Classical Literature Research Articles

Ebû Züeyb el-Hüzelî ve Mersiyeleri: Oğullarına Nazmettiği Mersiye Örneği

In the vast expanse of classical Arabic literature, the works of Abū Dhu’ayb al-Hudhalī stand out, particularly his elegies, which provide a pro-found glimpse into the sociocultural dynamics of his era. The research presented in this article delves deep into the life and artistry of Abū Dhu’ayb, meticulously examining how his personal experiences and surroundings shaped his poetic expressions. Elegies, often characterized by their mournful tone and reflective nature, become especially significant in Abū Dhu’ayb’s repertoire as they offer poetic lamentations and provide insight into the world in which he lived. The subject of this research focuses on Abū Dhu’ayb’s elegies, providing an in-depth literary analysis, and aiming to discern the intricate interplay between his life’s events and his poetic manifestations. By situating Abū Dhu’ayb’s elegies within the broader canvas of classical Arabic poetry, this research seeks to shed light on their distinct characteristics, thematic concerns, and stylistic nuances. Within the scope of this article, special attention is given to his deeply moving elegy dedicated to his sons. Drawing from a wide spectrum of his poems, we ensure a comprehensive understanding of Abū Dhu’ayb’s unique approach to the art of elegy. The rationale for this inquiry becomes particularly salient when we position Abū Dhu’ayb within the milieu of his literary peers. Although numerous poets of his era ventured into the domain of elegy, Abū Dhu’ayb’s compositions stand apart, characterized by their intimate resonance and the intricate threads of narrative woven seamlessly into his poetic tapestry. Engaging with overarching themes of fate, destiny, honor, and the human condition, his works do more than just lament the loss of loved ones or ponder the transient nature of life. Through this research, we aim to elevate the understanding of Abū Dhu’ayb’s contribution to Arabic literature and underscore the importance of his elegies as both literary mas-terpieces and historical documents. The primary purpose of this study is twofold. Firstly, it seeks to explore the artistic depth and breadth of Abū Dhu’ayb’s elegies, understanding their thematic richness and linguistic excellence. Secondly, the study aims to draw connections between the poet’s life—a life replete with its share of joys, sorrows, triumphs, and tribulations—and the elegies he crafted. By doing so, the research offers a holistic view of the poet, not just as a literary figure but also as a person deeply affected by the world around him. The methodological framework employed in this research is rooted in both literary analysis and historical contextualization. By closely reading Abū Dhu’ayb’s elegies, the research deciphers their symbolic and metaphorical elements, laying bare the poet’s craft. Concurrently, by positioning these elegies within their historical context, the study provides a broader understanding of the socio-political and cultural milieu of Abū Dhu’ayb’s era. This dual approach ensures a well-rounded exploration, enabling readers to appreciate the elegies both as individual pieces of art and as part of a larger poetic tradition. The research methodology used in this study involves a combination of literary analysis and historical contextualization.

A Case Study of Retelling Learning for Classical Literature Based on Chat GPT - Focusing on Interactions between Learners and Chat GPT -

A Case Study of Retelling Learning for Classical Literature Based on Chat GPT - Focusing on Interactions between Learners and Chat GPT -

One text, many voices: “diffuse authorship” and the translation of Chinese classical literature into Portuguese

Ao apresentar uma visão geral do que significa traduzir literatura clássica chinesa para o português, o presente texto argumenta que as obras literárias na China são criadas coletivamente, produzindo um conceito mais opaco e fluido de “texto de partida”. Para além do “texto primário”, a obra original, a tradução de tais textos envolve absorver as diferentes contribuições de “autores secundários”, como editores, críticos e hermeneutas: o(s) “texto(s) secundário(s)”. Isso cria um dilema, em que o tradutor tem de fazer escolhas entre preservar a fidelidade estrita ao “texto primário” ou violá-la para realçar a inteligibilidade e/ou valor literário da obra para o público da tradução. O argumento está organizado em três partes. Explica-se, primeiro, como as peculiaridades da tradição literária clássica chinesa produzem o conceito de “autoria difusa”. A seguir, sob uma situação de incerteza sobre o que a obra queira dizer, debate-se como o tradutor deve fixar o texto de partida. Por fim, analisam-se os problemas estético-estilísticos que influenciam o gozo da obra pelo público leitor, sugerindo-se, na conclusão, quatro modelos de tradução, que variam de maior literalidade a maior literariedade.

항주(杭州) 서호(西湖)와 지역문학 교육

The aim of this paper is to probe into the cultural consciousness and identity of the Chinese people through one of China’s most emblematic humanistic landscapes, Hangzhou’s West Lake. Additionally, it aims to broaden the scope of Chinese classical literature education by introducing cultural content-based educational approaches centered around the poetry of West Lake. The main text initially presents a variety of literary works associated with West Lake, serving as valuable textual resources. These include poetry depicting the Ten Scenes of West Lake, compositions by renowned poets, and literary creations by female writers. Furthermore, the paper proposes two educational approaches for teaching regional culture and literary texts related to West Lake: employing storytelling as an educational method and incorporating cultural content creation into the curriculum.

A Case Study of Retelling Learning for Classical Literature Based on Chat GPT - Focusing on Interactions between Learners and Chat GPT -

A Case Study of Retelling Learning for Classical Literature Based on Chat GPT - Focusing on Interactions between Learners and Chat GPT -

FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF GASTRONOMIC AUSTRICISMS IN A LITERARY TEXT

Background. The Austrian Reading Room Organized, which was founded on the basis of MSTU named after G.I. Nosov more than 10 years ago, has become a platform for the implementation of educational, career guidance, cultural and scientific projects, providing university students with the opportunity to read both classical and modern Austrian literature.
 However, when reading, students often experience difficulties as texts normally contain typical Austrian lexemes and expressions due to the pluricentric nature of the German language. In this regard, there is a need for a linguistic analysis of the territorial functioning of the German language in Austria from the standpoint of an adequate understanding and interpretation of a literary text, which explains the relevance of addressing this topic.
 Purpose. To identify and typologize austricisms that express gastronomic names being relevant for understanding and interpreting a literary text, as well as to analyze their functional load in the space of a literary text.
 Materials and methods. The main research methods are the analysis of scientific literature by Russian and foreign scientists on the problem of the pluricentricity German language, continuous sampling, functional analysis of text fragments, and contextual analysis.
 Research results. During the study, texts of classical and modern Austrian literature were analyzed, gastronomic austricisms were identified and typologized, and their functional load in a literary text was described.
 Practical implications. The results obtained can be used when reading Austrian fiction for a deeper interpretation, as well as when teaching students German as a foreign language.

Reinterpretacja poetyki węgierskiej powieści historycznej w utworach najnowszych

The main idea of the article is the description of selected works which belong to the latest Hungarian historical novels. They are surprising for readers and at the same time constitute a polemic with the genre classics. The best‑known historical novelists ate the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries in Hungary are: Géza Gárdonyi and Maurycy Jókai. One of the reasons for their popularity is the fact that in their works they mentioned well‑known and at the same time painful events from the history of Hungary. It was the era of Turkish rule and the period of theHungarian Spring of Nations. Other events included the Trianon case, which wasn’t discussed between 1945–1989, the Second World War, and the Hungarian October. The mythic image of national struggle and the fighting Hungarian, which was shaped by Romantic writers, was preserved for a long time in the collective memory of Hungarians. It seemed to have become an indispensable element of national mythology. However, new authors appeared in contemporary Hungarian culture, who made an attempt at the demythification of events that were important for the Hungarian people. Such an attempt seems very interesting and controversial. It is a litmus test for the current state of the collective historical awareness of the nation. New literary works take a different approach to those events which are well‑known to several generations of Hungarians from classical literature. They ask questions about the borders concerning rooted axiological categories and the flexibility of historical thinking. They are also an attempt at a timeless reflection connecting different periods. In Béla Fehér’s book, which was written in the spirit of magical realism, the most popular leader of the Hungarian Spring of Nations – Lajos Kossuth (1802–1894) – quotes the words of Prime Minister Imre Nagy (1896–1958) from the days of the Hungarian October. As for the works which deal with the topic of the two World Wars, they pose questions about the moral value of struggles run on the wrong side in the interest of foreign powers.

A Critical Study of the Myths, Classical References and Allusions in the T. S. Eliot's' the Waste Land

Abstract:- The present paper sought to analyze myths, allusions and classical references used by T. S. Eliot in his magnus opus poem ‘The Waste Land’. A poem contains symbolic representation of myths, classical references and allusions. The study concentrates on the poet’s attitude towards the contemporary society. He justifies his uneasiness by giving the passing references from classical literatures. A study pinpoints the cultural and social decadences depicted by the poet by presenting the major classical personas and the symbolic events from the great classics. A poem depicts the spiritual deadness and barreness on the glorious land of England. To express his views on the spiritual deadness of the land; he gives classical references and allusions to depict the contemporary situation of the land. Every reference stand symbolic. It presents the loss of spiritual aspects of the glorious land. He uses farfetched classical references and biblical allusions to depict the contemporary perturbance. It is critical commentary on the chaotic situation of the contemporary society. The classical references and allusions used here are very apt and convincing. Eliot has brought it poignantly. The present study is confined with only critical study of allusions, references and symbolic perspectives used by Eliot in his poem, ‘The Waste Land’.

TRANSLATION AND TEACHING OF CLASSICAL ANCIENT GREEK LITERATURE IN UKRAINE: CULTURAL INFLUENCE AND HISTORICAL DIMENSION

The article studies the translation of the Ancient Greek literature into Ukrainian as an important and historically conditioned process that influenced the translation tradition in Ukraine. The authors trace the history of translation dating from the period of Kyivan Rus to modern times by applying linguistic, chronological and thematic approaches. As a result of the conducted study the authors define main directions and trends of assimilation of the classical Ancient Greek literature by the Ukrainian context through translation in its cultural and historical dimension, as well as characterize the translations of the Ukrainian scientists and outline their contribution into the classical literature corpus formation. It has been revealed that in different historical periods, translated literature performed definite functions (it was used in religious worship, as the material for original literature creation, in intellectual discussions). Since the 19th century, there existed a tendency when translators (M. Zerov, I. Franko, Lesya Ukrainka, V. Svidzinskyi, P. Nishchynskyi, M. Rylskyi, G. Kochur, Borys Ten, M. Lukash, M. Moskalenko, A. Sodomora, etc.), guided by their own preferences, cultural trends, national needs, political attitudes, consciously chose original texts for translation, carried out scientific investigations and added commentaries to their publications, thereby creating a scientific discussion in the Ukrainian society. It was also found out that translations of Homer's works into Ukrainian led to the emergence of a certain translational tradition (the same phenomenon is observed in Western Europe), when Ukrainian translators developed a methodology that allowed them not only to convey the ideological and content component of the original poems, but also to reproduce the rhyming of ancient poetry. The paper concludes that modern translators from the Ancient Greek language continue to popularize ancient literature and the legacy of the holy fathers, thereby supporting the continuity of the Ukrainian school of translation.

Unpublished Poems of Reşid Âkif Pasha

Osmanlı Devleti, altı yüzyılı aşkın bir süre zarfında her alanda sayısız başarılarıyla tarihin mümtaz sayfalarında yerini almış büyük bir devlettir. Bir devletin sağlıklı ve uzun yaşamasına, elde ettiği başarılara sebep olan ana âmiller ise, yetiştirdiği birbirinden değerli âlim, şâir, mühendis, mimar, bürokrat, asker, devlet ricâli gibi yapı taşlarıdır. Padişahlarından, birkaç dili konuşan ve o dillerde şiirler yazan şâirler, musikişinaslar, hattatlar ve ressamlar bulunan Osmanlı Devleti, söz konusu alanlarda etkili ve vasıflı sayısız insan yetiştirmiştir. Baştan ayağa üstün vasıflarla donanmış böyle bir devlette üst düzey bürokrat olarak vazife yapabilmek ise donanımlı olmayı gerekli kılmaktadır. Reşid Âkif Paşa, Osmanlı Devleti’nin üst düzey bürokratlarından biridir. O, Osmanlı Devleti’nin idâre ve irâdesinin sarsıldığı son döneminde, 1902-1908 yılları arasında, Sivas Valiliği görevinde bulunmuş ve devletin temsil gücünü en iyi şekilde yerine getirerek vazifesini başarıyla tamamlamıştır. Reşid Âkif Paşa, bu görevinin dışında şiir ve edebiyatla olan meşguliyeti ve aruz vezninde yazdığı şiirleri ile de temayüz etmiştir. Yazdığı şiirleri küçük bir divançe oluşturacak nitelikte olmasına rağmen, Vefâ yangınında evinin yanması sonucu şiirleri de kaybolmuştur. Onun günümüze ulaşan ve bilinen nazımları yedi
 şiirden ibarettir. Reşid Âkif Paşa’nın, İbnülemin Mahmut Kemal İnal’a gönderdiği mektup ve şiirleri yanında, Elmalılı Muhammed Hamdi Yazır’a da şiirler gönderdiği yaptığımız araştırma ve incelemeler sonucu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, Ahmed Remzi Akyürek’in yazmalarında da Reşid Âkif Paşa’ya âit gazeller ve gazellerine yapılmış nazîre, tahmîs ve taştîr tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmamızın konusu, Reşid Âkif Paşa’nın, tespit edilen ve ilk
 defa yayınlanacak olan sekiz adet gazeli ve gazellerine yapılmış nazîre, tahmîs ve taştîr üzerinedir. Bu çalışmamızda söz konusu şiirler transkripsiyon harfleriyle yazılıp incelenecek ve Türk edebiyatı tarihine önemli olduğuna inandığımız şiirler kazandırılacaktır.

Произведения Н. В. Гоголя в китайской аудитории: история переводческой деятельности и особенности изучения творчества

Introduction. The early twentieth century reforms in China gave rise to the issue of renovating fiction that profoundly influences collective consciousness. Chinese translators started actively addressing foreign fiction, including classic Russian literature. Goals. The study attempts an insight how Chinese reading audience’s interest in Russian classics — and particularly in the works of Nikolai V. Gogol — would take form and develop. Results. As for the reasons behind the Chinese translators’ appeal to Russian classical literature, the paper notes those are associated with the huge political and social changes in Russia after the October Revolution. The latter facilitated that Russian literature has firmly entered the cultural space of China, having yielded strong impacts on both readers and Chinese writers. The May Fourth Movement not only marked the beginning of a new era in the history of twentieth century China, but also served as an impetus for the development of new Chinese literature. The works of N. Gogol began to occupy a special place in this cultural space. Since 1920, when N. Gogol’s first work was published in a Chinese magazine, attention to his literary heritage has grown significantly. The translation activities of Qu Qiubai, Geng Jizhi, Ren Guangxuan, Bai Sihong, Bai Chunren and many other associates contributed to the widespread interest in N. Gogol’s works all across China. These efforts were paralleled by literary studies of the writer’s fiction techniques and style. The 1950s witnessed a ‘pause’. At the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, articles dedicated to N. Gogol disappeared from Chinese newspapers and magazines, but already in the 1970s publications about his works started reappearing. Since the 1990s, the research of Chinese specialists into N. Gogol’s narratives has become far more profound and diverse, and this work will continue, since Russian classical literature has had — and still does — a great influence on the development of contemporary Chinese literature.

Traditions of Chinese classical literature and Western literature in Mo Yan’s novel “The Republic of Wine”

The article is devoted to the problem of interaction between the genres of Eastern and Western literature, which is an important part of modern literary criticism. In this paper, the interaction of genres is considered on the basis of Mo Yan’s novel “The Republic of Wine” (1992), translated into Russian in 2012 by I. Egorov. The work of the modern Chinese writer is studied in the aspect of “hallucinatory realism”, for its development the author was awarded the Nobel Prize (2012). The article studies the influence of classical Chinese literature genres and philosophy and Western literature on modern Chinese literature, based on the novel “The Republic of Wine” by Mo Yan. The novel of the Chinese writer is analyzed in the context of the world literary process. The article discusses the transformation of motifs and characters of Chinese classical literature in the novel by a modern Chinese author. The main characters of the novel are studied in relation to the plot-forming function they perform, the main of them is the detective one. The plot of the detective story is considered in relation to the satirical tradition. The article presents Mo Yan’s view of the traditions, mentality and lifestyle of the Chinese people. The purpose of the work is to determine the main aspects of the influence of Chinese and Western literature on the work of Mo Yan “The Republic of Wine”. As a result of the study, we describe the plot motifs and images of classical Chinese and Western novels, the ideological principles of Chinese philosophy, which are embodied in Mo Yan’s novel “The Republic of Wine”.

Pharmacopoeial Compliance of Marketed Formulations containing seeds of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels

Background: The seeds of Syzygium cumini are extensively used in Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani (ASU) systems of medicine to treat diabetes, polyuria, diarrhoea and vomiting. As per classical literatures and Ayurvedic Formularies, the seed kernel is to be used in the formulations. In practice, the food and herbal drug manufacturers are incorporating the whole seed along with testa instead of seed kernel, as such sold in raw drug market. This may leads to reduction in potency of drug in formulations. Objective: The study was carried out to confirm the Pharmacopoeial compliance for seeds of S. cumini in marketed formulations Methods: Macro-microscopic studies were carried out by following standard methods of official books. Results: Macroscopically the whole seed and seed kernel can be differentiated by colour, appearance, size and shape. Microscopically the seed kernel can be differentiated from whole seed by absence of sclereids and fibres. Conclusion: The findings will be helpful to analyse the Pharmacopoeial compliance of marketed formulations containing seeds of S.cumini and to differentiate the seed kernel from testa. The studied marketed formulations of S. cumini seeds in powdered form were found to be noncompliance with Pharmacopoeial standards, since whole seed powder along with testa was found instead of seed kernel as recommended.

Metabolic Abnormalities Linked to Antipsychotic Medication Therapy in Schizophrenia Patients

For many years, people with schizophrenia have been shown to have serious metabolic problems, such as clinically substantial weight gain, hypertension, and disruption of glucose homeostasis. A significant treatment challenge for physicians is weight gain brought on by antipsychotics. In research studies, obesity and weight gain have been linked to a number of unfavorable outcomes, such as poor medication adherence, a higher risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders, higher death rates, and a lower quality of life. Due to metabolic problems and obesity, patients with schizophrenia have a significantly lower life expectancy and higher death rates than people in the general population. While almost all antipsychotic medications are known to cause weight gain, the extent of this weight increase varies widely. Patients typically experience a rapid initial weight gain shortly after starting antipsychotics, and this trend continues over the long term. However, the exact mechanisms by which antipsychotics lead to metabolic issues and weight gain remain unclear. Despite the fact that there are protocols for identifying and tracking metabolic issues brought on by antipsychotics, these recommendations are not consistently applied in clinical practice. Various studies have also explored strategies to manage metabolic issues associated with antipsychotic use. However, due to the substantial clinical variation in both mental and metabolic symptoms throughout the course of the patient's illness, the findings in this area remain a subject of debate. In this narrative review, we offer a comprehensive examination of both classical and contemporary literature on metabolic concerns related to schizophrenia, focusing on the propensity of several antipsychotics to promote weight gain.

An approach towards Pain Management w.s.r. to Udavartini Yonivyapat

In Ayurveda, diseases related to the female reproductive system i.e., gynaecological disorders are described under the caption of Yoni Vyapada. Women have been placed on an extreme worshiping place due to their power of ‘Janani’- creation. it is needed to give proper care and respect to women. God has blessed the female with the most valuable gift of motherhood.[1] The preparation of motherhood starts with puberty when Rajah-Pravriti i.e., menstruation begins.[2] and by the age of 16 it is fully completed after which she is capable of childbearing.[3] Udavarta Yonivyapada or painful menstruation is a common problem of the females in the reproductive age group & has got a detailed patho-physiology and treatment in the classical literature of Ayurveda.[4] “Arthave Sa Vimukthe Tu Tat Kshanam Labhate Sukham” mentioned by Acharya Charaka substantiate the close similarity of Udavarta with spasmodic dysmenorrhoea. Vegodavarthana leading to Pratiloma Gati of Apana Vata and Rajas is the pathology behind Udavartha Yonivyapath. So, treatment should aim at the relief of pain by normalising the direction of menstrual flow which in turn is by normalising the vitiated Apana Vayu. The present paper is aimed at incorporating all the references regarding Udavartha including Nidana Panchakas from Ayurvedic classics and to show the significance of Basti in normalizing the Apana Vata.

Russian classical literature of the 19th century and Kumyks: Images and prototypes

In the literature on the issue, the ethnikon Dagestan is traditionally used, which is interpreted as an ethnonym identified with the highlanders of Dagestan. However, the languages of the latter were called Dagestanian only beginning with the second half of the twentieth century. This calls into question the historical subjectivity of the Kumyks who were traditionally called “Dagestan Tatars” as far back as in the 19th century. That is what they are called, along with the Dagestan highlanders-Lezgins, in the “Notes from the House of the Dead” by Fyodor Dostoevsky. Kumyks, under the name of “Tatars”, are also mentioned later - in Leo Tolstoy’s story “The Prisoner of the Caucasus”. A very significant fact is not only the images of the Kumyks in Russian fiction of the time under consideration, but also their historical prototypes’ fame, established by K. Aliyev. These works of fiction include A. Pushkin’s sketches and the plan of the “Romance on the Caucasian Waters” (1831), published in 1881, whose plot was connected with Shah-Vali, the son of Shamkhal of Tarkovsky Mehdi II. Crimea-shamkhal Ummalat-bek Buynaksky, an associate of the first Imam Gazi-Muhammad, was the prototype of the protagonist in A. BestuzhevMarlinsky’s story “Ammalat-Bek”. Bela is also considered to be a Kumychka who, together with her brother Azamat, belongs to the central images of M. Lermontov’s story of the same name. K. Aliyev found the Kumyk prototypes of some participants in the battle, to which M. Lermontov dedicated his poem “Valerik” (1842). We also draw attention to the Kumyk prototype of Colonel Khasanov, one of the characters in Leo Tolstoy’s story “The Raid. A Volunteer’s Story”.

‘Literary Heritage’ and ‘Character’：On the Development and the Presentness of the Image of the Classics

In this paper, I analyze the cultural contents of Japanese Classics and their images with adapting the two key terms ‘character’ and ‘literary heritage’, both of which I have become interested in recently. I co-edited Volume 4 of the five volumes’ handbook Nichibunken Popular Culture Research Series (2020-2021), The Popular Culture of ‘Characters’：Tradition, Performing Arts, Worlds. In the preface of that book, I wrote on ‘The Popular Culture History of “Characters” and “Worlds”’, where I re-examined the key concept of “characters”. In other academic context, I studied the concepts of ‘cultural heritage’ and ‘textual heritage’ in some joint researches, with a particular focus on ‘literary heritage’. By introducing and adopting both these key terms, here I attempt to analyze the development and the presentness of the classic image and its cultural contents in premodern Japanese literature. As some examples of the above, I shed the light on The Tale of Genji, The Tale of Heike and the work of the poet Bashō in order to identify their relationship with their surrounding literary heritage. As a result, and by reconstructing the concept of ‘readers’, I outline the imaging and development of Japanese classic literature and its modernity.

FEATURES OF LITERARY ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IN GURGEN KHANJYAN NOVEL «PANDEMIC»

In panoramic novel «Pandemic» G. Khanjyan by means of literary way presented the Armenian reality of the last decades. At the center of the epic events is the main hero Harut, who left for the United States before independence and now returns to Yerevan to sell his father’s house. The literary skill of the author, the experience of classical literature and some principles of magical realism were manifested in the novel. The theme of the hero’s behavior in extreme situations, which is preferred by existentialists, was also used. The writer has a great and successful experience in creating typical modern Armenians of different characters and classes, which he uses here, also using his journalistic inclination to raise national issues. Through the characters and themes of the novel, he reveals typical aspects of national life and public interests of that time /1990-2020/. Through the main hero, the problems of leaving the homeland and returning back are discussed, as well as the highest idea for an Armenian person to remain devoted to the interests of the country, to appreciate national spiritual and material values.

Delegation of Economic Statecraft to Private Enterprises: Russia, China, and Turkey in Africa

Abstract The literature on economic statecraft, defined as the use of economic means to achieve strategic ends, deals primarily with direct state instruments (sanctions, embargoes, and loans), or delegation to state-owned enterprises. However, states as principals also frequently delegate to private enterprises, which leads to the puzzling question of why some principals delegate economic statecraft to private enterprises instead of state-owned enterprises. In the classic literature on principal–agent theory, the principal delegates to agents because of the agents’ experience, the principal’s poor relationship with the target subject, or inability to participate in every step of the process. Arguably, the reasons for the principal’s delegation to private enterprises in economic statecraft might differ. The contribution of this article is two-fold. First, it introduces a three-tiered model of the economic statecraft’s delegation based on deniability and control. It consists of direct state interventions, delegation to the state-owned enterprises, and delegation to the private-owned enterprises. Second, it aims to close the gap in the existing literature by focusing on the principal’s preference of the delegation to private instead of state-owned enterprises in the context of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish geopolitical goals in Africa.

The Science of “Balāǧat” and Oriental Classical Literature

Objectives: This article is dedicated to exploring the intricate science of "Balāǧat" and its profound influence on Oriental classical literature. "Balāǧat," an Arabic term, is examined in its role as the art of eloquence and rhetoric that plays a central role in shaping the literary traditions of the Middle East and beyond. The study aims to delve into the historical development of "Balāǧat," seeking to illuminate its significance as a foundational element of classical Arabic, Persian, and other Eastern literary traditions.
 
 Methods: The article employs a methodical approach by examining the key principles and techniques of "Balāǧat." It focuses on elements such as metaphors, similes, allegories, and other rhetorical devices, exploring how these tools have been employed by renowned poets and writers to craft masterful works of literature. The investigation extends to understanding the impact of "Balāǧat" across various genres, including poetry, prose, and oratory, with the goal of shedding light on how these rhetorical tools convey complex ideas and emotions with unmatched elegance and sophistication.
 
 Results: The article presents the results of its exploration, highlighting the enduring legacy of "Balāǧat" in contemporary literature and its role in shaping the discourse on language, expression, and cultural identity. Through the analysis of selected literary works and critical perspectives, the study seeks to demonstrate the ongoing relevance of "Balāǧat" and its enduring contribution to the rich tapestry of Oriental classical literature.
 
 Conclusion: In conclusion, the article underscores the enduring significance of "Balāǧat" as a fundamental aspect of Oriental literary traditions. It emphasizes its lasting impact on the art of expression and the transmission of cultural heritage. The multidisciplinary approach taken throughout the study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the science of "Balāǧat" and its intricate connection to the captivating world of Oriental classical literature.