Classic Work Research Articles

«Tarih-i Rashidi» M.H. Dulati kak istochnik po istorii Kazahskogo hanstva

Analyzing the works of scientists who conducted the research, based on the data of the well-known classical work by M.Kh. Dulati “Tarikh-i-Rashidi” associated with the Kazakh Khanate, we can find answers to many questions that interest us. First of all, M.Kh. Dulati noted the most valuable information about the creation of the Kazakh Khanate. He understood the responsibility to future generations and, for that reason, he substantiated the year of the foundation of the Kazakh Khanate, the period of the reign of the Kazakh sultans.

Analyzing the Characteristics and Uniqueness of Tafsir Al-Ibriz by KH. Bisri Mustofa

This study aim to explores the characteristics and uniqueness of Tafsir Al-Ibriz, authored by KH. Bisri Mustofa, a prominent figure in the Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) tradition. Tafsir Al-Ibriz stands out in the landscape of Quranic exegesis in Indonesia due to its distinctive approach and methodology. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, this research delves into the interpretive methods, theological perspectives, and socio-cultural impacts of this tafsir. The findings indicate that Tafsir Al-Ibriz combines textual and contextual interpretation with a distinctive mystical and philosophical nuance, reflecting KH. Bisri Mustofa's unique perspective in understanding the messages of the Quran. Additionally, the tafsir demonstrates the influence of Sufi teachings in interpreting Quranic verses. Other unique characteristics of Tafsir Al-Ibriz include its emphasis on cultural preaching, particularly to the NU community, the use of Javanese language hierarchy known for its politeness (unggah-ungguh), the pesantren-specific style of translating Arabic texts, an objective interpretation of jihad devoid of political bias, adherence to the Shafi'i school of jurisprudence, and a mystical yet scientific approach. The theoretical implications of this research provide new insights into the diversity of interpretative approaches to the Quran in the Islamic world, highlighting the spiritual and philosophical dimensions presented by Tafsir Al-Ibriz. These findings also contribute to our understanding of the role of Sufism in the Islamic exegesis tradition and how theological thought can influence Quranic interpretation. This study aims to lay the groundwork for further research on classical and contemporary tafsir works, as well as deepen the relevance of Sufi thought in contemporary Quranic understanding.

A framework for interpreting the relationship between risk-taking and self-control in adolescence

Adolescent risky behaviors are often interpreted as products of self-control failures stemming from a developmental mismatch between reward processing and cognitive control systems. However, adolescents – much like adults – may also engage in risky behaviors because of conscious and deliberate (even if objectively poor) decisions. It is not easy to distinguish between these two scenarios because when people fail in self-control they actually do things they want to do. We build on philosopher Harry Frankfurt’s classical work on free will to provide a framework for determining when and why a given risky behavior stems from a failure of self-control. This framework enables the proposal of clear and reasonable criteria that can be used to clarify the relationship between adolescent risk-taking and self-control.

War as a phenomenon and concept

The article analyzes the phenomenon of war. Four orders of its essence stand out: socio-political phenomenon, continuation of politics, armed struggle, support by non-military means. Based on the classical work of K. Clausewitz and the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation, eight invariant (unchanged and mandatory) signs of war are formulated. It is indicated that recently an alternative interpretation of war has become increasingly widespread, in which armed struggle is not its obligatory attribute. Its main premises, their theoretical failure and practically political counterproductiveness are revealed.

STUDIES OF ENGLISH TOWNS DURING THE REIGN OF HENRY VI IN BRITISH HISTORIOGRAPHY

The relevance of the research is determined by the increased interest, as well as revision of approaches to the study of medieval towns. The purpose of the study is to identify the main features in the study of English towns during the reign of Henry VI in British historiography. Materials and methods. The research uses such historical methods as historical-genetic, historical-comparative, retrospective, historical-biographical ones, as well as the principle of historicism. Thanks to the use of these methods, the works of English-speaking historians related to the problem of the development of English towns in the specified time period were processed. For the first time, the author specifically refers to the research by British scientists of English towns during the reign of Henry VI – a time characterized by great social tension, many conflicts and fewer sources than the previous and subsequent periods. Study results. Henry VI was less popular than other kings of England in the XV century. He was considered to be a weak ruler, a “madman on the throne” and one of the most unhappy kings. At this, towns that play an important role in the socio-political and economic development of the state were developing in England during his reign. The article examines the research of British historians concerning the towns of the era of Henry VI. The author examines how approaches to assessing the reign of the king and the history of English towns of this time have changed using the example of the works of British scientists. In particular, the classical works of F. Maitland, J.M. Trevelyan, as well as the works of modern researchers, for example, R.A. Griffiths. Special attention is paid to the relationship between an English late medieval town and the royal power, and the evolution of British scientists views – from “antiquaries” to modern researchers – on the history of towns in general and on the peculiarities of urban development in the era of Henry VI in particular is considered. Conclusions. Towns played an important role in all areas of the English society. The royal government showed great interest in towns as participants in the internal political, economic and social processes in England in the middle of the XV century. According to the results of the study, it was found that, despite an increasing interest in the study of a medieval town in the English-language historiography, at the moment it can be stated that there is still insufficient knowledge on the development of a town during the reign of King Henry VI.

Hierarchical Topology Isomorphism Expertise Embedded Graph Contrastive Learning

Graph contrastive learning (GCL) aims to align the positive features while differentiating the negative features in the latent space by minimizing a pair-wise contrastive loss. As the embodiment of an outstanding discriminative unsupervised graph representation learning approach, GCL achieves impressive successes in various graph benchmarks. However, such an approach falls short of recognizing the topology isomorphism of graphs, resulting in that graphs with relatively homogeneous node features cannot be sufficiently discriminated. By revisiting classic graph topology recognition works, we disclose that the corresponding expertise intuitively complements GCL methods. To this end, we propose a novel hierarchical topology isomorphism expertise embedded graph contrastive learning, which introduces knowledge distillations to empower GCL models to learn the hierarchical topology isomorphism expertise, including the graph-tier and subgraph-tier. On top of this, the proposed method holds the feature of plug-and-play, and we empirically demonstrate that the proposed method is universal to multiple state-of-the-art GCL models. The solid theoretical analyses are further provided to prove that compared with conventional GCL methods, our method acquires the tighter upper bound of Bayes classification error. We conduct extensive experiments on real-world benchmarks to exhibit the performance superiority of our method over candidate GCL methods, e.g., for the real-world graph representation learning experiments, the proposed method beats the state-of-the-art method by 0.23% on unsupervised representation learning setting, 0.43% on transfer learning setting. Our code is available at https://github.com/jyf123/HTML.

Lexical collocation as a discursive mechanism

Some terms are spreading in the research literature with particular speed. In the theory of education such terms include, for example, competence, in linguistics it is concept; the term discourse is common both for linguistics and philosophy. The purpose of the article is to define the nature of discourse analysis in linguistic philosophy. We believe that in research activities, it is necessary not to compile, but to truly integrate, which significantly complicates the task of the scientist: this article is devoted to trying to find possible solutions to this problem. The choice of methods and techniques of discourse analysis is determined by the purpose of the article and the set of tasks. An integrated approach is used: discursive analysis, hypothetical-deductive method, general scientific descriptive method (observation, generalization, interpretation and classification), as well as cognitive analysis are carried out in the framework of this article. The materials of the study are texts selected from text corpora, translations, as well as original texts of various genres of written and oral speech, including texts of classical philosophical works and corpus texts. However, if a native speaker of English (that is, a non-native speaker of French) nevertheless succumbs to the temptation in the European discursive community to denote the Frenchlanguage corpus of texts with the expression "discours académique", then how will this choice be interpreted? As a mistake, or worse, a native English speaker's preference for an anglicism? These are not at all simple questions, and to answer them is the purpose of the article. The perspective of the research is connected with the fact, as it is defined in the article, that the further development of discourse analysis theory becomes possible due to the development of such an applied field of humanitarian knowledge as corpus linguistics.

Job prospects, useful knowledge, and the ‘rip-off’ University: returning to John Henry Newman in our post-pandemic moment

ABSTRACT This paper re-examines the tension between professional and liberal education by revisiting The Idea of the University (1852), the seminal mid-nineteenth century treatise of John Henry Newman. In returning to Newman’s classic text, we are interested in the significance of his lectures for a contemporary Higher Education increasingly under pressure to be ‘useful:’ on this understanding, ‘useful’ denotes an arguably limited and utilitarian sense where the university guarantees its students a well-paying job on graduation. In pressing on this distinction between ‘the useful’ and ‘the useless’ – a distinction that continues to plague discourse on the contemporary university – our paper focuses on the experiential and pedagogical aspects of education that find recurring emphasis in Newman’s classic work: aspects of place, of community, and of the teacher–student relationship.

Traditional Tibetan medicine: therapeutic potential in lung diseases.

Lung diseases have become a major threat to human health worldwide. Despite advances in treatment and intervention in recent years, effective drugs are still lacking for many lung diseases. As a traditional natural medicine, Tibetan medicine has had a long history of medicinal use in ethnic minority areas, and from ancient times to the present, it has a good effect on the treatment of lung diseases and has attracted more and more attention. In this review, a total of 586 Tibetan medicines were compiled through literature research of 25 classical works on Tibetan medicine, drug standards, and some Chinese and English databases. Among them, 33 Tibetan medicines have been studied to show their effectiveness in treating lung diseases. To investigate the uses of these Tibetan medicines in greater depth, we have reviewed the ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of the four commonly used Tibetan medicines for lung diseases (rhodiola, gentian, sea buckthorn, liexiang dujuan) and the five most frequently used Tibetan medicines (safflower, licorice, sandalwood, costus, myrobalan). It is expected to provide some reference for the development of new drugs of lung diseases in the future.

Discussion on the Manifestation and Continuation of Cultural Inheritance in Dance Art Works

The Chinese civilization has a long history of five thousand years. China has a broad and profound history and culture, and a large number of excellent traditional Chinese culture still exists today. The key lies in cultural inheritance. Art, as a sub-body of culture, can also peek into cultural inheritance. This article mainly takes Sun Ying's classical dance work "Tap Song" as the starting point to explore the manifestation and continuation of cultural inheritance in dance art works.

Analysis of the Dance Work "Horse Map" from the Perspective of Inheritance and Innovation

The Chinese civilization has a long history of five thousand years. China has a broad and profound history and culture, and a large number of excellent traditional Chinese culture still exists today. The key lies in cultural inheritance. Art, as a sub-body of culture, can also peek into cultural inheritance. But with the evolution of the trend of The Times and the change of aesthetics, art also innovates on the basis of inheriting the tradition. With the emergence of "double creation" and other ideas, the creative idea of inheritance as the "foundation" and innovation as the "main" is increasingly strengthened. This paper mainly analyzes the classical dance work "Steed" from the perspective of inheritance and innovation.

African American’s Identification in Early Civil Rights Movement

Lorraine Hansberry is a prestigious African American writer who creates a classical work The raisin in the sun. Under the backdrop of early Civil Rights Movement, the play centers on male protagonist Walter and three other family female members’ identification when living in that white-dominated community. Their identification represents in two ways: merging into the mainstream society and returning to the ancestral culture or even district. The key to identity is one’s value and social behavior. It is imperative and indispensable for one to find his or her self-value in accordance with personal and social backdrop and experience.

The Personal and the Political: Azar Nafisi’s Memoir as a Feminist Lens into Iranian Society

This paper highlights the points that Reading Lolita in Tehran: A Memoir in Books brings out the social and political life of people in Iran. It is a memoir by Azar Nafisi that explores the intersection of literature, personal freedom, and the oppressive political climate in Iran. Reading Lolita in Tehran is a poignant memoir that takes readers on a journey into the heart of post-revolutionary Iran, where Azar Nafisi, a literature professor, forms a secret reading group with her female students. Against the backdrop of a repressive regime, Nafisi uses the works of Western literary classics, particularly Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita, to examine the complexities of personal and intellectual freedom. Through the lens of literature, Nafisi explores the lives of her students and delves into the power of literature to challenge societal norms. The narrative weaves together the personal struggles of the women in the group with a broader commentary on the impact of political upheaval on individual lives. Nafisi's courageous exploration of the transformative power of literature serves as a testament to the enduring human spirit and the pursuit of intellectual freedom in the face of adversity.

Introduction: Gender and Popular Music Knowledge

ABSTRACT This special issue of Popular Music and Society on gender and popular music knowledge considers feminized ways of listening to and knowing about popular music that have occupied the margins of media representations and popular music studies. By way of introduction, we consider classic and recent work on gender and popular music, the traditional confines of popular music knowledge-making, and how centering the knowledge of women and girls broadens our understanding of popular music.

Value Conflict and Personal Choice in The Scarlet Letter from the Perspective of Ethical Literary Criticism

Nathaniel Hawthorne was the preeminent American Romantic writer of the 19th century. The Scarlet Letter, as Hawthorne’s classic work, has been praised by most critics. Hawthorne paid attention to the ethical problems of Hester and Dimmesdale and gave a comprehensive depiction of their ethical choices after they had violated the Puritan ethical norms. This paper intends to use ethical literary criticism proposed by Professor Nie Zhenzhao, based on ethical dilemma and ethical choice, within the ethical backdrop of New England, to analyze ethical conflicts and ethical choices of the protagonists in the novel. Ultimately, it seeks to warn people the importance of complying with the ethical norms of the society. Exploring the ethical and moral values embedded in The Scarlet Letter will enhance the domestic study of Hawthorne’s works and better realize the didactic function of literature.

Imagination, Secularism and the University: The Presence and Consequences of Islamic Education

This paper asks the question, ‘What does Islamic education mean for the 21st century university?’ To begin with, the paper addresses the modern university as an institution facing numerous challenges, which can be conceived of by understanding the nature of the ‘academic imagination’. In so doing, this argument draws on the fundamental elements of thought itself by foregrounding imagination as a primary route by which knowledge is conceived, created and disseminated. At root, it is an argument that suggests that to understand the university is to apprehend its imaginative functions. ‘Problems of the imagination’ are thereafter defined as ‘depth perception’, ‘vertigo’ and ‘paralysis’, respectively. In light of these challenges, the rise of Centers of Islamic Theology in Germany, and Islamic education as a discipline in particular, are considered as uncharted paths towards a discussion of the dilemmas of contemporary academia. Methodologically, the paper is a philosophical reflection on the role of the future of the university and the place of Islamic Theology and Islamic education therein. As such, use of the contemporary literature on higher education, as well as classical works on Islamic education, shall be employed for the purposes of the argument. In so doing, this paper turns the normative discussion of contemporary Islamic education on its head: from how we may make room for such education in the modern university, to consider how its presence may help the institution and its imaginative conundrums.

“The Hero’s Bloody Journey”

This work employs the basic narrative structure of Joseph Campbell’s hero’s journey to analyse female protagonists in various menopause narratives found in both fiction and non-fiction books. The article focuses on the study of four texts: Darcey Steinke’s Flash Count Diary (2019), Colette's Break of Day (1928), Dana Spiotta’s Wayward (2021), and Deborah Levy’s Living Autobiography Series (2018-2021). In his classic work, The Hero with a Thousand Faces, Campbell outlines three major stages of the hero’s journey: departure from the familiar daily world, initiation in a new, challenging world, and return to the former world with the gains obtained during the initiation. I argue that this framework is a useful tool for interpreting female characters dealing with menopause and its consequences. The daily known world of these protagonists is shaped by their pre-menopause lives and their bodies. Menopause can be viewed as the “other world” where the heroine’s initiation takes place. There, she confronts unknown forces that transform her, as she returns, changed, to her body and her daily life. I propose that in these works, this change marks both a new beginning and a continuity that the protagonists confront with a sense of rage, new places to inhabit, and fresh approaches to their bodies.

THE PHENOMENON OF CONSERVATISM IN MODERN RUSSIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY

The article analyzes topical issues related to the research and prospects for the development of conservatism in Russia. An overview of existing research on this topic is presented. The importance of addressing the legacy of Russian conservatism is due to the presence of interesting theses on the part of its theorists regarding the spiritual and moral foundations of Russian civilization, the peculiarities of the country’s historical path, the development of statehood and democracy. The author argues that without studying the works of classics of conservative thought, it is impossible to comprehend the history and current state of conservatism in Russia.

An Arab Predecessor to Western (Trans-)Secular Thought: The European Enlightenment’s Encounters with Ibn Ṭufayl and the Islamic Enlightenment

ABSTRACT This paper challenges the supposed geopolitics of Enlightenment secularism in a case study on the European Enlightenment’s reception of Ibn Ṭufayl’s classical work, Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān (Alive, Son of Awake). It demonstrates how, by appropriating the tropes, literary techniques, and fictional setting of the Islamic “original,” Christian (Protestant) culture began unknowingly inventing its own patterns of secular thought. It argues then that to the pantheistic Enlightenment’s transsecular approach this tale, allegorically depicting Islamic philosophy’s (falsafa) independence from religious orthodoxy and its perfection in mystical wisdom (tasawwuf), offered both a conception of truth and of the Orient that might have felt very familiar.

Resonance across Millennia: An Analysis of the Connection between Song Dynasty Culture and Generation Z

This paper delves into the characteristics of Song Dynasty culture and its resonances with Generation Z culture. First, through an analysis of the social and cultural background of the Song Dynasty, and using classic works such as “Song Ci” and “Along the River During the Qingming Festival” as examples, it reveals the unique charm of Song Dynasty literature, painting, and music. The paper analyzes the cultural characteristics of Generation Z in the context of digitization, globalization, and diversification, especially their values, aesthetics, and cultural expressions. Then, it discusses in detail the commonalities between Song Dynasty culture and Generation Z culture in their reverence for nature and expression of patriotism, as well as the inheritance and influence of Song Dynasty culture in contemporary times. Finally, the paper summarizes the connections between Song Dynasty culture and Generation Z culture, emphasizing the resonance across millennia. Facing the future, the paper proposes thoughts and suggestions on the inheritance and innovation of traditional culture to promote its sustainable development and integration with modern society.