Clarity Of Language Research Articles

Language difficulties of comprehending the text of a contract and ways to overcome them

In modern civil circulation, a significant number of contracts are those of adhesion. As confirmed by judicial practice, the joining side may not understand the contract’s content or have a mistaken notion about it. The aim of the article is to research the reasons and consequences of lack of language clarity on the contract’s terms for the side that joins the contract, in order to determine the ways to eliminate them. The empirical method, the methods of description and interpretation, and the theory of formal and dialectic logic are used in the article. The reason for not understanding a contract’s terms might not be the objective complexity of the text, but the fact that the contractor does not read it. A conclusion is made that juridical means of protecting a contract’s side that has concluded a contract due to wrongous influence, are not always effective. The legal and linguistic design of a contract implies using any means of visualization that lets the contractors comprehend the meaning of a contract.

Brazilian instrument for assessing of eating disorders in children and adolescents

ObjectiveThis study aimed to develop the Brazilian instrument for assessing eating disorders in children and adolescents and test its psychometric quality using item response theory (IRT). DesignCross-sectional study. ParticipantsParticipants aged between five and twelve years old of both sexes. Main measuresIRT logistic model of two parameters was used to evaluate the item's severity and discrimination and test information curve of symptoms of eating disorders’ latent trait symptoms. Content validity and reliability were also assessed. The IRT evaluation suggested that the instrument contained items that performed differently concerning severity, discrimination, and test information curve presented good accuracy. ResultsThere was agreement on the clarity of language (83.3%) and theoretical relevance (91.7%), indicating good content validity. The value of the Cronbach's Alpha was 0.63 (95% confidence interval), and the result of the Spearman–Brown test was 0.65. ConclusionThese results indicate good performance of the screening tool in assessing the level of eating disorders in children and adolescents.

Science dissemination videos as multimodal supporting resources for ESP teaching in higher education

In recent years, science dissemination has moved from printed to digital formats, and digital genres such as free access videos, along with their own multimodal characteristics (e.g. image, audio, movement, among others) are particularly relevant in order to meet 21st century users' (i.e., digital natives) learning needs (Prensky, 2017) and to make them aware of the use of the multimodal traits. However, only a few studies can be found on the use of videos for the dissemination of research in ESP teaching as learning resources in Higher Education (HE) contexts, nor have the multimodal connections embedded in videos which contribute to the engagement of their users been taken into account (Valeiras-Jurado & Bernad-Mechó, 2022). Considering a communicative multimodal procedure in the digital era (Kress, 2010), the objective of this research is to identify the criteria that ESP teachers take into account when selecting this type of video for their courses, as well as the multimodal characteristics of these videos that can be identified and taken into consideration in the classroom. To attain our aim, a questionnaire will be distributed to 10 ESP teachers asking about the criteria they use for the selection of videos (e.g., length, clarity of language, visual aids, subject matter appropriate to the content, difficulty, among other aspects). Secondly, a multimodal discourse analysis of an extract from one of the videos teachers use in their courses will be developed. The teacher who uses this video in his class will be interviewed before and after showing him the multimodal analysis in order to check whether being aware of the video's multimodal traits can change his criteria for video selection and for class activities related to it. The results of this investigation will serve to offer teachers some support in their selection of appropriate multimodal materials for their ESP courses, as well as pedagogical tips about activities that can enhance the multimodal features of this digital genre.

Álbum seriado para promoção da autoeficácia na asma infantil: construção e validação

ABSTRACT Objective: To construct and validate the content and appearance of an information booklet to promote self-efficacy of parents and/or caregivers in childhood asthma management and control. Method: This is a methodological study, developed from educational material elaboration, validity and assessment by 25 content judges and three technical judges. Language clarity, practical pertinence and theoretical relevance were used, calculating the Content Validity Coefficient (CVC) for validity, and the Suitability Assessment of Materials (SAM) instrument was applied for assessment. Judges were also able to make suggestions for modifications on each page of the booklet. Pages that reached a CVC ≥ 0.80 for content judges and CVC ≥ 0.70 for technical judges were considered validated. Results: The total CVC of the booklet was 0.96 for content judges and 0.83 for technical judges. The educational material was considered superior according to the SAM, with a total score of 92.67% for content judges and 73.81% for technical judges. Changes were made to the booklet after the validity process, according to judges’ suggestions, resulting in a second version. Conclusion: The information booklet is valid and has a high degree of recommendation for use with parents and/or caregivers in childhood asthma control and management.

An integrated STEM-based mathematical problem-solving test: Developing and reporting psychometric evidence

Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) problem-solving is necessary to be infused into the classroom. Nevertheless, the criticism of underrepresented mathematics in STEM problem-solving assessment is an issue. In this study, we develop and investigate the psychometric evidence of an integrated STEM-based mathematical problem-solving test. The product of the test was a mathematical essay test that contains three scientific scenarios related to the environment in every middle school grade. The mathematical contents were integrated into engineering-based design using the technology. Three experts filled an assessment sheet to assess content validity, which was analyzed using a content validity index (CVI) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The result of content validity revealed that overall items were valid and reliable. The construct validity was examined using the Rasch analysis from the data of Grades 7–9 students in Indonesia (n = 286). The construct of all scenarios and prompting items indicated fit with various difficulty levels and acceptable discrimination value. Nevertheless, four prompting items were reported as misfit based on unweighted mean square value. The recommendation for improvement is emphasized in the language clarity aspect. The inter-rater reliability was also declared good. A further study is suggested to provide a computer-based test.

Assessment of Clinical Information Quality in Digital Health Technologies: International eDelphi Study.

Digital health technologies (DHTs), such as electronic health records and prescribing systems, are transforming health care delivery around the world. The quality of information in DHTs is key to the quality and safety of care. We developed a novel clinical information quality (CLIQ) framework to assess the quality of clinical information in DHTs. This study explored clinicians' perspectives on the relevance, definition, and assessment of information quality dimensions in the CLIQ framework. We used a systematic and iterative eDelphi approach to engage clinicians who had information governance roles or personal interest in information governance; the clinicians were recruited through purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Data were collected using semistructured online questionnaires until consensus was reached on the information quality dimensions in the CLIQ framework. Responses on the relevance of the dimensions were summarized to inform decisions on retention of the dimensions according to prespecified rules. Thematic analysis of the free-text responses was used to revise definitions and the assessment of dimensions. Thirty-five clinicians from 10 countries participated in the study, which was concluded after the second round. Consensus was reached on all dimensions and categories in the CLIQ framework: informativeness (accuracy, completeness, interpretability, plausibility, provenance, and relevance), availability (accessibility, portability, security, and timeliness), and usability (conformance, consistency, and maintainability). A new dimension, searchability, was introduced in the availability category to account for the ease of finding needed information in the DHTs. Certain dimensions were renamed, and some definitions were rephrased to improve clarity. The CLIQ framework reached a high expert consensus and clarity of language relating to the information quality dimensions. The framework can be used by health care managers and institutions as a pragmatic tool for identifying and forestalling information quality problems that could compromise patient safety and quality of care. RR2-10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057430.

A Semantic Analysis WRT Linguistic Approach of TV Commercials: A Case-Based Research for LUX (HUL)

Communicational language clarity, which conveys a message, decides intensity of impact of language used. Thus, this era evidences a well-executed presentation of television commercial ads, with wise and cautious use of words and language. Thus, semantics are being fully exploited by copywriters to win audience’s attention and make a difference. Present study intends to highlight linguistic approach of semantics and analyzes linguistic tools used in LUX soaps’ TV commercials. Understanding effect of linguistic approach and choice of language used by copywriters on viewers also aimed. A systematic thematic review conducted on earlier research on a topic, which well supported by quantitative research done on different age groups to maintain data’s main neutrality. Researcher has used different hypothesis testing and chosen factor analysis of SPSS 22 version, suitable for data. However, in course of research work, it was realized subject was not widely analyzed from any quantitative scale. However, a vast study with qualitative evaluation made in past. Lack of intensive study found to be one of limitations of study.

Validation and cultural adaptation of the Sport Confidence Inventory (SCI) for Brazilian adolescent athletes

The objective of this study was to translate, adapt and validate the Sport Confidence Inventory (SCI) to Brazilian Portuguese. The final application of the SCI-BR occurred with 540 adolescent athletes involved in a high-level sports competition. In addition, Factorial Exploratory Analysis (FEA) (n=260) and Confirmatory Factorial Analysis (CFA) (n=280) were conducted in approximately 50% of the total sample for each analysis group. High internal consistency (α =0.861), reproducibility (0.899) and content validity (CVC) for "language clarity" (0.796) and "practical relevance" (0.967) indexes were observed. In addition, two factors have been identified that explain the sport confidence construct in Brazilian adolescent athletes. In the CFA, it was observed adequate global indexes of fit to the model for the instrument from two factors (RMSEA=0.078; CFI=0,90; TLI=0.86; SRMR=0.062). With this, it is concluded that the translated SCI has adequate psychometric indicators for the evaluation of sport confidence in Brazilian adolescent athletes.

Trends in Vegetation Ordinances across the Southern United States

Vegetation regulations or ordinances are the local laws that govern the policies surrounding urban trees and landscape management. The complexity of urban areas, within the mosaic of private and public vegetation, necessitates regulation to manage the numerous benefits of urban vegetation. As urban populations continue to increase, regulations governing vegetation become increasingly common. This article presents an analysis of the language and provisions of vegetation regulations within communities across the southern United States by using data from the Municode, a public database of ordinances, and employing a content analysis. Findings demonstrate both similarities and variations in ordinance language and content while identifying limitations such as unclear ordinance provisions, lack of essential ordinance provisions, duplications, and section contradictions. Overall, findings suggest a need to improve ordinance design, content, and language clarity therein, so they can have a more positive impact on community green infrastructure. Findings are useful for urban foresters, arborists, planners, and elected officials in efforts to develop or revise codes.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the SF-8 Questionnaire in Tanzanian Swahili for Injury Population

Background: There is a lack of tools to screen for health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in acute injury patients, despite the critical need for having a good understanding of the characteristics of mental health during the rehabilitation process. The SF-8 instrument, a shorter version of the SF-36, is the most widely used patient-based assessment of HRQoL. The aim of this research is to adapt the psychometric properties of the SF-8 to Swahili. Methods: This study is a secondary data analysis of previously collected and psychometric evaluation of the culturally adapted and translated SF-8. A cross-cultural adaptation committee carried out the process of translation to provide validity evidence based on test content. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the internal structure-based evidence. The validity based on relation to other variables (discriminant evidence) was tested using polychoric correlation with PHQ-2 (Patient Health Questionnaire-2). The reliability was tested using Cronbach’s alpha, Omega McDonald, and Composite Reliability. Results: 1434 adults who suffered an acute injury and presented to the emergency department between April 2018 and August 2020 were included in the study. The instrument demonstrated language clarity and domain coherence, showing validity evidence based on test content. The CFA (Confirmatory Factor Analysis) analysis showed good fit indices for both models (one- and two-factor models) of the SF-8. The discriminant evidence showed that SF-8 scores correlate strongly with the PHQ-2 instrument. These results supported the validity evidence in relation to other variables. All analyses of reliability were considered adequate with values above 0.90 for both models of the SF-8. Conclusions: The results show that the SF-8 instrument can provide relevant information about the health-related quality of life of acute injury patients, and allow practitioners to gain a better understanding of mental health, improving the treatment and follow-up of injury patients within Tanzanian culture.

Rubric as Assessment Tool for Lecturers and Students in Higher Education Institution

Rubrics in higher education have been studied in a range of disciplines and for a variety of reasons, including improving student achievement, enriching instruction, and evaluating programs. Some authors indicate good responses to the use of rubrics by teachers, whereas others have noticed instructors' reluctance to adopt them. This review aims to provide an empirical study on the utilization of rubrics as assessment tools in higher education institutions. It examines specific peer-reviewed literature on the utilization of rubrics in higher education; the utilization of rubrics in instructional and program evaluations; and the reliability, validity, and utility of rubrics. However, one study did not find a correlation between the use of rubrics and improved academic performance. It has been demonstrated that rubrics can identify the need for course and program enhancements. According to research on the validity of rubrics, clarity and appropriateness of language are of paramount importance. Rubrics can lead to a somewhat consistent assessment of student performance, according to the bulk of research on rater dependability. Suggestions for future research include the use of more rigorous research methodologies; a higher emphasis on validity and reliability; a stronger emphasis on learning; and research on the implementation of rubrics in various educational settings.

Peer Review Statement

All papers published in this volume have been reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing. In the first stage, every paper that submitted by the author to the morressier website were reviewed by internal reviewers and assessed based on the content suitability with the theme and scope of the 2021 AEFS Conference, writing format suitability with the IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science template, clarity of language, and similarity index by turn it in. In addition, the contents of the paper must be the result of a research. Unsuitable paper and paper that requiring major revision based on the review results were immediately rejected. There were 186 papers submitted in this stage. After that, in the second stage, all papers (159 papers) that passed in the first stage were reviewed by the Scientific Committee and assessed based on content suitability with the theme and scope of the 2021 AEFS Conference, clarity of language use and delivery methods, and the paper contents (introduction, method, discussion of results research, and conclusions) related to originality, innovation, technical soundness, applicability, clarity of presentation, and relevance more deeply. In addition, the editorial team also assessed the suitability of the writing format, refer to the IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science format such as reference writing, spacing, font size, font type, and others. Papers that didn’t meet the standard of research results based on the reviewer’s assessment were rejected at this stage, while papers that require revision were returned to the author for revision based on the notes on the review results through the AEFS system. The results of the revised paper were directly submitted by the author to the morressier system no later than October 26th, 2021. Papers that successfully passed this stage received a temporary Letter of Acceptance (LOA) with several acceptance requirements that must be met. To complete the requirements, author must revise the paper in accordance with the revised notes of the review results from reviewers within a predetermined time, pay the administration payments, and present the paper at the 5th International Conference on Agriculture, Environment, and Food Security (AEFS) in 2021. Author who has paid the administration payment received the invitation to present his paper at the 5th International Conference on Agriculture, Environment and Food Security (AEFS). Moreover, paper that has completed the administration payment and was presented at the 4th International Conference on Agriculture, Environment, and Food Security (AEFS) 2021, still needed revision based on the results of the second stage review. The results of these revision were assessed by 46 internal reviewers based on the suitability of the revision with revised notes and recommendations from reviewers and editors at the second stage. In addition, the editorial team also re-checked the paper similarity index by turn it in. Then, the paper would be returned to the author to be corrected until it met all revision notes and recommendations from reviewers and editors. There were 159 papers to review in this stage. This stage was carried out on November 19th to December 18th 2021. There were 142 papers that successfully passed this stage. Finally, the quick skimming process was carried out in the final review to ensure the feasibility of the paper for publication and filter out minor errors in terms of paper content that still existed before the paper was sent to the publisher. At this stage, the editorial team once again checked the final similarity index by turn it in to ensure that the paper met the publication standards. This stage was carried out on December 18th 2021 to January 18th 2022. The editorial team also reviewed the paper and did the final editing process before sent the papers to the publisher. The final editing process was carried out on January 20th to March 29th 2022. There were 142 papers that met the publication standards and were sent to the publisher.1. Type of peer review: Double Anonymous2. Conference submission management system: Morressier3. Number of submissions received: 1864. Number of submissions sent for review: 1595. Number of submissions accepted: 1426. Acceptance Rate (Submissions Accepted / Submissions Received × 100): 76.34%7. Average number of reviews per paper: 2.008. Total number of reviewers involved: 469. Contact person for queries:Name: R. B. Moh. Ibrahim Fatoni, S.Pi., M.P.Affiliation: Universitas Sumatera UtaraEmail: aefs@usu.ac.id

Questionnaire on teacher appreciation (Q-VD): elaboration and validation of an instrument

The teacher appreciation, understood from the categories training, career, remuneration and working and health conditions, as defined by the National Conference on Education (CONAE/2018), makes up the investigation of this work. Therefore, the objective of the research is to present evidence regarding the validity of the Questionnaire on Teacher Appreciation (Q-VD). For the construction and validation of the instrument, a bibliographic survey was carried out regarding research on teacher appreciation to know the demands investigated in each category, and thus build the instrument characterized as a questionnaire and named Q-VD. It is a field research with a qualitative and quantitative approach. The validation process took place in three stages in order to assess content validity in the first, clarity of language in the second and reliability in the third. All validation steps presented positive numbers, with this, the Q-VD demonstrates valid content, clarity in language and reliability in the data.

Cross-culture adaptation and validation of the Indonesian version of the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC 2.0).

Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC) is considered one of the most scientifically rigorous tools available with excellent psychometric properties. However, it is not yet available in an Indonesian version. This study aimed to determine the validity of the content and psychometric properties of HSOPSC 2.0 for use in Indonesian hospitals. The study was divided into three stages: translation, adaptation, and validation. Culture-adaptation was assessed using cognitive interviews with ten direct care nurses who worked in the hospital to evaluate their perceptions and the coherence of the translated items, response categories, and questionnaire directions. Content validity was also done by ten experts from academic and clinical settings. Finally, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and reliability testing were conducted among 220 nurses from two Indonesian hospitals. The cognitive test results indicated that the language clarity was 87.8 % and 84.5% for cultural relevance. The Content Validity Index (CVI) ranged between 0.73 to 1.00, while the construct validity results indicated that each factor had factor loadings above 0.4, from 0.47 to 0.65. The fit indices showed an acceptable fit for the data provided by the 10-factor model, with RMSEA = 0.052, SRMR = 0.089, and CFI = 0.87. The Pearson correlation coefficients between the ten subscales ranged from 0.276 to 0.579 (p < 0.05). The Cronbach's alpha for all sub-scales was more than 0.70, except for organizational learning - continuous improvement, response to error, and communication openness. This study offers initial evidence of the psychometric properties of the Indonesian-HSOPSC 2.0. Future studies are needed to examine its psychometric features to improve generalizability. However, nurses and other healthcare professionals could use the tool to measure hospital patient safety culture in Indonesia.

Consumer Responses to Covert Marketing Communications: A Case of Native Advertising Disclosure in News Contexts

This study examines how the language clarity and visual prominence of disclosures about native advertising impact consumer responses to native advertising. Drawing on the persuasion knowledge model’s (PKM) change of meaning principle and the covert advertising recognition and effects (CARE) model, an experiment with 600 U.S. adult internet users shows that (a) use of “advertisement” (vs. “brand voice”) strengthens perceived sponsorship transparency and subsequent advertising evaluations, (b) perceived sponsorship transparency transforms the negative indirect effect of use of “advertisement” (vs. “brand voice”) to positive, and (c) this positive indirect effect is enhanced during high prominence disclosure. In short, if consumers see clear and conspicuous ad disclosure for native advertising, they infer the advertiser’s credibility, but this perception can improve persuasive effectiveness if the advertiser is seen as transparent. The theoretical, managerial, and social implications are discussed.

Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Psychometric Properties of the Perceptions of Dating Infidelity Scale in Brazilian Portuguese.

The Perceptions of Dating Infidelity Scale (PDIS) assesses how people perceive infidelity through specific behaviors. Originally developed by Wilson et al. (2011), it contains 12 items distributed into three factors: (1) ambiguous, (2) deceptive, and (3) explicit behaviors. In the present research, translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of the PDIS in Brazilian Portuguese were performed. First, qualitative analyses took place: translation, translation synthesis, content validation, pre-test, and reverse translation. Then, quantitative analyses were conducted: psychometric parameter tests with confirmatory factor analysis and reliability. A total of 252 participants were recruited, 160 of whom were female (63.5%). The results indicated consistent PDIS adequacy (conceptual and idiomatic equivalences); satisfactory content validity coefficients regarding language clarity, practical pertinence, and theoretical relevance; and an almost perfect level of consensus regarding the theoretical dimension. The application of the pre-test was proven to be a good parameter for estimating the comprehension of the instrument in the culture for which it was intended. Confirmatory factor analysis showed good indices of adjustment quality of the tested trifactorial model (three factors being identified with ambiguous, deceptive, and explicit behaviors). Therefore, the structure indicated in the original version was corroborated and the instrument's reliability confirmed. The Brazilian Portuguese PDIS is a useful tool for evaluating infidelity perceptions in the Brazilian culture.

Guilt and Shame Proneness Scale Adaptation and Psychometric Properties in Spanish Population

Abstract. Aims: We aim to develop a Spanish version of the Guilt and Shame Proneness Scale (GASP) and evaluate its psychometric properties with a Spanish sample. Method: A Spanish version of the GASP was developed by Spanish and English speakers using translation and back-translation. The translated GASP was administered to a sample of 277 Spanish college students (239 females). The validity and reliability of the scale were tested using standard statistical methods. Results: The translated version of the GASP scale was found to have outstanding domain coherence and language clarity. The tested scales showed adequate reliability (&gt;.55), which can be considered evidence supporting its reliability, given that the GASP is a scenario-based measure with only four items in each subscale. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the four-factor solution. In addition, a nomological network is provided using the Spanish version of the HEXACO questionnaire. Conclusions: This study presents the first validation of the GASP questionnaire among the general Spanish population. Furthermore, the GASP instrument was found to have satisfactory psychometric properties, resulting in a new tool for researching the moral and social aspects of human experience.

Imagism of Chinese Poem: A Literary Study on Ezra Pound’s Poetry

Imagism aims at creating poetry as art, pursuing the clarity and beauty of language, and implying personal emotions via images. While Imagism brings the most influential change in English literature, Chinese traditional poetry with its unique cultural and historical style stands out in world literature with rich emotional expression through images. This literary study compares Ezra Pound’s imagist poems with classical Chinese poetry, reviewing his translations of Chinese. To scrutinize the data, a qualitative research method that covers document analysis techniques was implemented comprehensively. The research reveals that Pound’s translated Chinese poems build a strong bond between the two cultures. Chinese traditional poems and Imagism poems share their love of descriptive language, a passion for accurate detail creation, joyfulness towards metaphor, analogy, personification, and other writing techniques, while they all conserve their own art form and identities Keywords: Chinese poem, Ezra Pound, Imagism

Construction and validation of an observation tool of the imbalance pass in futsal

Abstract This study aimed to construct a tool for observing the imbalance pass in futsal through Microsoft Excel® software and to establish its content validity and intra- and interobserver reliability based on the calculation of the content validity coefficient (CVC) and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). For the construction of the tool, futsal specialists (n = 10) with an average age of 44.1 ± 12.34 years and 19 ± 7.21 years of experience in the field participated in the study. 60% of the specialists have international-level expertise and 50% are active in practice and in academic field (higher education professor). According to the methodology, 23 items were proposed to assess the imbalance pass in futsal. CVC was calculated based on language clarity, practical pertinence and theoretical relevance for each item of the instrument and for the instrument as a whole; ICC was calculated based on intra- and interobserver agreement. Language clarity, practical pertinence and theoretical relevance revealed a result of 0.92, 0.93 and 0.95, respectively, and the values for intra- and interobserver agreement reliability were excellent according to the literature (&gt; 0.75). Thus, it is concluded that the items proposed in the tool obtained satisfactory psychometric properties.

ON THE POLYPHONY OF MEANINGS IN “EUGENE ONEGIN”

The questions of the higher hermeneutics of “Eugene Onegin” have been repeatedly considered by literary critics and philosophers, leaving a wide range of mostly subjective opinions about the meaning of the novel. We propose a new approach to isolating the main semantic series and an analysis of their development and interweaving in the text. We single out a number of main categories of meanings, and for each stanza of the novel, one or more of the most appropriate categories have been marked. The resulting graphic structures made it possible to trace the development and interweaving of meanings in the text. It was found that three-quarters of the stanzas of “Eugene Onegin” are polyphonic, in which, in addition to one semantic dominant, there is clearly another, and often a third and even a fourth one. The most frequently occurring bundles of meanings in individual stanzas or in the transition from one stanza to the next stanza are also analyzed. Our approach also make it possible to suggest a possible semantic load of the missing stanzas, marked in the text with dots, and to trace the numerous episodes of the novel when what is happening goes beyond the literary work and enters the real world, for example, through the involvement of the reader. Comparison of “Eugene Onegin” with the works of other contemporary writers and with other masterpieces of Pushkin himself shows a fundamental difference in breadth and excellent perfection of Pushkin’s creation in terms of semantic polyphony. Although the mere presence or absence of semantic polyphony, of course, is not a sufficient condition for literary piece to become a work of genius — it depends more on the realization: a combination of polished style, purity and clarity of language, the ability to evoke a reader’s emotional response etc., but the polyphony meanings of “Eugene Onegin” which we reveal does help to understand the highest meaning and extraordinary, “vital” harmony of the work, making it a unique phenomenon in world literature.