Basidiomycetes Class Research Articles

Identifikasi Jenis Jamur Basidiomycetes di Kecamatan Patumbak, Binjai Barat, Medan Marelan

This research is an identification study of basidiomycetes mushrooms in Patumbak sub-district, West Binjai and Medan Marelan. This research was carried out for 2 weeks, in May 2023. This research was carried out in the Districts of Patumbak, West Binjai and Medan Marelan. The purpose of this research is as information for the people in the area as information and as education. That in Patumbak District, West Binjai District, Medan Marelan District, there are various types of mushrooms of the basidiomycetes class, some of which can be consumed, can be used as medicine, and some cannot be consumed because they contain poison. The types of Basidiomycetes mushrooms found in the Districts of Patumbak, West Binjai and Medan Marelan are very diverse. The results of this study were the types of fungi found, namely Trametes, Pleurotus, Lactarius, Ganoderma, Fomitopsis, Phaeolus, Cronartium. This is influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, humidity and soil pH. The development and growth of fungi is strongly influenced by environmental factors, including humidity, temperature, soil pH and light intensity.
 Keywords: Identification, Fungi, Basidiomycetes

Identifikasi Jenis Jamur Basidiomycetes di Kecamatan Patumbak, Binjai Barat, Medan Marelan

This research is an identification study of basidiomycetes mushrooms in Patumbak sub-district, West Binjai and Medan Marelan. This research was carried out for 2 weeks, in May 2023. This research was carried out in the Districts of Patumbak, West Binjai and Medan Marelan. The purpose of this research is as information for the people in the area as information and as education. That in Patumbak District, West Binjai District, Medan Marelan District, there are various types of mushrooms of the basidiomycetes class, some of which can be consumed, can be used as medicine, and some cannot be consumed because they contain poison. The types of Basidiomycetes mushrooms found in the Districts of Patumbak, West Binjai and Medan Marelan are very diverse. The results of this study were the types of fungi found, namely Trametes, Pleurotus, Lactarius, Ganoderma, Fomitopsis, Phaeolus, Cronartium. This is influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, humidity and soil pH. The development and growth of fungi is strongly influenced by environmental factors, including humidity, temperature, soil pH and light intensity.
 Keywords: Identification, Fungi, Basidiomycetes

Structural and functional characterization of the cytotoxic protein ledodin, an atypical ribosome-inactivating protein from shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes).

We have purified ledodin, a cytotoxic 22-kDa protein from shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) consisting of a 197 amino acid chain. Ledodin possessed N-glycosylase activity on the sarcin-ricin loop of mammalian 28S rRNA and inhibited protein synthesis. However, it was not active against insect, fungal, and bacterial ribosomes. In vitro and in silico studies suggested that ledodin exhibits a catalytic mechanism like that of DNA glycosylases and plant ribosome-inactivating proteins. Moreover, the sequence and structure of ledodin was not related to any protein of known function, although ledodin-homologous sequences were found in the genome of several species of fungi, some edible, belonging to different orders of the class Agaricomycetes. Therefore, ledodin could be the first of a new family of enzymes widely distributed among this class of basidiomycetes. The interest of these proteins lies both, in the fact that they can be a toxic agent of some edible mushrooms and in their application in medicine and biotechnology.

Exploring the Bioactive Mycocompounds (Fungal Compounds) of Selected Medicinal Mushrooms and Their Potentials against HPV Infection and Associated Cancer in Humans.

Medicinal mushrooms have been used as a medicinal tool for many centuries and, nowadays, are used in the prevention and therapy of various diseases, including as an adjunct to cancer treatment. It is estimated that 14-16% of global cancer cases are caused by infectious events; one well-known infectious agent that leads to cancer is the human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is responsible for more than 99.7% of cervical cancer cases and also may play a role in vaginal, vulvar, penile, anal, rectal, and oropharyngeal carcinogenesis. Coriolus versicolor, a basidiomycetes class mushroom, consists of glycoproteins called polysaccharide-K (PSK) and polysaccharopeptide (PSP), which are mainly responsible for its effectiveness in the fight against a variety of cancers. Its beneficial effect lies in its ability to arrest different phases of the cell cycle, immunomodulation or induction of apoptosis. Coriolus versicolor extractcan reduces BCL-2 expression or increases the expression of p53 tumour suppressor genes in breast tumour cell lines. Inhibition of proliferation was also demonstrated with HeLa cells, while cervical cytology abnormalities improved in patients who locally applied Coriolus versicolor-based vaginal gel. Coriolus versicolor extract itself, and also its combination with another medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, leads to improved HPV clearance in HPV cervical or oral-positive patients. Medicinal mushrooms can also increase the effectiveness of vaccination. This review considers the use of medicinal mushrooms as a suitable adjunct to the treatment of many cancers or precanceroses, including those caused by the HPV virus.

Growth and Yield Performance of Oyster Mushroom Cultivated in Combined Cassava Peels, Coconut Residue and Coffee Waste Substrates

The oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) is an edible mushroom that belongs to the class of Basidiomycetes. It has reached sufficient market maturity because of its flavor, shelf-life durability, and protein and fiber content. Besides their nutritional, medicinal, and economic value, they may help the country’s agricultural waste management, bridge environmental issues, and contribute to climate change resolution advancements. A study on different varieties of agricultural substrates derived from waste materials such as cassava peels, coconut residue, and coffee waste was investigated and compared to sawdust, the common substrate for oyster mushrooms. The effects of different substrates on the morphological characteristics of P. ostreatus, percent contamination, and yield parameters were recorded and analyzed using the Analysis of Variance in Completely Randomized Design, and their significant results were compared using Tukey’s HSD. Results showed that different substrate mixtures did not significantly influence the morphological characteristics of P. ostreatus. Moreover, sawdust, the common substrate for oyster mushrooms, showed the lowest percent contamination as compared to other substrate mixtures. Contaminants found in cassava substrates include Trichoderma spp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Neurospora spp., and Penicillium spp. 80% of cassava peels combined with 10% coconut residue and 10% coffee waste significantly increased the number of fruiting bodies and produced the heaviest fresh weights of oyster mushrooms. Stipe length and pileus diameter were also significantly influenced by this substrate mixture, which is comparable to the common substrate. However, further research on the varying proportions of these substrate mixtures on the performance of oyster mushrooms is recommended.

Performing Infection Assays of Sporisorium reilianum f. sp. Zeae in Maize.

Corn head smut fungus Sporisorium reilianum f. sp. zeae is a biotrophic pathogen belonging to the class of basidiomycetes. Under field conditions, it infects maize (Zea mays L.) still in the soil at early stages of development. Later, the infection spreads systemically to all aerial parts of the plant with mild symptoms of anthocyanin accumulation until the development of inflorescences, where it causes a replacement of maize inflorescences with spore-filled sori or leaf-like structures. Recently, Sporisorium reilianum (S. reilianum) is being established as a model organism to study fungal-plant interactions and corresponding virulence factors. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for a method that has been described and employed previously (Ghareeb H, Zhao Y, Schirawski J, Molecular plant pathology 20:124-136, 2019) to test the virulence of S. reilianum in maize under controlled laboratory conditions.

Contribution to the biosystematic study of carpophoric basidiomycetes (higher fungi) in the Dakar region (Senegal)

In Senegal, fungi constitute a large and diverse systematic group. However, despite their numerous food and pharmacological potential, few studies have been devoted to this group, particularly carpophore fungi. This work is a contribution to the knowledge of macromycetes in Senegal. It specifically proposes to determine the structure of the fungi on the prospected sites and to propose identification tools. Inventories were made at four (4) sites: two sites in Cheikh Anta DIOP University of Dakar (Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science and Technology and that of Faculty of Medicine), the Forest Park of Hann and the classified forest of Mbao. The identification and description of the samples were carried out based on macroscopic and ecological characteristics. This methodology allowed us to identify (15) morphotypes distributed in 2 subclasses of the Basidiomycetes class. They belong to 5 orders (Agaricales, Pluteales, Trichlomatales, Phallales, Gasterales), 7 families (Agaricaceae, Lepiotaceae, Pluteaceae, Marasmiaceae, Termitomycetaceae, Phallaceae, Sclerodermataceae) and 8 genera. Among these morphotypes, four (4) are identified down to the species level (Phallus roseus, Podaxis pistillaris, Micropsalliota cf elata and Scleroderma auriculatum) and 11 down to the genus. In this fungi group, the genus Termitomyces dominates with five (5) species, followed by the genus Volvaria with three (3) species. This work made it possible to bring out the common and differential characters between the species. It then appeared that the mode of insertion of the foot is the only characteristic common to all species. In addition, the identification of discriminating characteristics made it possible to develop a key for determining all the species inventoried.

Diversity in Mushrooms

This review paper present literature about the types and diversity of mushrooms which belong to a class of basidiomycetes of fungi. Mushrooms are spongy, fleshy, umbrella like structures which grow above the ground in dark and damp environment. The global production of mushrooms is 34 million tons out of which larger share is of china while in India Utter Pradesh is leading in mushroom production. Mushrooms had a history of being used as medicine and due to this, it is in high pharmaceutical demand now a days. Apart from edible and medicinal mushrooms which have high nutrient value there are mushrooms which are toxic in nature and are not safe for consumption.

Identification of MVOCs Produced by Coniophora puteana and Poria placenta Growing on WPC Boards by Using Subtraction Mass Spectra.

Volatile fungal metabolites are responsible for various odors and may contribute to a “sick building syndrome” (SBS) with a negative effect on the heath of building. The authors have attempted to fill the research gaps by analyzing microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) originating from representatives of the Basidiomycetes class that grow on wood-polymer composite (WPC) boards. WPCs have been analyzed as a material exposed to biodeterioration. Indoor air quality (IAQ) is affected by the increased use of WPCs inside buildings, and is becoming a highly relevant research issue. The emission profiles of MVOCs at various stages of WPC decay have been demonstrated in detail for Coniophora puteana and Poria placenta, and used to set the European industrial standards for wood-decay fungi. Differences in the production of MVOCs among these species of fungi have been detected using the thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) method. This study identifies the production of alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and other compounds during one month of fungal growth. The identified level of metabolites indicates a relation between the level of air pollution and condition of the WPC material, which may become part of IAQ quantification in the future. The study points to the species-specific compounds for representatives of brown and white-rot fungi and the compounds responsible for their odor. In this study, 1-Octen-3-ol was indicated as a marker for their active growth, which is also associated with SBS. The proposed experimental set-up and data analysis are a simple and convenient way to obtain emission profiles of MVOCs from microbes growing on different materials.

Recovery of lignin peroxidase from submerged liquid fermentation of Amauroderma rugosum (Blume & T. Nees) Torrend using polyethylene glycol/salt aqueous two-phase system

Amauroderma rugosum is a wild mushroom species widely distributed in tropics and is classified under the class of Basidiomycetes. Basidiomycetes are well-known for their abilities of producing lignocellulolytic enzymes such as lignin peroxidase (LiP), laccase (Lac) and manganese peroxidase (MnP). Different factors such as nutrient sources, incubation period and agitation affect the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes. The A. rugosum produced LiP in the medium supplemented with potato dextrose broth (PDB), 0.5% yeast and 1.0% saw dust at 26.70±3.31U/mL. However, the LiP activity was increased to 106.32±5.32U/mL when supplemented with 150μm of copper (CuSO4). The aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) is a simple, rapid and low cost method for primary extraction and recovery of LiP. A total of 25 systems made from five different molecular weights of polyethylene glycol (PEG)/dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4) were tested. PEG 600 produced the highest top phase purification factor (PFT) of 1.33±0.62 with yield of 72.18±8.50%. The optimization of the ATPS parameters, such as volume ratio VR, pH and crude enzyme loading are the factors controlling the phase partition. Our results showed that significant improvement (PFT of 6.26±2.87 with yield of 87.31±3.14%) of LiP recovery can be achieved by optimized the parameters.

Purification, characterization and cytotoxicity assessment of Ageritin: The first ribotoxin from the basidiomycete mushroom Agrocybe aegerita

BackgroundSeveral species belonging to Ascomycota phylum produce extracellular ribonucleases, known as ribotoxins, which exhibit RNase activity through the cleavage of a single phosphodiester bond, located at the universally conserved sarcin/ricin loop of the large rRNA leading to inhibition of protein biosynthesis. Clarifying the structure-function relationship in ribotoxins is interesting for their use in human tumour therapy and in construction of pest resistant transgenic plants. ResultsThe ribotoxin Ageritin has been isolated for the first time from the Basidiomycetes class. The enzyme, characterized by means of its amino acid composition, N-terminal sequence and a circular dichroism, structurally differs from Ascomycota ribotoxin prototype, although it was able, as α-sarcin, to release a specific α-fragment. However, it does not display aspecific ribonucleolytic activity. Ageritin exerts cytotoxicity and cell death promoting effects towards CNS model cell lines (SK-N-BE(2)-C, U-251 and C6), as vinblastine, a plant alkaloid used in cancer therapy. Moreover, our results indicate that Ageritin initially activates caspase-8, whereas caspase-9 cleavage was not detected, demonstrating the involvement of an extrinsic apoptotic pathway. ConclusionsOur findings show that Ageritin is the earliest diverging member of the Ascomycota ribotoxin family, suggesting that ribotoxins are more widely distributed among fungi than previously believed. General significanceAgeritin, structurally different from the widely known Ascomycota ribotoxins, with promising anti-cancer properties vs. aggressive brain tumours, has been found from the basidiomycete fungus Agrocybe aegerita. Finally, this finding highlights that the ribotoxin family has divergent members in Basidiomycota phylum, whose structural and functional characterization can give new information on ribotoxin or ribonuclease superfamilies.

Effects of Ganodermanondiol, a New Melanogenesis Inhibitor from the Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum.

Ganoderma lucidum, a species of the Basidiomycetes class, has been attracting international attention owing to its wide variety of biological activities and great potential as an ingredient in skin care cosmetics including “skin-whitening” products. However, there is little information available on its inhibitory effect against tyrosinase activity. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the chemical composition of G. lucidum and its inhibitory effects on melanogenesis. We isolated the active compound from G. lucidum using ethanol extraction and ethyl acetate fractionation. In addition, we assayed its inhibitory effects on tyrosinase activity and melanin biosynthesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. In this study, we identified a bioactive compound, ganodermanondiol, which inhibits the activity and expression of cellular tyrosinase and the expression of tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), TRP-2, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), thereby decreasing melanin production. Furthermore, ganodermanondiol also affected the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent signaling pathway, which are involved in the melanogenesis of B16F10 melanoma cells. The finding that ganodermanondiol from G. lucidum exerts an inhibitory effect on tyrosinase will contribute to the use of this mushroom in the preparation of skin care products in the future.

Accelerated processing of solitary and clustered abasic site DNA damage lesions by APE1 in the presence of aqueous extract of Ganoderma lucidum.

The stimulatory effect of the aqueous extract of G. lucidum, a basidiomycetes class fungus in the APE1-enzyme-mediated processing of solitary and bistranded clustered abasic sites DNA damages is presented. Abasic sites are considered the most common type of DNA damage lesions. Our study shows enhanced activity of APE1 in the processing of abasic sites in the presence of the polysaccharides fraction of G. lucidum. Remarkable increase in the amount of single-strand breaks (SSBs) and double-strand breaks (DSBs) from solitary and bistranded clustered abasic sites respectively with APE1 in the presence of the extract was found. This trend is maintained when abasic sites in DNA oligomers are exposed to fibroblast cell extracts in the presence of the extract. While DNA conformational alteration is negligible, APE1 enzyme shows characteristic changes in the alpha helix and beta strand ratio after incubation with G. lucidum extract. The enhanced reactivity of APE1 at the molecular level in the presence of G. lucidium is attributed to this effect. This study potentially amplifies the scope of the use of G. lucidum, which was earlier shown to have only reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging properties with regards to DNA damage inhibition.

Colonization by fungi of wood chips stored in industrial conditions

The long-term storage of chips in the form of piles visibly decreases the quality of this material. The aim of the research was to identify the colonization by fungi of forest chips intended for energy purposes and the growth of fungi, as well as the changes they can cause in wood during the storage of chips. The first sample for biological tests was taken when a test pile was being raised on the premises of a power plant (the initial state) and successive samples were taken from the inside of the pile after 30, 60 and 120 days of storage. The surfaces of the samples were observed using a stereoscopic microscope. Wood inocula, taken from the inside of the samples, were placed on a sterile culture medium, incubated for 10 days, and then observed under a microscope. Numerous filamentous fungi, responsible for the soft rot of wood, were isolated from the samples taken when the pile was raised and after 30 and 60 days of storage; however, no traces of decay in these chips were observed under the microscope. For the first time, fungi belonging to the Basidiomycetes class were observed on chips taken from the pile after 120 days. Hence, it is only after 120 days that some of the changes in chip quality, signalised by a decrease in mass, may be connected with the growth of Basidiomycetes.

Ability of some species of fungi of the Basidiomycetes class to degrade cellulose and lignocellulose substrates

Studies were carried-out on the ability of 18 strains of 15 white-rot and brown-rot basidiomycetons fungi to degrade wood components and to synthesize cellulolytic enzymes and laccase. 28,5% lignin and 26,1% carbohydrates of pine wood meal, 46,2% lignin and 67,8% carbohydrates of beech wood meal was degraded after 6 weeks incubation by the white-rot fungus <i>Phanerochate chrysosporium</i>. The highest activity of laccase was obtained in from fungi <i>Coriotus zonatus</i> and <i>Fomes fomentarius</i>.

Karakterisasi Ganoderma spp. di Kabupaten Banyumas dan Uji Peran Basidiospora dalam Siklus Penyakit Busuk Batang

Ganoderma sp., one of fungi belonged to the family Ganodermataceae, order of Aphyllophorales, class of Basidiomycetes is very widely spread. This fungus is a soil-borne, and has parasitic and saprophytic features which are interesting because of their two contradictory roles namely harmful and beneficial effects. As a plant parasite, Ganoderma is able to cause root and stem rot of tropical perennial crop plantation and forest which cause serious losses. The fungus is well known as white rot fungus which is able to cause a wood rotten by lignin destruction. On the contrary, the fungus has some advantages such as medical potentials. In this study, some collections and characterization of Ganoderma spp. found in Banyumas has been conducted. The technique used for sampling Ganoderma spp. mushroom is a survey with Purposive Random Sampling method. Samples were taken from nature in the area of Banyumas Regency and its natural substrate were noted. Characterization based on the macromorphology and micromorphology was done for grouping and identification. Micromorphology observations were done by slicing and painting samples with plants microtechnique method. The result showed that there were 43 Ganoderma spp isolates, distributed from low to high lands of 100 - 500 m above sea level. The most fungi were found on the high lands, in Baturraden sub district, which included 16 isolates. The interesting finding is the discovery of Ganoderma spp. which attacked flamboyant plant ( Delonix regia ) in West Purwokerto sub district. Based on micromorphology observations, these fungi form a basidium and basidiospore inside and below as well as the surface of the fruit body. Some species were also found having such phenomenon so it needs further research on the role of basidiospora in the cycle of stem rot disease, especially basidiospora role in the initiation of diseases infection. As the soil infecting mushroom, study of the disease spreading is focused more on the role of the mycelium found in the remaining plants as infecting the material. Basidiopore role in the spread of the disease is rarely studied, but actually basidiospore is a potential source of genetic variation.

Anticancer properties of polysaccharides isolated from fungi of the Basidiomycetes class.

Basidiomycete mushrooms represent a valuable source of biologically active compounds with anticancer properties. This feature is primarily attributed to polysaccharides and their derivatives. The anticancer potential of polysaccharides is linked to their origin, composition and chemical structure, solubility and method of isolation. Moreover, their activity can be significantly increased by chemical modifications. Anticancer effects of polysaccharides can be expressed indirectly (immunostimulation) or directly (cell proliferation inhibition and/or apoptosis induction). Among the wide range of polysaccharides with documented anticancer properties, lentinan, polysaccharide-K (PSK) and schizophyllan deserve special attention. These polysaccharides for many years have been successfully applied in cancer treatment and their mechanism of action is the best known.

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction process of crude polysaccharides from Yunzhi mushroom and its effect on hydroxyproline and glycosaminoglycan levels

Yunzhi is a mushroom belonging to species of the Basidiomycetes class of fungi. Its medicinal value was recorded in China. The Yunzhi polysaccharide was extracted from Yunzhi mushroom in this work. The results of chemical composition indicated that Yunzhi polysaccharides comprised mainly of carbohydrate compound. Total carbohydrate content was determined to be 95%. The polysaccharides were composed of glucose and mannose as detected by GC in the ratio of 4.4:1. The absorption spectra of the polysaccharides showed that the polysaccharides-related absorption peaks at 1153, 1336, 1460, 1663, 1712 and 2927 cm −1. Effect of Yunzhi polysaccharides on hydroxyproline, glycosaminoglycan, I collagens mRNA/β-actin and I collagens protein/GAPDH was investigated by employing animal model. Result showed that Yunzhi polysaccharides could enhance hydroxyproline, glycosaminoglycan, I collagens mRNA/β-actin and I collagens protein/GAPDH level in rat. These results indicated that Yunzhi polysaccharides could be beneficial for treatment of bone degenerative diseases.

Animals and fungi as allergy inducers

Pets particularly dog and cat are the men's best friend. In the daily practice respiratory allergy to animal proteins are not uncommon and in some areas the frequency is even higher than allergy to house dust mites. In Switzerland nearly half of the households keeps some kind of a domestic animal with cats followed by dogs as the principal pets. Because the exposure to domestic animals is perennial, allergic symptoms such as rhinoconjunctivitis or asthma usually are less acute than due to pollen or an occupational allergen. The best and most effective management of a domestic animal allergy is to avoid having contact with the relevant pet. Because of personal and emotional conflicts other strategies are employed to reduce allergen levels of the pet such as by washing or by restriction of the territory. For many years, fungal spores have been recognized as potential causes of respiratory allergies. Besides the more community recognized microfungi or molds such as Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus or Cladosporium herbarum the class of basidiomycetes--physically the largest and morphologically the most complex fungi--are known to produce allergic symptoms. This class consists of about 14,000 species, including mushrooms, bracket fungi, puffballs, toad stools and jelly fungi, as well as the plant-pathogenic rusts and smuts. Clinically, symptoms due to fungal allergens are not distinguishable from those due to pollen, however, in recent years asthma attacks particularly in young people have been associated with high spore counts in the air. Upon contact fungal components may cause eczema or trigger inflammatory skin eruptions in a subgroup of patients with atopic eczema. Though food allergies to mushrooms are largely anecdotal, a few well documented cases mainly due to Boletus edulis (king bolete or cepe) have been published recently. Since fungal spores are ubiquitous atmospheric components avoidance measures are often not achievable. Nevertheless, some preventive steps especially at home may help to control growth of molds. Specific immunotherapy may be indicated for both domestic animal and fungal (mold) allergies in certain circumstances. Clinical relevance, however, needs to be demonstrated by an accurate allergological assessment.

Common mushroom spores may cause asthma and hay fever in fall

A substantial portion of fall asthma and hay fever may be due to spores of common mushrooms, according to a study described at the recent Montreal meeting of the American Academy of Allergy and Immunology by John Santilli, Jr, MD. There is a tremendous increase in hospital emergency room admissions for asthma in the late fall, after ragweed season has ended, explained Santilli. No cause has ever been identified. Following a suggestion by John Salvaggio, MD, director of allergy and immunology in the Department of Medicine at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Santilli and co-workers attempted to find out whether spores from fungi of the Basidiomycetes class might be the culprits. These spores are released in the fall. Not only was widespread sensitivity to mushroom spores identified among fall asthma sufferers but the team found that mushrooms might account for another puzzling phenomenon, October hay fever. People have