Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum, a species of the Basidiomycetes class, has been attracting international attention owing to its wide variety of biological activities and great potential as an ingredient in skin care cosmetics including “skin-whitening” products. However, there is little information available on its inhibitory effect against tyrosinase activity. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the chemical composition of G. lucidum and its inhibitory effects on melanogenesis. We isolated the active compound from G. lucidum using ethanol extraction and ethyl acetate fractionation. In addition, we assayed its inhibitory effects on tyrosinase activity and melanin biosynthesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. In this study, we identified a bioactive compound, ganodermanondiol, which inhibits the activity and expression of cellular tyrosinase and the expression of tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), TRP-2, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), thereby decreasing melanin production. Furthermore, ganodermanondiol also affected the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent signaling pathway, which are involved in the melanogenesis of B16F10 melanoma cells. The finding that ganodermanondiol from G. lucidum exerts an inhibitory effect on tyrosinase will contribute to the use of this mushroom in the preparation of skin care products in the future.
Highlights
Natural products have been used for centuries to promote healthy skin
protein kinase A (PKA) activation along with cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels were not determined in the present study, these results suggest that the inhibitory effect of ganodermanondiol contributed to the reduction in microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) expression and melanin production through the inhibition of cAMP Response Element Binding Protein (CREB) phosphorylation
The results of the present study suggest that ganodermanondiol, a triterpenoid compound isolated from G. lucidum, effectively regulated melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells
Summary
Natural products have been used for centuries to promote healthy skin. Currently, they are becoming more prevalent in commercial formulations owing to consumers’ concerns about synthetic substances and a greater market demand for natural ingredients. Despite the widespread use of natural ingredients, the discovery of biologically active compounds, the determination of the specific identity of the chemicals with desirable effects, and the development of these substances into new cosmetic products remain an important challenge. Tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1), a multifunctional copper-containing oxidase, is considered the key enzyme that orchestrates melanogenesis in melanocytes. This key enzyme catalyzes both the hydroxylation of L-tyrosine and the oxidation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) to o-quinone (dopaquinone) [7]. The use of HQ in cosmetics has been banned in numerous countries owing to health concerns This has led to the development of alternative agents such as kojic acid and arbutin, their potential use in cosmetic products appears to be limited by their adverse effects and low stability [17]
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