Civilian Population Research Articles

Intelligent optimization of inspection route based on multi-population integer coding particle swarm optimization algorithm

Aiming at the problems of premature convergence and slow convergence speed in the optimization process of single population particle swarm optimization algorithm, in order to improve the global convergence performance of particle swarm optimization algorithm, a hierarchical three-population integer coded particle swarm optimization algorithm based on grade evaluation with parallel structure is proposed and used to solve the traveling salesman problem (TSP). The algorithm imitates the form of biological aggregation in nature. In the initialization stage, three independent populations are generated according to different particle fitness, including an elite population composed of small-scale individuals with high fitness and two large-scale civilian populations composed of remaining individuals. The three populations apply the immigration strategy based on grade evaluation to exchange particles after a certain number of evolutionary generations. By applying the grade evaluation strategy, the natural law of the biological cluster is integrated into the particle swarm optimization algorithm, which effectively improves the optimization efficiency of the particle swarm optimization algorithm. The above algorithm is applied to the inspection route optimization of one of the traveling salesman problems. The results show that the improved algorithm is superior to the single population particle swarm optimization algorithm in terms of convergence speed, global optimization ability and stability.

Оцінювання актуальності та впливу глобальних викликів для національної політики.

The article is devoted to the presentation of certain results of the scientific project «Evaluation of national social policy in the context of global challenges», which was carried out by a team of specialists of the Ptoukha Institute for Demography and Social Studies of the NAS of Ukraine in 2022—2024. These results were obtained during carrying out tasks related to the identification of global challenges for Ukraine, assessment of their relevance and impact on national policy. The main basis of this work is the theoretical and applied findings of the most famous studies of such categories as global risks, threats and challenges. The study of global risks and challenges is one of the most relevant scientific tasks for today, as humanity is increasingly aware of the urgent need to confront possible threats to its existence both at the level of international cooperation and at the level of national policy. The article provides a brief overview of current research with an emphasis on the Global Risk Perception Survey (GRPS) methodology, according to which the World Economic Forum annually conducts assessments and publishes their results in its reports. By analogy with the international GRPS methodology, as part of the project implementation, for the first time in Ukraine, a series of surveys of national experts was conducted to assess the national context of global challenges perception. The first round was held on the eve of the full-scale invasion of Ukraine’s territory by Russian troops, in the period from February 16 to February 23, 2022, the second round — in the summer of 2022, and the third — in the fall of 2023. The purpose of this study is to determine the composition, degree of relevance and measure of impact of global challenges (at the national level — on the population of the country, at the local level — on the population of the community), as well as to study the temporal component of changes in their perception. For the formation of main postulates of the research, the work uses general scientific methods of generalization, analysis, comparisons, as well as a graphic method — for visualization of obtained results. As a tool for the two-dimensional assessment of the relevance and impact of global challenges, the authors built a matrix that allowed to group the challenges according to the growth rate of the evaluated parameters. The largest group includes eight challenges that have a significant impact on national policy and will be relevant in the next three years: «Employment crisis», «Deterioration of the population’s mental health», «Collapse of social security systems», «Decreasing accessibility and quality of education», «Damaging the ecosystems», «Increasing social inequality», «Deterioration of water resources quality», «Insufficient ensuring of human rights». The experts assessed only one challenge as catastrophic — the «High level of armed violence», by which they obviously meant human losses due to the death and injury of the military personnel and civilian population, loss of health and work capacity. It is these challenges that will require priority attention in the development of national policy strategies. The ability of our country to face global challenges and ensure social and economic resilience depends on the adequacy of the decisions that will be made.

Do violent extremists govern?

Do violent extremists govern? This may seem like a naïve question as groups inspired by the extremist versions of Salafi Islamic theology of al-Qaeda and the Islamic State are most often presented as ruthless, violently brutal actors that only rule through fear and coercion. However, as time has moved on and more analyses have come to the fore, a more nuanced picture has emerged. These findings need to be taken seriously because while al-Qaeda and the Islamic State’s power and appeal may be waning in the Middle East, elsewhere, groups inspired by them have grown stronger. One case is the Sahel, and the challenge that groups like the al-Qaeda-inspired Group for the Support of Islam and Muslims (JNIM) and the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (ISGS) represent to international order should not be underestimated. They have gained ground in Mali and Burkina Faso and are also starting to threaten West Atlantic states with important harbours for global trade, such as Benin, Ghana and Togo. It is, therefore, of the utmost importance that we understand what these groups are. While their leaders may adhere to violent extremist interpretations of religion and use force and violence, they are also smart, wise, and know how to plan and strategise, and have developed skilful tactics for dealing with civilian populations that come under their influence.

Vrymanne, ereburgerskap en die vryheid van toegang tot dorpe en stede

The contemporary custom in South Africa of conferring the honorary citizenship of a municipality on an individual originated in England and not, as at times argued, with the Romans. During the Middle Ages the so-called freemen were the only persons in England who enjoyed the full privileges of local management areas (boroughs). The word "freeman" did, however, as a result of legislation passed in the 19th century, lose its original meaning and much of its prestige value. Consequently a new title was created in 1885 to give to prominent people, namely "honorary freeman" (in Afrikaans known as "ereburgerskap"). In South Africa honorary freeman is an honour which has been granted since the second half of the 20th century by the council of a municipality to persons who in their opinion are worthy of it. There are no financial benefits attached to it for the recipient. In the Cape and Natal honorary citizenships are granted by ordinances in which honorary citizenship is specifically described. There are no ordinances of this kind in the Free State and Transvaal; there it is done in accordance with the authority vested in municipal councils. The tradition of granting freedom of entry into towns and cities to military units originated in London, England. It is a symbolic gesture by the civilian population to indicate their faith in a specific military unit.

Tourniquets

Abstract Purpose of Review Tourniquets have a longstanding history in combat casualty care, but only became widely accepted in the last 20 years as effective and safe. This review seeks to examine the history of tourniquets in combat casualty care and analyze their translation from military to civilian trauma care. Recent Findings The most recent research focusing on prehospital tourniquet use has focused on the expansion of tourniquets to the civilian trauma patient population. Research has shown that tourniquet use can be effectively taught to civilians without medical training, and that placement of tourniquets in the prehospital environment can reduce blood loss and shock at admission. Other recent research has established the effectiveness of tourniquets in unique military environments such as in cold weather gear and when chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) gear is worn. Summary Tourniquets have become a standard piece of equipment for deployed servicemembers for their lifesaving potential. Evidence is building that tourniquets can play a similar role in civilian trauma, but more work is needed to demonstrate the cost effectiveness and mortality benefit of widespread civilian tourniquet training and application.

Survival Strategies and Non-Aggression Pacts Between the Guardia Civil and the Republican Guerrilla in Spain's Irregular War, 1936–1952

Existing literature on the anti-Francoist guerrilla has focused on the origins, development and decline of guerrilla parties. However, many aspects of the irregular war of 1936–1952 that pitted rebel forces, and later the Francoist dictatorship, against Republican resistance fighters remain unexplored. Historians have often cited civil guards as sources on killings and torture that took place in spaces of anti-guerrilla warfare, and the violence employed by the guerrilla has also been the subject of a significant amount of research. In contrast, this article looks at how civil guards deployed in the irregular war and guerrilla fighters not only interacted peacefully, but in fact came to establish non-aggression pacts as a survival strategy. The existence of such agreements was known not only to the men on both sides, but also to the civilian population and the dictatorship itself.

Psychological features of the Ukrainians traumatic experience during the war

The main task of the study, which was conducted to mark the second anniversary of the full-scale invasion of the country, was to identify the predictors that currently cause anxiety, depressive symptoms and post-traumatic stress symptoms in different segments of the country’s civilian population. The issue of finding and implementing updated and effective forms of psychological assistance to the population, which is relevant today, cannot be resolved without understanding the specifics of the trauma process. A theoretical analysis of the specifics of the Ukrainian traumatic experience has been carried out and its features – dynamic, chronic and national character – have been identified, as well as the levels ( individual and collective) at which this trauma has been occurring over the past two years. The attention has been paid to the destructive impact of underdosed consumption of media resources, which intensifies the process of traumatization. An empirical study has been conducted with the participation of 672 Ukrainians, who have been divided into groups and the predictors of anxiety, depressive symptoms and signs of post-traumatic stress symptoms as reactions to traumatic experience have been investigated and identified. The fact that participation in volunteer activities and the use of a sense of national identity as a resource are among the predictors of the studied conditions deserves special attention, as these are the predictors that determine the specifics of Ukrainian traumatization. Whereas the rest of the predictors (loss of a family member as a result of hostilities, full or partial loss of housing, experience of living under occupation) are more expected in the context of the events taking place in the country. The importance of conscious consumption of media resources and controlling the time spent using gadgets remains relevant in the context of information hygiene education and the avoidance of further or additional trauma.

Guerra Cibernética e Terrorismo Cibernético: uma Análise da invasão Russa na Ucrânia

This article examines the complex intersection between cyber warfare and cyber terrorism, using the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the subsequent cyber attacks as a case study. It will briefly explore the historical context, the motivations behind the attacks, and the effects on the civilian population and critical infrastructure. The article will address both kinetic and non-kinetic cyber effects experienced by Ukraine, highlighting the need for a deeper understanding of these phenomena and more effective strategies for mitigating their impacts. In conclusion, it will seek to understand the correlation and peculiarities of Cyber Warfare and Cyber Terrorism.

Повседневная жизнь населения Кабардино-Балкарии в годы Великой Отечественной войны: историография, источники

The article examines the study of the everyday life of the population of Kabardino-Balkaria during the Great Patriotic War in Russian and foreign historiography. The article pays particular attention to controversial issues that require an analytical approach. Research by historians devoted to the problems of the relationship between government and society, labor and normalized everyday life of the population is analyzed. The research reveals that there is not sufficient understanding of the experience of state and public associations in organizing social protection of the population. Prob-lems related to state policy and public initiatives to provide targeted support to the most vulnera-ble categories of the population and assistance to the front have been studied. A study of publica-tions on the state of medical care and living conditions of the population does not provide an ob-jective picture of the problem under consideration, since many of them lack a comparative analy-sis with all-Russian and regional indicators. The works of historians provide a detailed analysis of the issues related to information and ideological work, particularly in shaping the public con-sciousness of the population. At the same time, it has been established that the forms and methods of forming patriotic values of the civilian population in the rear remain undisclosed. The study of works related to the study of the daily life of the Balkar population in the conditions of a special settlement made it possible to determine conceptual approaches to the problem under study and to identify the characteristic features of its transformation at different stages. Characteristics of col-lections of documents and archival sources are given. Authors conclude that Russian and regional historiography reflect, to some extent, the study of the everyday living conditions of various popu-lation groups. However, the everyday life of the inhabitants of Kabardino-Balkaria has not been studied based on modern principles and methods of historical science.

Criminal liability for the commission of war crimes: analysis of the corpus delicti of unlawful encroachments

The need for a criminal law analysis of military-violent crime is substantiated given the ongoing armed conflict in Ukraine, the annexation of some of its territories and the open calls of the russian authorities to destroy the Ukrainian nation and incite hatred towards everything that identifies Ukraine as a sovereign independent state. The classification of war crimes in the context of the armed conflict in Ukraine is proposed depending on the category of victims Military violent crimes in the context of the armed conflict in Ukraine should be divided into two groups of offences depending on the category of victims. The first group of such unlawful encroachments includes war crimes against the civilian population (Article 433; parts 1 and 2 of Article 438 of the CCU – violation of the laws and customs of war regarding rape and sexual violence, enslavement and torture, forced displacement of civilians, intentional killing of civilians; Article 442 of the CCU). The second group of military-violent offences includes military-violent crimes against servicemen (Article 434 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine; Part 1 of Article 438 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine – violation of the laws and customs of war regarding the ill-treatment of POWs, including cases of use of prohibited means and methods of warfare, as a result of which a serviceman was recognised as a victim). The approaches to the interpretation of certain features of the objective and subjective sides of the corpus delicti of the relevant military-violent crimes in the course of law enforcement are analysed and clarified, and recommendations aimed at forming a unified law enforcement practice regarding their criminal law qualification are provided The emphasis is placed on the fact that for the purpose of qualification and distinction from other war crimes of violation of the laws and customs of war in various forms of the objective side of Part 1 of Article 438 of the CC of Ukraine, not only the features of the objective side, the disposition of which is of a blanket nature, are important, but also the features of the subject of this criminal encroachment, which is not limited to the fact that it can be only a combatant. The author offers recommendations on the qualification features of various types of military violent crimes and their distinction from crimes against humanity, taking into account the existing doctrinal positions.

Revolutionary tribunals of the Tambov province 1918–1922

Importance. Reforming the public administration system is impossible without analyzing and taking into account the historical experience of the activities of punitive authorities. Revolutionary tribunals, created as a weapon in the fight against opponents of the Bolshevik regime, became a form of legitimization of state violence. Studying the mechanism of functioning of these bodies of the Soviet system has important heuristic significance, along with the need for public understanding of the role of repression in the fight against social protest. Modern scientific publications testify to the attention of researchers to this problem. An analysis of the historiography of the issue gives grounds to assert that a promising direction in the study of the topic of “revolutionary justice” is the analysis of the activities of provincial revolutionary tribunals, as well as clarification of the nature of their relationships with other repressive authorities.Materials and Methods. The source base for this work consists of materials identified in the funds of central and local archives and introduced into scientific circulation, most of them for the first time. The documents used made it possible to study the process of organization and practical activities of revolutionary tribunals in the Tambov province of the period 1918–1922. Factual material related to the struggle of these bodies with peasant protest is extracted from materials of local periodicals. The work used a systematic approach, as well as general scientific and historical research methods.Results and Discussion. An analysis of the process of creating revolutionary tribunals in the Tambov province is carried out. Their place and functionality in the management system, as well as the criteria for personnel selection of their employees, are established. The role of the military revolutionary tribunal in the fight against mass desertion is studied. The nature of the relationship between the provincial regional tribunal and the local Cheka is clarified. Based on investigative materials and sentences, the nature of the charges and penalties applied to peasants, participants in rural “rebellions”, as well as food workers who committed violence during the seizure of grain are established. The repressive activities of the Tambov provincial RVT and its visiting sessions to combat and prosecute both armed rebels and the civilian population of the village assisting them are considered.Conclusion. Based on a wide range of archival and other sources, it is established that the activities of the revolutionary tribunals of the Tambov province in the period 1918–1922 was punitive in nature and aimed at suppressing anti-government protest.

All Roads Lead to Rome Combating Impunity for Perpetration of Slave Trade and Slavery Crimes

The Republic of Sierra Leone has proposed amendments to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) to include, inter alia, provisions for the slave trade as a crime against humanity and has recommended that the General Assembly include the slave trade as an enumerated crime in the Draft articles on Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Humanity (CAH) (Draft articles). This declaration came nearly five years after Cardozo's Benjamin B Ferencz Human Rights and Atrocity Prevention Clinic, on behalf of slavery crimes expert Patricia Viseur Sellers, sent commentaries to the United Nations International Law Commission (ILC) to revise in a similar fashion the Draft articles. The Rome Statute creates a wide impunity gap by omitting the slave trade entirely as a war crime and crime against humanity and by including only those conflict-related slavery acts that include causing someone to engage in an act of a sexual nature. Specifically, the Rome Statute does not enumerate the slave trade or slavery under Article 8 as war crimes. It does not define the slave trade within the crime of enslavement under Article 7(g) as a crime against humanity or explicitly enumerate the slave trade within the context of a widespread or systematic attack against a civilian population. War crimes conduct is not captured fully or explicitly under ICC jurisdiction because the Rome Statute sanctions only persons exercising powers attaching to the rights of ownership who also cause that person to engage in an act of a sexual nature. Crimes against humanity conduct also escapes legal sanction when perpetrators transport or otherwise engage in any slave trade acts without exercising powers attaching to the right of ownership over a person. Furthermore, the Rome Statute's bifurcation of enslavement and sexual slavery lead to non-factual, incomplete, and discriminatory results. Sexual slavery is enslavement; its separate enumeration as a crime against humanity has required some victims to prove additionally that they were caused to engage in an act of a sexual nature in violation of non-discrimination and others' slavery harms to escape legal characterization altogether.

Ketamine in the effective management of chronic pain, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder for Veterans: A meta-analysis and systematic review.

Ketamine has emerged as a promising treatment alternative for the management of chronic pain. Despite encouraging findings in civilian populations, and favourable results from trials examining its efficacy in military populations, there is still a dearth of information pointing to optimal specifications related to ketamine administration for pain, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in military populations. This meta-analysis and systematic review synthesised available evidence on the effectiveness, tolerability, and feasibility of ketamine in the management of chronic pain and mental health conditions in military populations. This review followed the Cochrane's Guide for systematic reviews of interventions and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) as frameworks for data collection and synthesis. A total of 11 studies and 22 independent samples were retained for data analyses. Across samples, improvements in pain, depression, and PTSD outcomes were evident, with the use of ketamine leading to significant reductions, g = 1.76, SE = 0.19, 95% CI (1.39, 2.13), Z = 9.26, p <.001. These effect sizes were robust with moderate-to-large effects. In addition, the reductions in symptoms were observed in both active-duty and Veteran groups, and for different routes of ketamine administration, frequencies of ketamine administration, duration of ketamine treatments, dosage, study design, and allowance for concurrent treatments. This review provides a preliminary synthesis of available evidence which suggests that ketamine may be a potential option for the treatment of depression, PTSD, and chronic pain in military populations. The viability of ketamine as an alternative treatment may be particularly impactful for those who are treatment resistant, experience chronic symptoms, and/or have exhausted conventional treatments. More research is warranted in order verify the findings presented in this review.

Comparative analysis of the organization works of the psychological service of the system education of Ukraine and Israel

The article presents a comparative analysis of the work experience of the school psychological service of Israel and Ukraine in order to study the current experience in providing assistance to schoolchildren, especially in the context of the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation into Ukraine. Attention is focused on significant changes and transformations of the psychological service of the education system of Ukraine, which arose in the conditions of the war with the Russian Federation. The priority directions of the psychological service, its regulatory and legal support, content, purpose, functions of the psychological service employees of educational institutions (pre-school, general secondary, extra-curricular, specialized, professional (vocational-technical), vocational pre-university and higher) are disclosed. Normative, standard requirements for the professional qualification of psychologists in educational institutions in Ukraine and Israel are presented. The activity of the Association of Psychologists of Ukraine is characterized in comparison with the trade union Israeli Psychological Association. The study showed that Israel has a developed system of school psychology, experience of integration and interaction of the psychological and pedagogical service and educational institutions. Attention is focused on the work of the Council of Psychologists in Israel, which includes psychologists from various divisions of the Israel Psychological Association, universities and large employers (Ministry of Health, Education and Social Security). The biggest difference is the organization of the psychologist's systemic work in Israel, that is, work with the school as a system. A pedagogical psychologist does not belong integrally to the educational institution, but is administratively and professionally subordinated to external organizations. In Israel, the experience of providing psychological assistance to schoolchildren, their parents and school employees in the conditions of an ongoing armed conflict, shelling of cities, in the case of casualties among the civilian population, including children, has been developed.

Psychological aspects of ensuring a positive public perception of the army

The study is dedicated to examining the psychological approaches to ensuring a positive image of the army by society, which is crucial in the context of contemporary socio-political changes and conflicts. Given the increasing importance of national security, forming a positive image of the Armed Forces is essential for maintaining the morale of the population and ensuring their support for military operations. In the course of the study, theoretical analysis of literature and content analysis of media materials were used to explore the psychological approaches to ensuring a positive perception of the military by society. The research showed that forming this image is a complex task that requires coordinated efforts from state institutions, military structures, and the media. The application of psychological technologies, such as information-psychological operations and PR campaigns, as well as the integration of the military into cultural and social projects, significantly enhances the effectiveness of these efforts. Developing communication strategies aimed at different social groups, including youth, the elderly, veterans, and the families of military personnel, allows for more accurate consideration of the psychological characteristics and needs of each group, contributing to more effective formation of a positive perception. Systematic research on public opinion and psychological reactions to various aspects of military service and the activities of the Armed Forces is necessary for timely identification of problem areas and adjustment of communication strategies. An important component is also the psychological training of military personnel, aimed at developing their communication skills, stress resilience, and ability to interact effectively with the civilian population. The use of modern information technologies and new media to disseminate information about the activities of the Armed Forces ensures broad audience coverage and increases trust in military structures. Therefore, ensuring a positive perception of the military by society is a multidimensional task that contributes to strengthening national security, boosting the morale of the population, and forming a stable social environment in the face of contemporary challenges.

Learning to Fight Together: UN Peacekeeping Coalitions and Civilian Protection

Abstract Since the end of the Cold War, the United Nations has increasingly used peacekeeping operations (PKOs) to manage crises between and within states. The mandates of contemporary PKOs are demanding, calling on peacekeeping personnel to separate belligerent parties, enforce ceasefire agreements, and protect the physical security of civilians. The pursuit of these distinct objectives presents a unique challenge for the UN because it relies on member states to volunteer personnel for these missions. Therefore, the achievement of mandated goals depends on the ability of diverse national contingents to overcome coordination problems and function as a cohesive force. Integrating research of PKOs and international military coalitions, we argue that as national contingents share operational experience within a UN mission, they develop common institutional practices, and become more effective at protecting the civilian population. Using monthly data on UN PKOs from 1990 to 2019, we find that increasing operational experience within a peacekeeping coalition reduces civilian fatalities significantly.

International Law in the Sudanese War 2023: An Overview of the Conflict and Law Enforcement

In early 2023, Sudan faced significant turmoil primarily driven by a civil war involving prominent military factions. The conflict stemmed from a power struggle and ideological differences between General Abdel Fattah Al Burhan, who assumed leadership of the armed forces and presidency, and his deputy, General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, who also heads the Paramilitary Rapid Support Force (RSF). This research aims to analyze the Sudanese conflict's impact on the population and the role of international law in addressing violations during the crisis. The war has exacted a heavy toll on Sudanese civilians, resulting in substantial loss of life and exacerbating humanitarian crises across the country. International law emerges as a crucial avenue for holding accountable those responsible for violations, encompassing both military and civilian populations. Employing sociolegal juridical methods, this study examines existing data pertaining to the Sudanese conflict and scrutinizes how international organizations enforce legal standards within this context. By leveraging international legal frameworks, this research advocates for applying legal sanctions to address violations committed by the Sudanese government and associated military factions. This approach seeks to provide legal recourse and justice for affected civilians while highlighting the imperative of international law in fostering accountability and peace amid ongoing conflict.

Surveillance of human leptospirosis infections in Ukraine between 2018 and 2023.

Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects both humans and animals worldwide. Currently, a positional war is ongoing in Ukraine, and the military is encountering a significant number of rodents in trenches and dugouts, which are known reservoirs for Leptospira, the causative agent of leptospirosis-a potentially dangerous infectious disease with a high mortality rate. The civilian population is also at potential risk of leptospirosis. The destruction of the Kakhovka Dam on June 6, 2023, has led to widespread devastation and human suffering. In the short term, there is a significant risk of rodent-borne diseases such as leptospirosis. We utilized data from the Ukrainian Centre for Disease Prevention Control and observed a substantial increase in prevalence in 2023. The notification rate in Ukraine in 2023 was 1.06 per 100,000 persons, which is higher than that of other countries in the European Union. Particular attention is being given to Zakarpattia Oblast, located on the western border of Ukraine, which shares boundaries with Romania, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia, with an extremely high incidence rate of 12.08 per 100,000 persons. Based on these findings, we recommend education and awareness campaigns, vaccination, personal protective measures, and improved surveillance to address the increasing incidence of leptospirosis in Ukraine.

The Legacy of Peter the Great and Modern Military Criminal Law of Russia

The system of military crimes as acts encroaching on the military security of Russia in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation was focused exclusively on peacetime conditions. In the context of a special military operation on the territory of Ukraine, an urgent adjustment of criminal legislation was required. For this purpose, the legislative experience of not only the Soviet, but also the pre-Soviet period was used. At the same time, the importance of Peter the Great’s military criminal legislation is clearly underestimated, including ideas about the complicity of civilians in military crimes, about the active repentance of a deserter, about the composition of the surrender of fortresses, surrender and communication with the enemy, the surrender of a warship to the enemy, looting as a crime encroaching, first of all, on the interests of the civilian population. The reform of Russian military criminal legislation and legislation on crimes that infringe on Russia’s national security should not be considered complete.

Current issues of using knowledge of forensic medicine during an investigation of cruel treatment of prisoners of war and the civilian population

Current issues of using knowledge of forensic medicine during an investigation of cruel treatment of prisoners of war and the civilian population