the bottom and higher resistivity near the surface. Low resistivity (10 Ωm) is identified as clay rock and high resistivity ( 10 Ωm) above is identified as surface soil.

Effects of heavy rainfall on the slope stability – A case study on Imogiri Cemetery: The graveyard complex of Mataram Royal Kings

Rainfall is the most common cause of landslides in Indonesia. On March 17, 2019, a landslide occurred in the Imogiri Cemetery, Mataram Royal Kings Graveyard Complex. It was expected to have been triggered by heavy rainfall of 148 mm d–1 intensity. This research aims to determine the effect of rainfall on the slope stability on the landslide at the Imogiri Cemetery. The study was carried out by slope stability modelling using Geostudio software. Rainfall information and soil characteristics data obtained from testing soil samples in the Soil Mechanics Laboratory, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, were used as input on the software. The output of the analysis is the factor of safety (FS) value, defined as the ratio of the shear strength to the shear stress. Without the rains, the FS value is about 2.44, which means the slope stability is stable. After heavy rainfall, the FS value decreased to 1.209 at the end of the simulation, which indicates happen the slope instability. Based on the simulation, the FS value depends on the volume of water content and hydraulic conductivity of the soil. Result of this study shows that heavy rainfall can trigger slope instability in the Imogiri Cemetery.

Landslide susceptibility mapping along road corridors in west Sulawesi using GIS-AHP models

Landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) along road corridors is a fundamental tool for road planners and transportation decision-makers in determining the severity of slope failure areas, and in planning effective landslide prevention strategies. The accuracy of LSM relies on sufficient spatial database from the data of relevant landslide contributing factors. However, for roads located in remote areas in the Eastern Part of Indonesia, the database remains poor, leading to difficulty in mapping landslide prone areas. This study presents a framework of LSM along road corridors in the area with a limited database. The framework comprises identification and classification of several landslide contributing factors including slope angle, the distance of slope to the road, the distance of drainage to the road, the distance of faults to the road, lithology where road located, and precipitation on the area. These factors are weighted based on causative relation to landslide occurrence by using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), then converted into the grid in a raster map by using Arc-GIS. The maps are then overlaid to generate landslide susceptibility ratings over the area. The LSM framework is tested in a landslide-prone area along road corridors of Polewali – Malabo, West Sulawesi Indonesia. The accuracy of the obtained LSM is evaluated with R-index, which is the index of how closed predicted slide area in the LSM and real slide area in the field obtained from landslide inventory undertaken during the field survey. It is found that R-index of the LSM is 91.3%, indicating a better prediction of landslide hazard with the LSM framework. The framework of LSM for road corridors would be useful for landslide hazard mitigation in the road infrastructure of developing countries.

Studies on the causes of landslides for mountainous regions in central region of Vietnam

Landslide is a complex geo-hazard which impacts on sustainable social-economic development in the mountain area. This phenomenon is a result of a combination of critical natural and artificial conditions of many impact factors such as topographic attribute, infrastructure constructions, geology, land cover, and rainfall. Estimating the contribution weights of these factors plays a significant role in disaster management activities. This study focuses on three provinces which are Hue, Quang Nam and Quang Ngai which are frequently and severely impacted by landslide in the central region of Vietnam. Historical events are investigated by statistical analysis, field survey with supports from GIS to figure out these significant factors to landslide occurring in the study area. The result has illustrated landslide increases, according to the development of human activities and long duration critical rainfall.

Англійсько-українська термінологія зсувів

The interaction between scientific schools in different countries should begin with revision of terminology in the specified science branch and correlation of interpretation, meaning of terms, such as, in Ukrainian and in English. The causes of difficulties of English-Ukrainian landslide terminology are considered in the article, in particular, the different traditions of defining a landslide as a phenomenon, the different degrees of detailing if we talk about the morphological elements and mechanisms of their movement, and the different approaches to criteria of landslides and other hillslope processes classification in regulatory documents (in Ukraine there are ДБН DBN – The State Norms of Construction, and ДСТУ DSTU – The State [Technical] Standards of Ukraine), especially the restricted quantity of suggested terms among them. However, the authors should use the broader terminology to adequately reflection of the Ukrainian researches results in English. For this purpose, a short glossary about six dozen of English terms divided into five thematic blocks (material, movement, surfaces, parts of a landslide, and other structures and smaller forms) is compiled. Several neologisms have been proposed: боковина [bokovyna] – a flank (as a flank of landslide according to D. M. Cruden’s definition (1993): the undisplaced material next to the sides of the rupture surface), маргінальна межа [marhinalʹna mezha] – a toe (by D. M. Cruden’s definition (1993), the lower, usually curved margin of the displaced material of a landslide). It is also suggested using the word верхів’я [verkhivya] as a term, and it means the crown – the practically undisplaced material still in place and adjacent to the highest parts of the main scarp of the landslide. We did not find any English matching to some elements of the landslide, such as брівка головного уступу [brivka holovnoho ustupu] – the contact line between the crown surface and the main scarp surface; зсувні тераси [zsuvni terasy] – terrace-like upper surfaces of the slump blocks; підошва зсуву [pidoshva zsuvu] – the undisturbed or slightly disturbed areas adjacent to the toe of the landslide; ложе зсуву [lozhe zsuvu] – the surface of undisturbed soils and rocks (although there are different meanings of this term). Sometimes a right or left side of the rupture surface is included to the meaning of flank, but in Ukrainian tradition, the term борт зсуву [bort zsuvu] does not contain the undisplaced material adjacent to the sides of the rupture surface. In general, many questions remain, first, a correlation between the landslide classification in the Ukrainian and foreign traditions, so we invite you to continue the discussion about terminology and difference in the meaning or interpretation of terms. Key words: landslides, terminology, Ukrainian, English.

GIS Based Novel Hybrid Computational Intelligence Models for Mapping Landslide Susceptibility: A Case Study at Da Lat City, Vietnam

Landslides affect properties and the lives of a large number of people in many hilly parts of Vietnam and in the world. Damages caused by landslides can be reduced by understanding distribution, nature, mechanisms and causes of landslides with the help of model studies for better planning and risk management of the area. Development of landslide susceptibility maps is one of the main steps in landslide management. In this study, the main objective is to develop GIS based hybrid computational intelligence models to generate landslide susceptibility maps of the Da Lat province, which is one of the landslide prone regions of Vietnam. Novel hybrid models of alternating decision trees (ADT) with various ensemble methods, namely bagging, dagging, MultiBoostAB, and RealAdaBoost, were developed namely B-ADT, D-ADT, MBAB-ADT, RAB-ADT, respectively. Data of 72 past landslide events was used in conjunction with 11 landslide conditioning factors (curvature, distance from geological boundaries, elevation, land use, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), relief amplitude, stream density, slope, lithology, weathering crust and soil) in the development and validation of the models. Area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC), and several statistical measures were applied to validate these models. Results indicated that performance of all the models was good (AUC value greater than 0.8) but B-ADT model performed the best (AUC= 0.856). Landslide susceptibility maps generated using the proposed models would be helpful to decision makers in the risk management for land use planning and infrastructure development.

GPR Application for Risks Detection in Subsurface Engineering Construction Projects

Abstract The aim of this work is to study and explore the causes of the landslide in different locations using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) technology. GPR uses the electromagnetic method related the high-frequency pulse that used widely in various field. The experimental study focused on the investigation of the landslide in the road by GPR method with antenna 200 MHz. The landslides become serious problems and required various technique and methods to investigate it in several places. GPR measurements present a useful technique for studies and investigation of the problem. The GPR can be categorized in the first place as an experimental method surveys landslide depths were recognized at 1-10 m below the natural terrain level. The results obtained revealed the causes of landslides on the road.

Central Jakarta Rainfall Intensity Forecast using Single Exponential Smoothing

Rainfall is the precipitation amount that is falling from clouds. In extreme conditions, rainfall could arise many problems. It is the leading cause of landslides and flood disasters. In D.K.I. Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia, rainfall intensity plays a very vital role since it could easily be puddled and caused floods in many areas. Therefore, in this study, we try to make a rainfall intensity prediction in Central Jakarta using a very popular forecasting method, i.e., the Single Exponential Smoothing (SES). Based on the experiments conducted using Phatsa, it can be concluded that the SES method has been successfully used to predict rainfall intensity. However, it cannot give a very good prediction result due to its high forecast error values.

Earthquake-Induced Landslide Mapping for the 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake Using PALSAR-2 Data

Timely information about landslides during or immediately after an event is an invaluable source for emergency response and management. Using an active sensor, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can capture images of the earth’s surface regardless of weather conditions and may provide a solution to the problem of mapping landslides when clouds obstruct optical imaging. The 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi earthquake (Mw 6.6) and its aftershocks not only caused major damage with severe loss of life and property but also induced many landslides across the area. To gain a better understanding of the landslides induced by this earthquake, we proposed a method of landslide mapping using pre- and post-event Advanced Land Observation Satellite 2 Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar 2 (ALOS-2 PALSAR-2) images acquired from both descending and ascending orbits. Moreover, the accuracy of the classification results was verified by comparisons with high-resolution optical images, and ground truth data (provided by GSI, Japan). The detected landslides show a good match with the reference optical images by visual comparison. The quantitative comparison results showed that a combination of the descending and ascending intensity-based landslide classification had the best accuracy with an overall accuracy and kappa coefficient of 80.1% and 0.45, respectively.