Classification Of Economic Activities Research Articles

Russian Spatial Development Strategy: blind spots in regional specialisations

The state “Russian Spatial Development Strategy for the period up to 2025” has not only aroused interest in the scientific community, but has also been the object of criticism on the issues of consistency of the prospective economic specialisations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to spatial development objectives. To identify gaps in the content of this strategy, the article compares the economic specialisations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation with the types of activities described in the “Russian Classification of Economic Activities (OKVED-2) 2021”. The data obtained were compared with the gross value added statistics of the Russian industry structure. The representation of high-tech and knowledge-intensive industries in promising regional economic specialisations was analysed. The results of the study extend the list of criticisms from the Russian scientific community regarding the indicated document. However, a review of foreign studies has shown that the difficulties of strategy development are also inherent in countries with strong planning traditions. An unambiguous conclusion is the need to create a new structure and content document, taking into account the trends in the world and society technological development.

Definition of industrial enterprises development conditions and new approaches to resources using

The article presents an analysis of the conditions required to provide the industrial sustainable development in the digital transformations. A study has been carried out that determines the complementary assets role in modelling the enterprises development management processes operating in the context of ecosystem interactions in order to determine the properties of complementary interactions that contribute to the further value formation as a result of controlled changes in interactions by activity type or by product type. It is proposed to establish interactions by economic activity types presented in the Russian Classification of Economic Activities, which will allow us to determine the maximum possible profitability as a condition of complementarity from the main activity type and additional incoming types. The complementarity signs, which make it possible to achieve the required development and sustainability level in the ecosystem, have been determined.

Key Directions in Changes from Steelworks 3.0 to Steelworks 4.0 with Analysis of Selected Technologies of Digitalizing the Steel Industry in Poland

Abstract The publication is part of a new trend in popularizing Industry 4.0. The primary objective is to present the key directions in the transformation of the steel industry from steelworks 3.0 to steelworks 4.0. The work was based on a literature review and data analysis on steel 4.0 technologies. The analytical part of the thesis was prepared on the basis of the Polish steel sector (sections from the classification of economic activities: 24 and 25). On the basis of the literature study, a thesis was formulated about the need to digitize processes in enterprises heading for Industry 4.0. The application of selected technologies (ICT) in the Polish steel sector (percentage of companies using the analyzed technologies in the total number of enterprises in the sector) constitutes the scope of the research. Further research will be carried out in the area of digitization development in steel Industry toward steel 4.0.

Стратегические приоритеты, технологии и инструменты неоиндустриализации России и Украины: отраслевой и пространственный аспекты

Abstract. In modern conditions, taking into account the development priorities of both Russia and Ukraine, one of the urgent tasks is to carry out neo-industrialization, which is especially important for ensuring their national security and leveling geopolitical threats. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the strategic priorities of the neo-industrialization of Russia and Ukraine in the context of sectoral and spatial aspects, as well as to systematize a set of technologies and tools for their implementation. The research methodology was based on the general and general scientific methods of cognition, as well as the concrete historical method, the comparative historical method, the method of the unity of the historical and the logical, the method of comparative analysis, statistical methods. As a result of the calculations (development coefficient), ratings of the priorities for the neoindustrialization of Russia and Ukraine by type of economic activity (in accordance with the Classification of Economic Activities) were compiled. Based on the study of foreign experience and comparison of the practice of neo-industrialization in Russia and in Ukraine, the general strategic priorities of the digital transformation of industry and the instrumental support of this process are formulated. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the development of methodological tools for substantiating the strategic priorities of neoindustrialization and systematization of classical, alternative instruments for its provision, including technological, financial, credit and institutional. The general strategic objectives of the neo-industrialization of Russia and Ukraine are formulated. It is substantiated that the formation of network integration structures in the most developed industries should be one of the priorities of its neo-industrialization. The practical significance of the research results is that within the framework of testing the developed scientific and methodological approaches, the diagnostics of the competitive advantages and weaknesses of the industry was carried out on the example of the two countries on the basis of a comparative analysis and strategic priorities were established, taking into account the sectorial and spatial aspects, which in the future may be accounting for the justification and implementation of strategic and operational decisions. Directions for further research will focus on quantifying the expected results of neo-industrialization in industry at the expense of the «digital» factor using econometric methods.

ПРОБЛЕМИ ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ ПЕРЕДОВИХ СВІТОВИХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ В УМОВАХ ЦИФРОВОГО БІЗНЕСУ

A study of potential opportunities and risks of blockchain implementation for Ukrainian enterprises was conducted. Proposals for the development of a system of actions for business tokenization have been developed. The ontological and organizational principles of the blockchain in the crypto industry are studied. The use of blockchain in the crypto industry as the main sphere of technology life is stated. The experience of application of blockchain technology of the United States of America and Great Britain is studied. The timeline projects of Ukrainian ministries and some state institutions, in particular the National Bank of Ukraine; on the introduction of advanced world technologies are analyzed. The impact of the introduction of blockchain technology on Ukrainian enterprises is described. Key barriers to blockchain-based technology development at Ukrainian enterprises have been identified, including: low bandwidth; significant delay time; bandwidth size and width; security issues; energy consuming bitcoin mining. The advantages of blockchain technology for business in various fields of activity are identified. A parallel was drawn between the activities of the largest public companies, the largest companies by market capitalization and startups with the highest rating in the world. The issues of normative-legal and institutional support of this problem in Ukraine and abroad were studied separately. Proposals for Ukrainian business are given, among which: to systematize the basic concepts related to cryptotechnologies; create a register of cryptocurrencies, which will indicate the name and protocol of the cryptocurrency; the adoption at the official level of a moratorium on the regulation and restriction of the right to engage in business related to cryptocurrencies; improvement of legal support for legalization of mining in Ukraine, inclusion of this activity in the national classifier, i.e. creation of Classification of economic activities, which can be added to the activities of private individuals or LLCs, and which will relate to the use of blockchain technology, data processing and smart contracts in distributed registers.

Connecting firm's web scraped textual content to body of science: Utilizing microsoft academic graph hierarchical topic modeling

This paper demonstrates a method to transform and link textual information scraped from companies' websites to the scientific body of knowledge. The method illustrates the benefit of Natural Language Processing (NLP) in creating links between established economic classification systems with novel and agile constructs that new data sources enable. Therefore, we experimented on the European classification of economic activities (known as NACE) on sectoral and company levels. We established a connection with Microsoft Academic Graph hierarchical topic modeling based on companies' website content. Central to the operationalization of our method are a web scraping process, NLP and a data transformation/linkage procedure. The method contains three main steps: data source identification, raw data retrieval, and data preparation and transformation. These steps are applied to two distinct data sources.

The Value Of Buildings And Structures For Permafrost Damage Prediction: The Case Of Eastern Russian Arctic

The relevance of the study lay in the need to obtain reliable information on the possible economic consequences of changing geocryological conditions in the Russian Arctic, to find methods for preventing (reducing) potential damage, increasing the safety of the population and economy in the areas of the highest geocryological risks, and ensuring balanced socio-economic development in the Russian Arctic permafrost zone for the long term. The study aimed to assess the cost of fixed assets, including their most vulnerable part – buildings and structures (case study: municipalities of the Russian Arctic Asian sector). Economic sectoral structure was evaluated in accordance with the Russian Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities using primary statistical data – closed data from companies accounting reports. The work used statistical, cartographic, and visual-graphic methods, as well as methods for analyzing spatial information and microeconomic data. According to calculations, the Russian Arctic Asian sector concentrates the fixed assets of commercial companies with a total value of about 14.8 trillion rubles, including buildings and structures worth 10.7 trillion rubles. The obtained calculated data can be used in modeling the directions of state policy in the field of climate change adaptation and territory protection from natural hazards.

The Prevalence and Severity of Sick Leave due to Low Back Disorders among Workers in Slovenia: Analysis of National Data across Gender, Age and Classification of Economic Activities.

Musculoskeletal disorders are the most common work-related health problems. As low back disorders (LBD) are the most problematic, the aim of this study was to provide an in-depth analysis of the nationwide data on sick leaves due to work-related LBDs among workers in Slovenia in 2015–2019 by gender, age and various economic activities (NACE Rev 2 classification). We retrospectively analyzed the Slovene national data for sick leave (SL) rates due to the LBDs between 2015 and 2019. The analyzed SL outcomes were (i) index of temporary disability as a diagnosis-specific loss of calendar days (all calendar days except Sundays) per employee, (ii) frequency of spells as the number of SL cases per 100 employees in one year and (iii) severity as the average duration of one absence from work due to a health condition. A high prevalence of sick leaves due to LBDs in Slovenia was present among young male workers in “mining and quarrying”. In the next age group (20.0–44.9 years), LBD is most frequent in “water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities”. Particular attention should be paid to ‘’agriculture, forestry and fishing’’ which shows a large average sick leave duration and probably a more demanding course of LBDs.

Confirmed COVID-19 Cases per Economic Activity during Autumn Wave in Belgium.

Some occupational sectors, such as human health and care, food service, cultural and sport activities, have been associated with a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection than other sectors. To curb the spread of SARS-CoV-2, it is preferable to apply targeted non-pharmaceutical interventions on selected economic sectors, rather than a full lockdown. However, the effect of these general and sector-specific interventions on the virus circulation has only been sparsely studied. We assess the COVID-19 incidence under different levels of non-pharmaceutical interventions per economic activity during the autumn 2020 wave in Belgium. The 14-day incidence of confirmed COVID-19 cases per the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community (NACE–BEL) sector is modelled by a longitudinal Gaussian-Gaussian two-stage approach. This is based on exhaustive data on all employees in all sectors. In the presence of sanitary protocols and minimal non-pharmaceutical interventions, many sectors with close contact with others show considerably higher COVID-19 14-day incidences than other sectors. The effect of stricter non-pharmaceutical interventions in the general population and non-essential sectors is seen in the timing of the peak incidence and the width and height of the post-peak incidence. In most sectors incidences returned to higher levels after the peak than before and this decrease took longer for the health and care sector. Sanitary protocols for close proximity occupations may be sufficient during periods of low-level virus circulation, but progressively less with increasing circulation. Stricter general and sector-specific non-pharmaceutical interventions adequately decrease COVID-19 incidences, even in close proximity in essential sectors under solely sanitary protocols.

An Analysis of the International Law on Waste Statistics

The article contains an analytical review of the regulatory framework in the waste statistics. By summing up documentary evidences (conventions on protection of the population health and environment, objectives and indicators of Sustainable Development Goals, related with waste), it is demonstrated that waste statistics plays important role in identifying waste-specific problems, priority setting in waste management, formulating and implementing policy goals in waste management. 
 It is shown that the waste statistics is collected by various international entities, and reports on waste generated in the process of economic activities are made up using two main classifications: International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC), and Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community (NACE). The EU practices in the waste statistics are highlighted. The EU approach to waste treatment is based on “waste hierarchy”. In practice, a major part of EU countries collects the data on waste types by the List of Waste. After that, the conformity between the types of waste and EWC-Stat is set using the translation table given in Annex III to the Waste Statistics Regulation. Only several countries collect data by the reliance on EWC-Stat.
 Problems faced by the waste statistics are discussed (inadequate comparability of waste statistics due to different methods and definitions used in the data production; incomplete coverage of waste-specific issues by the official waste statistics), sources of these problems are determined. 
 The analysis demonstrates that the waste statistics is a rather new field in EU, which evidence is the ongoing change in the EU regulatory framework. The countries producing waste data with reference to it or implementing it should do it by taking account for the most recent change. The need for harmonization of national methodologies in the waste statistics is highlighted.

Education in further professional education before and during the pandemic

The aim of the paper is to increase the motivation of organisations by providing the varieties of forms of education and the possibility of choosing the form of education for a specific educational activity. The focus of the paper is on two basic forms of education, full-time and distance learning. The centre of our attention is distance education, in terms of the conditions and implementation aspects of electronic corporate education in the Slovak Republic. Two methods were used in the empirical research: the questionnaire method and the interview. Respondents were selected from two sections of the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities – NACE (Rev.), Section C and Section G, 120 respondents in each section. Despite the digitalisation of the economy and education, respondents as well as authors believe that in the future, the corporate education after the pandemic will return to full-time education and development of blended education.

Changes in the spatial patterns of industrial innovativeness in Dolnośląskie Voivodeship (Poland) in 2009–2019

This article aims to identify changes in the industry’s patterns in innovativeness and show its spatial diversity based on the example of the largest urban centres in Dolnośląskie Voivodeship. An assessment of the level of concentration of industrial activity was used as the basis for identifying these processes. The range of issues used for analysis depended on data availability, especially at the local level. The analysis of industrial activities’ location was carried out based on entities registered in Section C (Manufacturing) of the Polish Classification of Economic Activities. The spatial patterns of industrial innovativeness were presented using the classification of manufacturing according to R&D levels. The research results indicate significant changes between 2009 and 2019 in the spatial patterns for both the voivodeship and its urban areas regarding the industry’s concentration and specialisation. At the same time, this was accompanied by a decrease in industrial production. Dolnośląskie Voivodeship shows a significant spatial diversification in such concentration and specialisation. The patterns identified indicate the growing role of the area surrounding Wrocław as one of intensive infiltration of industrial activities from the main centre. These processes are also found in smaller urban centres of the voivodeship; however, this infiltration is selective.

Occupational exposure to carcinogens in Brazil: An approach

This study aims to estimate the prevalence of the primary occupational exposures, considered risk factors for Cancer in Brazil. We elaborated two exposure scenarios considering the agents' classification and the intensity of exposure, stratified by Brazilian regions and sex. Two pairs of specialists performed the classification of economic activities and occupations due to exposure. There was an excellent overall agreement (94%) and acceptable overall reliability (kappa 0.92, 95% CI 0.89–0.95). There is a notable difference (595%) in occupational exposure between the north (with a higher concentration of rural areas and extractivism) and southeast (with a higher level of industrial activities). There is a difference in prevalence from 833% for solvents to 1170% for inorganic dust between the two scenarios. There is a heterogeneity of exposures according to location, sex, circumstance, and sensitiveness of classification.

Criteria of quality requirements deciding on choice of the logistic operator from a perspective of his customer and the end recipient of goods

Abstract The choice of the operator involves taking risks, especially when changing the way logistics is handled (e.g. from your own warehouse and distribution network to external – outsourced). The aim of the article is to present the most important factors that directly and indirectly influence purchasing decisions made by customers of logistics operators. In order to correctly determine the parameters of the selection of a logistics service provider in terms of quality, it is necessary to define quality requirements criteria that allow to meet specific KPIs (Key Performance Indicators) to measure the satisfaction of the final recipient of the goods. The main goal of the article is to answer the question of how to define criteria to be relevant to customer expectations and how they affect final purchasing decisions in the context of choosing the operator to provide logistics services. In order to illustrate the full picture of the studied environment, as well as to maximally facilitate and encourage respondents to participate in the study, surveys were used mainly in the form of Internet, mostly containing closed and several open questions. The research was based on three research groups: logistics operators, customers of logistics operators and final recipients of services of logistics operators. In the individual groups, the survey invited: 1) about 80 companies from European logistics operators; 2) approx. 150 companies from Central and Western Europe dealing in production and trade according to the classification of economic activity; 3) over 2,000 people who have declared to buy various goods with delivery to the address indicated.

РИНОК КОНСАЛТИНГОВИХ ПОСЛУГ УКРАЇНИ ТА СВІТУ В УМОВАХ ЗМІН

У статті розкрито особливості функціонування ринку консалтингових послуг в Україні в умовах змін, проаналізовано поняття та законодавчу базу, в межах якої провадиться надання консультаційних послуг в Україні, охарактеризовано основні обсяги ринку консалтингу, а також окреслено проблеми провадження консалтингової діяльності на основі порівняння досвіду України та основних компаній світового рівня. Українському ринку консалтингових послуг притаманні основні характерні риси світового, оскільки переважну його частку займають компанії, що є представниками великих міжнародних гравців. Але основною значною проблемою залишається неврегульованість законодавчого визначення відповідного виду діяльності, що не дає можливості вести статистичну звітність підприємств за даним напрямом. Сьогодні на світовому консалтинговому ринку продовжує посилюватися конкуренція, деякі мaлі та середні фірми його залишають.

Evolution of Hotel Classification System in Russian Federation

The main aim of this paper is to analyze the approaches to the system of classification of accommodation facilities in the Russian Federation. The United Nations World Tourism Organization pays great attention to the unification of classification systems for accommodation facilities in all countries of the world, issuing appropriate recommendations on tourism statistics systems, classification of economic activities, as well as criteria for interregional harmonization. In the Russian Federation, there are a number of laws, regulations, state standards, building and sanitary norms and rules concerning the classification of accommodation facilities. They are so imperfect that they have to be revised almost annually or even several times a year. The general statistics of accommodation facilities currently do not correspond to world recommendations. The classification system needs to be revised and brought into line with international standards as much as possible.

Dating the Euro Area Business Cycle: An Evaluation

In this paper we study the business cycle dating formulated by the CEPR committee for the euro area. We first compare recessions as defined by the CEPR to those obtained using alternative methodologies (e.g. Bry-Boschan algorithm) and we find that the CEPR dating is not fully in line with other dating rules that are based only on GDP dynamics, thus confirming that the committee considers a broader set of variables. We then evaluate the classification of economic activity in recessions and expansions; the underlying business cycle is either based on a single variable or estimated as a latent factor that captures the comovements of several macroeconomic series. We find that the CEPR chronology is more consistent with the estimated common factor than with what is implied by methods solely based on GDP. Finally, we analyze which real variables drive the classification of economic activity by the CEPR and we find that the properties of the CEPR chronology are mainly related to the dynamics of demand components, especially final consumption, and employment.

Core determinants of companies innovation performance: case for Armenia

The paper discusses scientific arguments and counterarguments about companies’ innovative activity, size, and geographic location of the sales market. The study’s foremost purpose is to empirically check if theoretical statements about a company’s size, export, and innovative activity are associated. Therefore, the questions discussed in this paper are a) Does an enterprise-size matter an enterprise innovation activity? b) Is there is a difference in innovation activity by Classification of Economic Activities (NACE groups)? c) Does the geographic location of the sales market matter the company's innovation activity? The research questions are discussed based on Armenian firm-level data. The findings could be applied mainly to the microeconomic environment of Armenia. The study involved R programming language Wilcoxon test, ANOVA, Tukey test, and Chi-square test are applied. The obtained results showed that the enterprise’s size does not matter an enterprise’s innovative activity. Even though larger companies have more resources to innovate, smaller companies are more flexible and agile. Therefore, the enterprise size is not a limiting factor. The results showed that the companies in some fields of the economy are more prone to innovate than others. In Armenia, most innovative enterprises operate in the group M-Professional, scientific and technical activities and the group C-Manufacturing. The research empirically confirms that when considering a company’s innovative activity, the sphere of the economy in which it operates has statistically significant importance in contrast with the company’s size. The findings by the Chi-Square test showed that a significantly higher number of EU exporting companies had made innovations. In contrast, companies selling their products/services in the local market have made significantly fewer innovations than expected if there would be no association between innovations and the geographic location of the sales market. Therefore, the exporting companies are more innovative than those that sell their products in the local market. Besides, the most innovative firms are EU exporting enterprises. In empiric studies, export is used as a proxy of international competitiveness due to its ability to show a country’s capacity in producing and selling in the international market. Therefore, the analysis of Armenian firm-level data showed the association between innovation and international competitiveness.

FEATURES OF MARINE ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES: CLASSIFICATION AND TYPES IN THE CONTEXT OF MARINE NATURE-EXPLOITATION

The purpose of marine economic activities is to obtain economic, social, scientific, political, military and other types of effect to ensure sustainable development of Ukraine. The article discusses the characteristic features of marine economic activities, substantiates the need to clarify the widely used concept of "marine activity", given in the "Marine Doctrine of Ukraine for the period up to 2035", offers a more correct interpretation of this concept. The necessity of coordinating the actions of the entities operating in the sea space and in the coastal zone, which carry out various types of marine economic activity, is proved, possible types of marine economic activity are given. It is proposed to use the National Classifier of Ukraine "Classification of Economic Activities Types" to create a classification scheme for types of marine economic activities. The advantages and disadvantages of its application are presented, as well as the possibility of forming on its basis a detailed classification of types marine economic activity. The necessity of integrated management of marine economic activity is substantiated in order to remove existing and prevent future contradictions, as well as to coordinate the actions of economic entities. It is shown that integrated management will fully ensure the rational use of the marine environment, its resources and sustainable development of seaside regions. Particular attention in the article is paid to the issues of ecologization of the marine economic complex on the basis of the inclusion an ecological factor in the financial-economic relations of marine economic activity and the stimulation of the rational use of marine resources. The priority tasks for the construction of an economic mechanism for marine nature-exploitation have been formulated, taking into account the peculiarities of the development the seaside regions of Ukraine, the national marine policy and types of marine activities. A system of tools is presented, which are the basis for the formation of an economic-ecological mechanism of marine nature-exploitation.

Spatial-territorial factors of economic growth in the Russian Federation

Relevance. In contemporary economic research, the study of the diversity of factors of national economic growth is gaining more and more significance, particularly with regard to the so-called 'spatial-territorial factors'. In contrast to the existing concepts of regional and spatial economy, the approach described in this paper is based on the hypothesis that it is possible to accelerate national economic growth. It can be done by stimulating extended economic reproduction on the subnational level, that is, on the level of relatively independent and self-contained spatial and administrative units such as regions of the Russian Federation, municipalities, agglomerations, etc. Research objective. The study aims to propose a decomposition of the economic growth rates in Russia by territorial units and to describe the spatial-territorial factors of national economic growth. Data and methods. To characterize the spatial-territorial factors, we used indices of the physical volume of gross regional product (GRP) and gross value added (GVA) in types of economic activities in Russian regions in percentage to the previous year for the period of 2013-2018. The types of economic activities were specified according to the Russian Classifier of Economic Activities of 2007 (OKVED) (Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community - NACE Rev. 1.1 (2013-2016)) and OKVED-2 (NACE Rev.2 (2017-2018)). Results. We estimated the contributions of Russian regions to national economic growth by analyzing the data on the key types of economic activities in a 6-year period (2013-2018). We also identified the regions which accounted for the largest losses in economic growth, on the one hand, and those which, on the other hand, acted as drivers of the country's economic development. Conclusion. There is a small number of regions lagging in terms of GRP and their influence on the national rates of economic growth is also insignificant. The general rates of GRP decline in a region are determined, first and foremost, by the sluggish growth in those types of economic activities that have the largest share in GRP. The number and share of the regions which demonstrate extended economic reproduction, that is, deliver at least 2% growth a year, are also quite small. These regions make up slightly more than 19% of the country's GRP. The largest group of regions comprises those regions that do not go beyond the simple reproduction (their growth rates are less than 2% a year), while their share in the country's GRP exceeds 74%. The so-called ‘heavyweights’ - regions accounting for the largest share in the country's total GRP - have the strongest effect on the national rates of economic growth, hindering it. It is the economic structure of these regions that has the biggest influence on the country's performance in such types of economic activities as wholesale and retail trade and maintenance and repair of motor vehicles. Sadly, it is in these sectors that the 'heavyweights' demonstrate the largest losses in GVA. As a result, these sectors suffer the most, which is bound to be reflected in the country's overall economic growth.