Civilian Population Research Articles

Architectural and planning solutions for multistorey residential buildings with safety capsules

The purpose of this study is to develop an architectural and construction solution for protecting the civilian population in a multi-story residential building by creating a safe space with instant accessibility. The paper analyzes the past and present experience of designing and constructing civil defense facilities. An architectural and structural solution of the “safety capsule” − a form of protection of the civilian population of instant accessibility in multi-storey residential buildings has been developed based on the best practices. The safety capsule is a dual-purpose protective structure of instant accessibility, that can be used as a shelter during emergencies and as an auxiliary room in peacetime by the residents of the house. The options for detailed planning of the internal space of the “safety capsule” were designed. The proposed solution is integrated into the architectural and planning structure of multi-storey residential buildings by the example of 12-storey and 16-storey residential buildings.

Rehabilitation and violence-related traumatic brain injury: A scoping review.

There is a dearth of reviews exploring rehabilitation for violence-related traumatic brain injury (TBI) despite its increasing rates and distinct risk factors and outcomes. The aim of this scoping review is to determine the extent to which rehabilitation is available to and accessed by people who sustain TBI from interpersonal violence. Electronic databases (i.e., MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL Register of Clinical Trials, CINAHL, APA PsycINFO, Criminal Justice Abstracts, Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts, and Proquest Nursing and Allied Health) and grey literature (i.e., relevant organizations' websites) were systematically searched for peer-reviewed articles and reports that met eligibility criteria. To be included, articles had to report primary findings on rehabilitation interventions that included individuals who sustained a TBI through interpersonal violence. Articles based on the military population were excluded. Data were synthesized through a descriptive numerical summary and qualitative content analysis. Fifty-two primary research articles and five grey literature reports were included. Most (77.2%) of these articles described rehabilitation interventions that addressed TBI sequalae without consideration for violence as a mechanism of injury, beyond reporting sample characteristics. Only thirteen articles (22.4%) considered violence-related TBI by investigating the rehabilitation profile (13.8%) or designing programs specifically for survivors of violence-related TBI (8.6%). There was limited attention to social determinants of health across all studies. This is the first scoping review to our knowledge that explored the extent and nature of rehabilitation among persons who experience TBI through violence in civilian populations. Priorities for education, research, and practice are identified.

Returning the War to Russia: Drones and Discrimination in the Defense of Ukraine

AbstractThis essay assesses the morality of Ukraine's use of drones to attack targets inside Russia. Following its invasion by Russian forces, Ukraine has had a just cause to wage a war of self-defense. However, its efforts to achieve that cause remain subject to moral limits. Even a state that has been unjustly attacked may not, for example, respond by deliberately targeting the attacking state's civilian population. To do so would violate the jus in bello principle of discrimination. The essay first describes how drone technology has frequently enabled long-range strikes against Russian military assets as well as other targets inside cities. It then explains why it would be morally wrong for Ukraine to attack its enemy's population centers. First, Russian civilians are not liable to attack, and this nonliability is undiminished by the injustice of Russia's invasion or by any in bello wrongs committed by the Russian military. Second, attacking Russian cities with drones would arguably achieve little or no self-defensive benefit for Ukraine, and it could even be counterproductive.

Зовнішньоекономічна діяльність підприємств харчової промисловості Прикарпаття в умовах війни

The article discusses the current state of foreign economic activity of Ukraine in general and Ivano-Frankivsk region in particular. The raw material orientation of Ukrainian exports has been researched and the vulnerability of the country’s competitive positions in foreign markets has been determined. An analysis of the foreign economic activity of the region of Prykarpattia by commodity, geographical structure and determination of the export potential of national food industry enterprises during the full-scale invasion of the aggressor is carried out. The growth (decrease) rates of exports and imports in 2022–2023 in Ivano-Frankivsk region are determined. The category of food and the main groups of food industry products that were exported and imported by the region are identified. The main approaches are formulated and priorities are identified to increase the resilience of the food industry in the face of the challenges and risks of war, as well as to stimulate their recovery and development. It is found that the key directions of ensuring the sustainability of the industry are: creation of an industrial policy that will contribute to the ability of industry to effectively meet the needs of both the frontline and the civilian population during the war; strengthening food security and increasing exports of agro-industrial products. Attention is focused on supporting the interests of national producers, increasing the export potential of the national product, eliminating the effect of import substitution. The necessity of development of full-cycle production and increase of industrial processing on the territory of Ukraine is substantiated; also there are resumption and increase of food production; attraction of foreign and domestic investors; strengthening the export potential of industry; strengthening the potential of the processing industry for the production of energy from alternative sources; conducting marketing researches; formation of a simplified system of customs and tariff regulation.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ ТА ПРОБЛЕМИ ВІДНОВЛЕННЯ ЛЮДСЬКОГО КАПІТАЛУ В УМОВАХ ВОЄННОГО ЧАСУ

The article examines the perspective of development and the problems of restoring human capital in the conditions of full-scale military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. Quantitative and qualitative indicators of the development of human capital during the pre-war period are analyzed; attention is focused on the losses and gains of human capital in the conditions of martial law. The main direct losses of Ukraine’s human capital are singled out, including: mass emigration of citizens abroad and internal migration, irreparable losses among the civilian population, forced deportation, and the death of military personnel. Indirect losses are indicated, among which the impossibility of fully using intellectual and creative potential, the destruction of educational infrastructure, the imposition of a foreign language and cultural values, the temporary suspension of the educational process, as a result, the deterioration of the quality of educational services. The main strategic measures for the development and restoration of the human capital of Ukraine in wartime and postwar conditions are proposed. The main strategic measures for the restoration of human capital include the reconstruction of destroyed housing and critical infrastructure, which must take place on a fundamentally new basis. Such reconstruction should focus not on installing broken windows, but on building so-called "smart" cities. The next measure should be the creation of programs for starting and stimulating the development of entrepreneurial activity and self-employment of the population, which is the main prerequisite for creating an environment in the country to which it is worth returning. An important addition to the measures mentioned above is the development and implementation of state programs for psychological support of families separated because of the war. This situation causes a breakdown in family relations, which can be exacerbated by increasing economic instability. It is precisely because of these circumstances that it is expedient for the state to create and implement social programs aimed at the psychological rehabilitation of family reunification.

О ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ВОЕННОЙ ЦЕНЗУРЫ РОССИЙСКОЙ ИМПЕРИИ В СФЕРЕ ПЕРЛЮСТРАЦИИ ПИСЕМ ВО ВРЕМЯ ПЕРВОЙ МИРОВОЙ ВОЙНЫ

The article, based on military censorship reports, analyzes the categories of confiscated letters grouped by topics of criticism or by the moods of the authors. It reveals significant changes in the perception of the events of the First World War in Russia and Belarus. It also studies specific projects of scientific developments in the field of intensification of weapons, the need to establish the production of machine guns, shells, self-propelled mines, “Greek fire”, explosives, the production of submarines, armored field vehicles. There is an analysis of proposals for teaching courses in combating poisonous gases, revision of training of recruits in order to improve the quality of training, reforming the relationship between the rears and the front.. The article describes such functions of military censorship as protective, which consisted in deleting military secret information, the function of informing the authorities about the mood in the army and assessing the events on the front line, punitive, which manifested itself in notifying the military unit about the sender and providing the police with the information about the recipient of the confiscated letter. The following topics, most persecuted by military censorship, are highlighted: an issue of the Great Retreat of Russian troops in the summer of 1915 and the loss of Galicia and Warsaw; the comments on activities of military censorship; lack of information about the real state of affairs and the circulation of rumors; soldiers’ distrust of officers and Command; letters of a humanistic nature; criticism of failed military decisions taken under the fear of disobedience; the issue of incompetence of fire spotters, sappers and trench builders; comparative characteristics of the quantity and quality of machine guns in the Russian and German armies. It is concluded that, due to censorship prohibitions on discussing any information of a military nature, the military authorities and local administration of front-line territories, in our view, often lagged behind in making urgent and timely decisions on the ground. It resulted in accumulating discontent in the army and among civilian population

The Concept of a Method for Predicting the Cascade Effect Under Conditions of Hybrid Warfare

Abstract The changing nature of conflicts is creating new challenges in civilian protection. Features of hybrid warfare, such as multidimensionality, synergistic effects, blurring of boundaries, or asymmetricity, force practitioners and scholars to consider new threats. The article examines how the characteristics of hybrid warfare affect the emergence of cascade effects. We conducted research on examples of the war in Ukraine and the Israeli-Palestinian war. The concept of a method for predicting the cascade effect under conditions of hybrid war is proposed. The concept involves using the Six Ways to Die method to take areas affecting the health and life of the civilian population and define a network of object dependencies on which proper functioning of the State in these areas depends. Using complementary tools such as process analysis, risk assessment, Petri nets, and Bayesian network in the form of the Critical Infrastructure Security Situational Management methodology, the authors provide a comprehensive solution for modeling how to protect the life and health of the civilian population. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first holistic study in this issue.

Итальянская кампания А. В. Суворова в исторических трудах его современников

The historiography of Suvorov's Italian campaign includes a wide range of studies in different languages. The first publications on this topic came from the pen of contemporaries of those events already in 1799-1800. At the same time, two main trends in their coverage were formed, which exist to this day. The first is to consider the events of 1799 through the prism of Suvorov's military biography. His role in them is recognized by many historians from different countries as the most significant, although many other famous generals from both the allied and French armies participated in the campaign. Most of the early biographies of the commander were published anonymously. At the end of the first decade of the 19th century, some studies began to appear. Another trend was to consider this campaign as a separate military conflict in isolation from the rest of the events of the period of confrontation between France and the Second anti-French Coalition. At the beginning of the 19th century. The relevant publications appeared very actively in various European languages, often in translations and reprints, but for the most part they were anonymous. In the 1820s – 1830s, works were published with a detailed analysis of military operations and with full text copies of archival documents in the appendix. In the context of the social and political history of Italy, the 1799 campaign was not often considered, but the book published, albeit rather late, by the Italian historian C. Botta provides many interesting details of the life of the civilian population of the region during the conflict. The authors of all these texts were contemporaries of the events they described, and in some cases their immediate participants, and therefore such works were later considered by some historians as sources, by others as historiography.

К истории биологического оружия

Towards the history of biological weapons The article provides a brief overview of the basic information on the history of the development, production, testing and use of biological weapons in different countries. The general characteristics of biological weapons are given, the main goals, objectives and methods of their use are considered. The specifi c fact s o f th e use of combat strains of natural and modified microorganisms, natural toxins for military purposes, as well as the facts of the leakage of biological weapons from military microbiological laboratories and industrial facilities engaged in the production of biological weapons, with the defeat of the civilian population, are given.

ВЕЛИКИЕ СТРОЙКИ КОММУНИЗМА В ЗЕРКАЛЕ СОВЕТСКОЙ НОСТАЛЬГИИ

The article examines the evolution of the mythology of the great construction projects of communism in the context of nostalgia for the Soviet. The author shows the specifics of the formation of the mythology of great construction projects in the Soviet media sphere through connection with the basic constructs of the official communist ideology. This mythologem was never able to move into the discourses of historical memory, since the exposure of the cult of personality and mass repressions launched the process of undermining trust in the Soviet mythological pathos of the great construction projects of communism until its complete ideological corrosion during the period of perestroika. However, the specifics of the accumulation of primary scientific data on the history of the economy of forced labor in the USSR pushed into the shadows the real participation in great construction projects not only of the civilian population, but also of Komsomol activists who went en masse to these sites at the call of the Communist Party. The initial conditions of many construction projects were very harsh, and the objects themselves were distinguished not only by their scale, but also by their knowledge intensity, which implied their high technological efficiency. Currently, great Soviet construction projects penetrate into the space of media memory through the digital content of tourists, whomthey attract as a source of unprecedented impressions of exotic sights. The author concludes that in the case of great construction projects, Soviet nostalgia as a cultural movement works with the material, rather than symbolic, dimension of great construction projects, drawing positive connotations to elevate their image within the experience industry.

Courting Civilians During Conflict: Evidence from Taliban Judges in Afghanistan

AbstractRebels regularly provide public services, especially legal services, but the consequences of such programs are unclear. We argue that rebel courts can boost civilian support for insurgency and augment attack capacity by increasing the legitimacy of the rebellion, creating a vested interest in rebel rule, or enabling rebel coercion of the civilian population. We study the impact of the Taliban's judiciary by leveraging cross-district and over-time variation in exposure to Taliban courts using a trajectory-balancing design. We find that rebel courts reduced civilian support for the government and increased it for the Taliban, and were associated with more attacks and more coalition casualties. Exploring mechanisms, we find that courts resolved major interpersonal disputes between civilians but also facilitated more insurgent intimidation of civilians, and that changes in public opinion are unlikely to have been driven solely by social desirability bias. Our findings help explain the logic of rebel courts and highlight the complex interactions between warfare and institutional development in weak states.

ДО МЕТОДОЛОГІЇ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ГОЛОДОМОРУ 1932–1933 рр.: РЕМІНІСЦЕНЦІЇ УКРАЇНЦІВ НА ЛЮДИНОНЕНАВИСНИЦЬКУ ІДЕОЛОГІЮ КРЕМЛЯ

The article summarizes the facts, events, and crimes of the communist totalitarian regime during the Holodomor of 1932–1933 and the putin’s regime during the Russian-Ukrainian war, which remind Ukrainians of the kremlin’s misanthropic ideology. For the first time made an attempt to adapt the psychological definition of «reminiscence» (delayed reproduction, in fact – the reproduction of information after some time, which emerges with images and analogies from the past) for the purpose of preliminary analysis of the memories of eyewitnesses of the Holodomor-genocide of 1932–1933 and eyewitnesses of the Russian-Ukrainian war 2014–2023 for further systematic analysis. The manifestation of human memory is the nation’s historical memory of its past, which is sublimated into everyone’s memory of their family, parents, childhood, and the brain will force us to work through the traumatic events of the Holodomor-genocide of 1932–1933 and the 2022–2023 genocide. And although the natural process of memory is forgetting, the process of reminiscence is capable of helping to recreate what seemed to have been forgotten, became a vague memory, an echo of a terrible event. Nowadays, when collecting and unifying memories of the Russian-Ukrainian war, which has been going 10 years, it is worth listening carefully to the stories of Ukrainians, because family memories of the Holodomor-genocide of 1932–1933 of the Ukrainian nation come up quite often, which are correlated with the terrible events of today. The Russian Federation continues to trace the methods of the communist totalitarian regime. However, Ukrainians managed to preserve and pass on to new generations the negative experience of the communist occupation. The rashists realized that Ukrainians managed to get rid of the totalitarian past. Putin’s regime and its accomplices are deliberately mass-deporting children from Ukraine for «re-education» to the Russian Federation, committing the crime of genocide. The main motivation of the struggle of the civilian population and the armed forces is the struggle against the hated occupation regime. It has been confirmed that for 32 years after the revival of Ukraine’s independence, Ukrainians managed to get rid of their totalitarian past. Ukrainians defend their state motivated. Therefore, the war is not only for territories, but also for democratic values, self-identity, philosophy of being and existence of Ukrainians.

The role of partisans and underground fighters of the Rostov region in saving the civilian population of the region from being taken for forced labor in Germany during the Great Patriotic War

The role of partisans and underground fighters of the Rostov region in saving the civilian population of the region from being taken for forced labor in Germany during the Great Patriotic War

Причины, ход и результаты государственного переворота Сидониу Паиша (5–8 декабря 1917 г.) в Первой Португальской республике в документах Военного кабинета Великобритании

This article examines the coup d’état in the First Portuguese Republic, staged on 5–8 December 1917 by Major Sidónio Pais against the Government of Afonso da Costa and President Bernardino Machado. The author aims to uncover the causes, dynamics of events development and results of this coup d’état. The source base is the War Cabinet of Great Britain’s documents stored in the National Archive of the United Kingdom, which are being introduced into scientific discourse for the first time in the domestic historiography. The retrospective, systemic and narrative research methods were mainly used in the article. When using the retrospective method, it was established that the Sidónio Pais’s coup d’état was a logical result of the development of the First Portuguese Republic’s crisis. The systematic method revealed the constituent elements of this crisis: its political and socio-economic aspects, the consequence of which was mainly the coup d’état of Sidónio Pais. Since British documents had not been previously described in the domestic historiography, a narrative method was used in order to reflect fuller its content and character. The December 1917 coup d’état was the result of unsolved actual tasks after the establishment of the Republic in early October 1910 and accumulated problems after the Portugal’s entry into the First World War in March 1916. In peacetime, due to the radical anti-church policy, electoral restrictions, inter-party confrontation, changes of prime ministers and government compositions, it was difficult for the Republican leadership to solve consistently the urgent tasks in the country. In wartime, the internal situation had worsened and radicalized by December 1917 alone. The inability of the Republican leadership to solve the problems in the country and the short-sighted measures taken to improve the situation turned the majority of the civilian population and part of the military against it. In these conditions Artillery Major Sidónio Pais organized the coup d’état on 5 December 1917 with the aim of overthrowing the prime minister, leader of the Democratic Party Afonso da Costa and his fellow party member President Bernardino Machado. The coup d’état was accompanied by fierce fighting, especially in Lisbon. It ended on 8 December 1917 with the success of Sidónio Pais’s forces. Its results were the arrests of some members of the government, including the prime minister, and the president; the dissolution of the Portuguese Parliament – the Congress; the establishment of the Revolutionary Junta headed by Sidónio Pais, followed by the formation of a new government of the Republic. Thus, the December 1917 coup d’état was a response to the deep internal political crisis in Portugal. The documents of the British War Cabinet used in the study neither in general nor in detail contradict the facts set out in the historiography. However, they make it possible to expand possibilities for a further study of this coup d’état and related processes and events.

ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНІСТЬ РОСІЙСЬКОЇ ФЕДЕРАЦІЇ ЗА ЗЛОЧИНИ, СКОЄНІ НА ТЕРИТОРІЇ УКРАЇНИ

The UN has repeatedly condemned Russian aggression and attempts to illegally annex Ukrainian territory, recognized the act of aggression by the Russian Federation against Ukraine (resolutions "Aggression against Ukraine" dated March 2, 2022, "Territorial integrity of Ukraine: protection of the principles of the UN Charter" dated October 7, 2022). Despite the open condemnation of the policy of the Russian Federation and its invasion of the territory of an independent state by the civilized world, the aggressor country continues to pursue its cruel goals, which contradict any prescriptions of international law and international humanitarian law. Every day, the rights of the civilian population, enshrined in the Geneva Conventions, are demonstrably violated through constant mass attacks, the targets of which are precisely the objects of civilian infrastructure. The international legal community is incredibly determined to ensure the possibility of bringing the Russian Federation to justice for crimes committed on the territory of Ukraine. The article analyzes the forms of material and non-material responsibility that are applied and can be applied to the Russian Federation as an aggressor state, the practice of applying sanctions, the requirements of the claims of Ukraine against the Russian Federation submitted to international jurisdictional bodies (the UN International Court of Justice, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea , of the European Court of Human Rights), the content and consequences of the decisions made. It is concluded that the appeal to international jurisdictional institutions does not concern the establishment of the fact of aggression by the Russian Federation, the resolution of the issue of the form and extent of the responsibility of the aggressor state. It is proved that the order of the International Court of Justice of the United Nations on the application of temporary measures is mandatory according to international law, which imposes clear legal obligations on the states-parties of the dispute and the violation of which "presupposes the obligation to make compensation in the appropriate form". The issues of state execution of the order and compensation in the proper form are considered by the Court in the decision on the merits of the case. The impossibility of preventing military aggression against Ukraine, the partial limitation of this state through the application of sanctions, give reasons to believe that the available methods and mechanisms of international legal responsibility are insufficient. That is why, at the diplomatic level, Ukraine should create new ways of limiting and holding Russia as a state and its individual citizens involved in the leadership and execution of crimes committed on the territory of Ukraine accountable. Key words: state, state functions, martial law, responsibility, coercive measures, security, armed conflict, sanctions.

Financial instruments to counter the exploitation of natural resources

Currently, the financial activities of the state cover all areas of the country's economic activity, including all monetary relations between all entities producing tangible and intangible assets within the country and foreign countries, as well as interstate relations and with all international funds. The state’s implementation of financial activities is aimed at its own provision of financial resources to fulfill its most important tasks: creating a material and technical base for the education and systematic increase of the “middle stratum” of society, increasing the material and cultural standard of living of the civilian population, ensuring the economic and military security of the country, promoting the strengthening of international cooperation. The exploitation of natural resources is seen as one of the ways in which terrorist organizations control and hold territory. This issue also relates to how terrorist organizations finance themselves through criminal activities and possible links to organized crime groups. Such criminal activities include extortion, smuggling, theft, illegal mining, kidnapping for ransom, corruption and environmental crimes. Since the main sources of extremism and terrorism are unresolved, constantly growing social contradictions and intertwined with them negatively influencing social processes, phenomena or conflicts in certain spheres of public life. And addressing the issues of countering the financing of terrorism today is the most important in the modern world.

АНАЛІЗ ДОТРИМАННЯ ПРАВ ЛЮДИНИ ПІД ЧАС РОСІЙСЬКО-УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ВІЙНИ: ЦИВІЛЬНІ ЗАРУЧНИКИ – ВИКЛИК ДЛЯ ГЛОБАЛЬНОГО СВІТУ, ПИТАННЯ ВРЕГУЛЮВАННЯ

The article addresses the pressing issue of the illegal detention and sentencing of civilians within the context of the Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict, emphasizing the significant challenges posed by the lack of coherent international legal mechanisms to safeguard human rights. In-depth analysis reveals how this legal vacuum complicates the protection of civilian rights during conflicts, highlighting the specific difficulties in verifying abuses and holding the aggressor state accountable. The study explores the nuanced roles that various international and national organizations play in protecting civilians, particularly focusing on the strategic initiatives led by newly established working groups in Ukraine. These organizations and coalitions are crucial in advocating for and protecting the rights of detained civilians, emphasizing the necessity for international cooperation and robust legal frameworks to address and mitigate such humanitarian crises effectively. The absence of unified international legal standards for the treatment of civilians in conflict zones leads to significant challenges. The International Committee of the Red Cross in Ukraine, for instance, notes numerous complications in the detention processes, which depend heavily on the specifics of the charges and legal statutes applied. The status and rights of civilians detained by occupying forces are not adequately addressed by existing international laws, leading to a gap in legal protections and oversight. One of the major obstacles identified is the difficulty in gathering and verifying evidence related to illegal detentions. The conditions of armed conflict severely restrict access to detention sites, making independent and unbiased investigations almost impossible. This not only hinders the prosecution of the aggressor state but also limits the ability of international bodies to monitor and intervene in such situations. Additionally, the article discusses the strategic use of historical legal principles by the occupying powers, specifically the maxim "nullem crimen, nulla poena sine lege" — no crime and no punishment without pre-established law. This principle is exploited to avoid international accountability, allowing the aggressor to conceal their actions and evade international sanctions and legal repercussions. The Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols are examined as the foundational frameworks of international humanitarian law that explicitly prohibit any form of violence against civilians, including hostage-taking. However, the ongoing violations of these laws, particularly by the aggressor state, underscore the challenges of enforcing these international norms. The research highlights the urgent need for comprehensive approaches to address the plight of civilian detainees in conflict zones. This involves enhancing international legal standards and improving the coordination among international bodies to ensure the effective protection of human rights. The creation of working groups under the auspices of the Ukrainian Ombudsman exemplifies proactive measures taken to address these issues, facilitating dialogue and action to safeguard civilian rights and ensure compliance with international humanitarian law. In conclusion, the article calls for a concerted international effort to develop and implement more effective mechanisms to respond to human rights violations in conflict zones. Strengthening the legal and operational frameworks for protecting civilian populations not only restores fundamental human rights but also contributes to the broader goals of peace and justice in international relations. This comprehensive approach is vital for the long-term resolution of conflicts and the protection of vulnerable populations in war-torn regions. Key words: civilian hostages, armed conflicts, international law, human rights, unlawful detentions, international organizations, Ukraine, working group.

ETHICAL RULES AND FEATURES OF FIRST AID PROCEDURE FOR VICTIMS BY RESCUE SERVICE FORCES AND DOCTORS IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

According to the United Nations, during the last 20 years, about 3 million people died in the world as a result of natural disasters, and almost 1 billion experienced the harmful effects of natural disasters. Currently, apart from natural disasters (earthquakes, floods, landslides, etc.), numerous hazards emerge from human activity, potentially triggering emergency situations. The simultaneous occurrence of mass sanitary losses in various types of disasters requires the implementation of emergency medical measures by medical professionals, while the general population should be capable of providing basic medical assistance. At a certain historical stage of human development, social upheavals such as wars and epidemics joined natural phenomena. Natural disasters, major industrial accidents, and transportation catastrophes are common and frequent occurrences. From the multitude of natural disasters and major technological catastrophes, notable events include: the Chernobyl nuclear accident (1984), the earthquake in Armenia (1988), a railway disaster with an explosion on a gas pipeline in Bashkiria (1989), an explosion in an underground passage in Moscow (2000), an explosion at Domodedovo Airport (2012), the COVID-19 pandemic (2020), an explosion at a warehouse with ammonium nitrate in the port of Beirut (2020), an earthquake in Turkey (2023), and so on. The number of disasters worldwide shows no tendency to decrease, just like the number of terrorist threats. Understanding the rules of ethics, procedures, and methods of providing first aid to the injured in extreme situations are essential for specialist physicians, rescue services, and the general civilian population.

Царские грамоты об освоении Сибири как правовые акты колониальной политики Российского государства в XVI–XVII вв.

The authors examined an array of legal acts of the rulers of the Russian state that regulated the development of Siberia in the 16th–17th centuries. The subject of the study was letters, decrees, and memories. Using specific historical and legal material, the authors aimed to compare the colonization policy of the states of Europe in the modern era with the organization of the Russian settlement of Siberia. As a result of the study, similar features were identified in the significant coincidence of the goals of colonization – developing natural resources, expanding the tax base of the metropolis, obtaining new markets, ensuring security at the borders of the state, getting rid of marginal social elements, spreading state ideology. The unique qualities of the Russian colonization of Siberia include, first of all, the stateoriented process of political and economic development of Siberian lands, the prevalence of service people instead of the civilian population among the pioneers, and the early formation of complex economic and administrative infrastructure in the annexed lands. The study of royal acts of the 16th and 17th centuries shows that the central government in Moscow was interested in not only receiving taxes from the population of Siberia. Specific legal acts show that the measures of the supreme power also included an active resettlement policy, the development of the territory for arable land, the search for minerals and the opening of industrial enterprises for their processing, the construction of cities, the equipment of communications (trade routes, customs, mail), the establishment of law and order. The Russian development of Siberia was characterized by the hegemony of the central government both in organizing colonization activities and in extracting benefits from them. The vertically oriented Russian state developed the Siberian lands precisely as a treasury resource, strictly controlled by the government politically and economically. The tsar personally took an active part in the governance of Siberia; all important matters were decided only with his knowledge. Over time, under his direct leadership, a public administration system for implementing integration policy measures was formed. The authors identified both direct state regulation and indirect regulation, carried out formally by private entities (commercial corporations, merchant families), as a means of colonial expansion in Siberia. It is concluded that the consistent systematic development of Siberian territories ensured the victory of the Russian state in the competition with other states. The above theses are supported by more than 70 specific legal acts of the rulers of the Russian state of the 16th–17th centuries, some of them are cited in the work.

War, emotions, mental health, and artificial intelligence.

During the war time dysregulation of negative emotions such as fear, anger, hatred, frustration, sadness, humiliation, and hopelessness can overrule normal societal values, culture, and endanger global peace and security, and mental health in affected societies. Therefore, it is understandable that the range and power of negative emotions may play important roles in consideration of human behavior in any armed conflict. The estimation and assessment of dominant negative emotions during war time are crucial but are challenged by the complexity of emotions' neuro-psycho-physiology. Currently available natural language processing (NLP) tools have comprehensive computational methods to analyze and understand the emotional content of related textual data in war-inflicted societies. Innovative AI-driven technologies incorporating machine learning, neuro-linguistic programming, cloud infrastructure, and novel digital therapeutic tools and applications present an immense potential to enhance mental health care worldwide. This advancement could make mental health services more cost-effective and readily accessible. Due to the inadequate number of psychiatrists and limited psychiatric resources in coping with mental health consequences of war and traumas, new digital therapeutic wearable devices supported by AI tools and means might be promising approach in psychiatry of future. Transformation of negative dominant emotional maps might be undertaken by the simultaneous combination of online cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on individual level, as well as usage of emotionally based strategic communications (EBSC) on a public level. The proposed positive emotional transformation by means of CBT and EBSC may provide important leverage in efforts to protect mental health of civil population in war-inflicted societies. AI-based tools that can be applied in design of EBSC stimuli, like Open AI Chat GPT or Google Gemini may have great potential to significantly enhance emotionally based strategic communications by more comprehensive understanding of semantic and linguistic analysis of available text datasets of war-traumatized society. Human in the loop enhanced by Chat GPT and Gemini can aid in design and development of emotionally annotated messages that resonate among targeted population, amplifying the impact of strategic communications in shaping human dominant emotional maps into a more positive by CBT and EBCS.