Civil Authorities Research Articles

A Biopsychosocial Approach to Understanding Panic Buying: Integrating Neurobiological, Attachment-Based, and Social-Anthropological Perspectives.

The global COVID-19 pandemic has focused the attention of researchers, civil authority and the general public on the phenomenon of “panic buying,” characterized by the excessive purchase of specific materials—particularly food and hygiene-related products—in anticipation of an expected shortage. This phenomenon has been well-documented in response to several natural and man-made disasters, but its global scope and severity in the context of COVID-19 are unprecedented. This response can negatively impact health, food security, and disease prevention efforts. Attempts to modify such behaviors are more likely to succeed if they are based on insights from both the biomedical and the social sciences. From a biological perspective, the phenomenological overlap between panic buying and psychological disorders such as hoarding disorder and compulsive buying raises the possibility of a shared neurobiological underpinning. Evolutionary models suggest that these behaviors represent an attempt to enhance individual and group survival in the face of a threatened scarcity of resources. These phenomena may be influenced by specific genetic variants which are also implicated in hoarding-related psychological disorders. From a psychological perspective, attachment theory provides a conceptual framework that serves as a bridge between prior life adversity, current deprivation, and an increased attachment to material objects. Such a framework is of relevance when considering panic buying during the COVID-19 pandemic, which has been associated with significant disruptions in attachment bonds. From a social-anthropological perspective, hoarding and related behaviors have been associated with social exclusion and rejection, as well a lack of social support. These risk factors have affected large sections of the general population in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and the governmental responses to it. This perspective also emphasizes the symbolic significance of the hoarded objects themselves. In this paper, an attempt is made to integrate these three perspectives and thereby formulate a biopsychosocial model of panic buying in response to this global health crisis. The existing scientific literature on panic buying is examined in the light of this model. Finally, suggestions are proposed as to how this model might inform social strategies aimed at preventing or reducing panic buying.

Formation and Development of Investigation of Misdemeanours as a Form of Pre-trial Investigation in Ukraine (the 18th–19th Centuries)

The article deals with the preconditions of differentiation of forms of pre-trial investigation in Ukraine in the 18th–19th centuries. The concept of investigation of misdemeanours as a form of pre-trial investigation at different stages of social development are considered. The base source of the Russian Empire is examined, with the aspects of using of the term “investigation of misdemeanours” in law enforcement practice thoroughly covered. It is established that this term at the legislative level and in the literary sources held for a long time is subject to transformation in terms of its functional direction. The paper offers a description of the study of the early stage of development and a comparison with the modern form of pre-trial investigation. It is established that at all stages of its development there is a common feature: the provision of a simplified order.The article presents the key differences between the knowledge at the early stage of its creation and the modern form of pre-trial investigation. However, the investigation of misdemeanours starts from the moment of the illegal act until the end of the pre-trial investigation. At first, this investigation of misdemeanours had few signs of research verification. The collected materials were examined by the proceedings and could not be determined by full evidence without appropriate “legalization” procedures. The investigation of misdemeanours had not clearly defined a procedural form and was not limited to specific deadlines, and depended almost entirely on the inner convictions of the individual who conducted this knowledge. In the legislation of the pre-revolutionary period, the investigation of misdemeanours should be carried out by a wide range of authorized persons (police ranks, military and civilian authorities, clergy, government officials, village elders, and others). The investigation of misdemeanours was carried out in everything without exception of crime, regardless of its severity at those times.It is proved that the modern model of pre-trial investigation represents the positive historical experience and the right opinion. Today we can observe a consistent procedure of the implementation of the exercise, a special circle of authorized persons, and the introduction of a balance of appropriate differentiation of forms of pre-trial investigation.

Civil disorder, authority credibility and public health: Chile's unique sociopolitical context in dealing with COVID-19.

Civil disorder, authority credibility and public health: Chile's unique sociopolitical context in dealing with COVID-19.

From Small Wars to Guerrilla Warfare: Imperial School of British Military Thought During the Interbellum

The Interbellum era was marked by the competition of various interpretations of guerrilla warfare and small wars, which were a practical expression of rebel activity in the colonies and on the outskirts of the British Empire. Discussions in that regard reflected both theoretical and doctrinal contradictions and the bureaucratic rivalry between the departments responsible for its internal security and the confrontation between the military and civilian authorities over the boundaries of their responsibility to preserve colonial order. The evolution of the meaning of the concept of “guerilla warfare” within the British military thought in the first half of the 20th century is demonstrated by highlighting the stages of the process, historical reconstruction of the levels of discussion of this topic in a professional environment, and identifying the degree of mutual influence of its basic provisions in the face of budgetary constraints and new challenges to colonial rule after the First World War. This approach allowed to specify ideas about the place and role of the army in the functioning of the internal security system of the British Empire at the final stage of its existence. The analysis of the semantics and content of the “guerilla warfare” concept between two world wars makes it possible to apply a new approach to the issue of disagreements between the military and civilian authorities over the choice of the military and political course in the conflicts of this kind. Thus, the identified differences may be viewed as a result not of the bureaucratic differences only, but as the absence of the unified understanding of the “modern rebellion” problem among the military as itself.

ИНЖЕНЕРНЫЕ ПРОЕКТЫ РУССКОЙ АРМИИ ПО ЗАТОПЛЕНИЮ РЕК В ГОДЫ ПЕРВОЙ МИРОВОЙ ВОЙНЫ: ПРОЕКТЫ И РЕАЛЬНОСТЬ

World War I, as a total conflict, was accompanied by various manifestations of the barbarization of hostilities. One of the topical issues of the world confrontation is its impact on the ecology of the region of military conflict. Written on the basis of archival materials for the first time used in studying, the article traces the policy of the military leadership on the use of water resources during the war. Various plans and measures for flooding areas in the system of passive and active defense in different points of the theater of military operations are analyzed: in the defense of fortresses, construction of barriers on rivers to prevent their forcing, attempts to use river barriers for flooding of entire cities. The work studies the reasons for the successes and failures of such plans. In particular detail it does so in the context of the plan to flood the rivers of Polesye, which was the largest reservoir of water resources in the western borderlands of Russia in a strategic region of historical confrontation between Russia and its western neighbors. The article concludes that there was a serious disagreement between the military and civilian authorities on the issue of the detrimental effects of river flooding to the agriculture, population, and ecology of the area, including in the postwar perspective, which forced the military leadership to adopt a moderate defense plan for swamping the area. In the course of using water resources, the Russian army managed to avoid the barbarization of military actions, including flooding large contingents of the enemy, limiting itself to moderate measures of impact on the ecology of the region and remaining within the limits of humanity, as far as total war permitted.

The Quakers, 1656–1723: The Evolution of an Alternative Community by Richard C. Allen and Rosemary Moore

Reviewed by: The Quakers, 1656–1723: The Evolution of an Alternative Community by Richard C. Allen and Rosemary Moore Cameron Seglias The Quakers, 1656–1723: The Evolution of an Alternative Community. By Richard C. Allen and Rosemary Moore with specialist contributors. (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2018. 296 pp. Notes, appendix, bibliography, index. $39.95.) Quakerism's neglected "second period" traditionally has been considered a turn toward quietism and bureaucratic tightening, which stands in stark contrast to the nascent movement's enthusiastic early years during the social and political upheavals of the English Civil War and Commonwealth. The picture that emerges throughout The Quakers, 1656–1723, however, reveals how a community under constant threat from religious and civil authorities was able to survive because of the dynamism of its organizational and disciplinary practices. Richard C. Allen, Rosemary Moore, and their contributing coauthors synthesize decades of scholarship on Quakerism's second period in a single, readable volume. This work seeks to revise earlier standard accounts by Rufus Jones (1909) and William Charles Braithwaite (1919; revised 1961), both of which remain reference points for scholars of Quakerism. Questioning the chronologies and blind spots inherited from these century-old works, the authors pay particular attention to the role played by women in establishing Quakerism as a transatlantic movement. Although the book is broadly chronological, individual chapters cohere around their own thematic centers, covering such topics as organization, disputes with other dissenting religious groups, and changing relationships to politics and the law. Despite its many strengths as a general history of Quakerism from the mid-seventeenth to the early eighteenth century, the volume has several drawbacks. Emphasis is clearly on the seventeenth century, while the years between 1700 and 1723 are sketched rather hastily throughout the final chapters of the book. However, this temporal emphasis is understandable given the range and significance of events that took place in the second half of the seventeenth century, including sectarian controversies, changes [End Page 87] in print culture, the establishment of Pennsylvania, and legislative landmarks such as the 1689 Toleration Act. PMHB readers might be disappointed by the geographical focus on the British Isles. But this focus is explained by the significance given to legislative battles and the problem of organization, which became centralized around Quaker leader George Fox and the London Yearly Meeting. In reality, this uneven geographical handling is a function of the book's strength in telling a unified story of British and American Quaker history, while still managing to shed important light on Quaker settlement in the Caribbean, New England, and the Delaware Valley. Of exceptional interest here is a discussion of Pennsylvania's Keithian controversy of the 1690s, with its dual importance for later Quaker positions regarding political withdrawal and slavery. More generally, the authors unpack Quaker involvement with slavery and the slave trade and contribute to a growing literature that acknowledges complicity even while it documents the efforts of the few scattered voices that helped to prepare the way for late eighteenth-century Quaker antislavery consensus. Even if The Quakers, 1656–1723 is unable to offer the regional and historical detail readers steeped in Pennsylvania history might desire, this volume nevertheless presents invaluable background and context. In this respect, the contributions by Allen, Moore, and the experts contained in this volume establish the place to begin for both the specialist and general reader looking to delve into this fascinating period of Quaker history. Cameron Seglias Freie Universität Berlin Copyright © 2021 Historical Society of Pennsylvania

“The Principal Russian Church in America”: from the History of Saint Nicholas Russian Orthodox Cathedral in the City of New York

Based on previously unearthed documents from the Russia’s State Historical Archive and the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire the article explores the history of the first Russian Orthodox parish in New York City and construction of Saint-Nickolas Russian Orthodox Cathedral in the city. It was a protracted and complicated interagency process that involved Russian Orthodox mission in the United States, Russia’s Foreign Ministry and its missions in the United States, the Holy Governing Synod, Russia’s Ministry of Finance and the State Council. The principal actors were the bishops Nicholas (Ziorov) and especially Tikhon (Bellavin), Ober-Prosecutor of the Holy Governing Synod Konstantine Pobedonostsev and Reverend Alexander Khotovitsky. This case study of the Cathedral history reveals an interaction of ecclesiastical and civil authorities in which private and civic initiative was combined with strict bureaucratic rules and procedures.

ФЕНОМЕН КОРПОРАТИВНОГО ГРАЖДАНСТВА В НАУЧНЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯХ РОССИЙСКИХ УЧЕНЫХ

Corporate citizenship is a fairly new concept in scientific and business use. It characterizes the current stage in the development of socioeconomic systems, which are transformed under the influence of sociocultural, technological, and other factors into the ecosystems of the future. Its participants rethink their own value system and interact with each other in a completely different way. The aim of the article is to analyze the phenomenon of corporate citizenship in order to identify its basic concepts and key elements. To achieve this aim, the following objectives were formulated: to analyze the texts of scientific research by Russian authors; to make an overview of the phenomenon of corporate citizenship. Critical analysis is carried out in the methodological, political science, and applied (managerial) aspects. Conclusions are drawn. As a result of a bibliographic search in the Google Scholar search engine, it was established that the term “corporate citizenship”, used in foreign studies since the middle of the past century, appeared in domestic publications only at the turn of the 21st century. The textual analysis of the selected articles made it possible to identify the following considerations of the concept: as a component of sustainable development of business and the region; as a concept of social responsibility of business; as a philosophy of social responsibility of business; as a way of doing business; as a form of social partnership between the state and business in the public sphere; as an element of the system of relations between the state and business; as a mechanism for interaction between business and society; as a factor in the economic efficiency of the organization; as a form of social engineering; as a tool for modernizing the Russian economy; as a management innovation. The grouping of these directions into three aspects was substantiated. The methodological aspect explores and explains the principles and mechanisms of corporate citizenship. The macroeconomic and political science aspects analyze corporate citizenship at the level of the socioeconomic system of society and the state. The applied (managerial) aspect presents corporate citizenship as a managerial innovation that contributes to the sustainable success of individual organizations and their associations. The implementation of the managerial approach is aimed at achieving sustainable success of business organizations within the framework of the implementation of a value-based corporate governance model, in the context of sustainable and effective development of the ecosystem of territorial entities. Finally, the content of corporate citizenship was defined. Corporate citizenship is a system of proactive constructive interaction of the corporate sector with civil society institutions and authorities, which is purposefully built, relies on voluntary principles, and complies with the basic principles of social responsibility, but at the same time goes beyond it.

Kaza Mitrovica 1889-1900

Kaza Mitrovica was part of the Priština Sandžak of the Kosovo vilayet until its liberation in the First Balkan War. Period from the opening of the consulate of the Kingdom of Serbia in Priština in 1889 until 1900 was marked by numerous murders and oppressions throughout Old Serbia, which did not skip Mitrovica. This situation deviated from the position of the city, which was located at the crossroads and at the end of the railway, whose starting point was Thessaloniki. In addition, Mitrovica was connected by road to neighboring towns, Novi Pazar, Peć and Priština, via Vučitrn. Thanks to that, it developed rapidly, the influx of inhabitants was higher and it represented the center of the northwestern part of the province of Kosovo. The newly arrived population in Mitrovica consisted of muhajirs fleeing Bosnia and Serbia, as well as Serbs who came from Metohija and other parts of Old Serbia due to violence. Also, numerous craftsmen and merchants settled in search of work and a better life. The city was the seat of a strong military garrison of the Turkish army, which did not react to prevent the tyranny of the Arbanas. On the contrary, the representatives of the civil and military authorities, in order to maintain an apparent peace, often negotiated with the greatest oppressors among the Arbanas. The relationship between the authorities and the villains was reflected on the Serb population of Mitrovica, which was exposed to various atrocities. The only help was provided by the consulate of the Kingdom of Serbia in Priština, while the representatives of the authorities, from local to district, usually remained silent. This attitude of the Turkish authorities towards the crimes led to general insecurity and unrest among Serbs, who emigrated in large numbers to Serbia.

A Place for Everything: The Curious History of Alphabetical Order by Judith Flanders

Reviewed by: A Place for Everything: The Curious History of Alphabetical Order by Judith Flanders Jack Lynch (bio) A Place for Everything: The Curious History of Alphabetical Order by Judith Flanders. New York: Basic Books, 2020. Pp. xxviii + 319. $30.00. ISBN: 978-1-5416-7507-0. A Place for Everything advertises itself as a history of alphabetical order, but that's not strictly true. Alphabetical order is a historian's nightmare: we have no evidence about where it came from. We learn our ABCs because the Romans learned their ABCs because the Greeks learned their ABΓs because the Phoenicians learned their ālep-bēt-gīmls because the Northern Canaanites learned whatever they learned—and why they learned it that way, nobody knows. As far back as our evidence takes us, the letters had an order. In the Hebrew Bible, for instance, Psalms 9 and 10 form an alphabetical acrostic, with pairs of lines beginning with successive letters of the Hebrew alphabet: the first two verses start with aleph, the next two with beth, and so on. And as the alphabet was adapted for use in languages as diverse as Aramaic, Greek, Icelandic, Russian, Coptic, and Finnish, its order stayed remarkably consistent. Yet virtually no one seems to have made any use of that order for millennia. When asked why there was any order at all, we fall back on the faute-de-mieux explanation that the order was simply a mnemonic for learning the complete roster of letters. If A Place for Everything isn't a book about the order of the alphabet, what is it? In fact it's a book about managing information more generally, and particularly the ways the alphabet has made that possible. But it was a long struggle. Flanders is especially good in discussing when and why alphabetical order was not used, or was resisted, even after it was available. Why is the Domesday Book, for instance, a list of 13,418 places, organized "first by status, then by geography, then by status [End Page 281] again, and finally by wealth" (xxi-xxii)? What could motivate anyone to use such a nightmare of complexity when the alphabet was just waiting to be used? Flanders makes the case that the alphabet implies an ideology that many found disturbing. The greatest virtue of alphabetical order is that it is entirely arbitrary: there is nothing intrinsic to abacuses or zygotes that keeps them thousands of pages apart. But the greatest vice of alphabetical order is also that it is entirely arbitrary: things are near or far from one another for no intrinsic reasons. For many people it violated good sense that father, mother, son, daughter, parent, and child should be scattered all over the dictionary while strand, stranger, strangle, strap, and stratagem are huddled together on the same page. Even worse, the alphabet's arbitrariness wrecks hierarchies by forcing the greatest to jostle together with the least. The thought that the Supreme Being should lodge between go-cart and Godzilla, while the lowly aardvark takes pride of place on page one, was more than many could tolerate. As Flanders puts it, God had created a hierarchical world, and those who followed him reflected that hierarchy in their work. Alphabetical order looked like resistance, even rebellion, against the order of divine creation. Or possibly ignorance: an author who placed angeli, angels, before deus, God, simply because A comes before D, was an author who had failed to comprehend the order of the universe. (33) Why, then, did we change our minds and eventually come over to alphabetical order? The question has no single answer, and Flanders does not pretend it does, but she outlines many factors that may have contributed to its adoption. The Middle Ages saw the rapid growth of libraries, and print would only accelerate the trend, as people had to shift from intensive reading of a few texts to the extensive consulting of many. The growing sophistication of civil and ecclesiastical authorities also played a part: when governments and churches decided to keep records of every citizen, every soldier, every cleric, every student, every tax payment, every municipal regulation, every road, every shop...

L’Église institution face á l’individualisation du croire: Théologie et Droit de l’Église aux prises avec le paysage religieux by Jean-Marie Vianney Karangwa

Reviewed by: L’Église institution face á l’individualisation du croire: Théologie et Droit de l’Église aux prises avec le paysage religieux by Jean-Marie Vianney Karangwa Sean O. Sheridan TOR L’Église institution face á l’individualisation du croire: Théologie et Droit de l’Église aux prises avec le paysage religieux, by Jean-Marie Vianney Karangwa. Strasbourg: Palais Universitaire, 2011. Pp. 1–830. In his homily for the Mass that opened the papal conclave that would elect him as Pope Benedict XVI, His Eminence Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger spoke to the College of Cardinals of the danger of moral relativism within our society. Throughout his pontificate, Pope Benedict XVI spoke of this concern on numerous occasions. His successor, Pope Francis, has also expressed his concern about this societal problem. The changing manner in which individuals in society and the Church incorporate their beliefs in their daily lives continues to be a topic of concern for many. This volume contains the canon law dissertation of Jean-Marie Vianney Karangwa while studying at the University of Strasbourg. The work raises the question of the individualization of beliefs in today’s civil society and how the Catholic Church ought to address this concern. Karangwa argues that the individualization of belief encompasses a distancing of individuals from the Church as an institution. He further maintains that concerns about ecclesial law and worship have been proclaimed to respond to the needs of the Church rather than the demands that emanate from individual members of the Church (6). In this rather extensive investigation of the topic, Karangwa arranges his book into two major parts, subdivided into fourteen sections in total, with a summary, a general introduction, a critical assessment of each of the two major parts of the book, and a general conclusion. The first part of the book considers a theological approach and the sociological aspects of the individualization of believing (29–387). Karangwa maintains that his purpose for the first part of the book is to show the paradox between the manner in which ecclesiology and religious fact address [End Page 238] the characterization of individualization of belief (7). Within this part, he discusses topics such as the privatization of belief (60–122), the example of belief in French-speaking Belgium (123–170), and the individualization of belief in theological debates (223–281). The second part of the book addresses the manner in which canon law confronts the individualization of believing (391–777). Karangwa maintains that he styled the second part as a hermeneutical essay on the law of the Church (7, 392). In this latter part of the book, he considers topics such as the status of the individual in both civil and canon law (475–517), the management of education by both civil and Church authorities (517–550), and religious freedom and democracy (732–765). The book also comes with an extensive appendix that includes numerous tables, graphs, and maps to help support the arguments that Karangwa presents (Appendix 1–31). While certain topics that Karangwa considers lend themselves to the application of canons from the Code of Canon Law (e.g., at 437–439, discussing cc. 129, 145, 331, 342–344, 623–632, as well as discussion of cc. 150, 476, 517, 521, 526, 527, 538, 542, 547, 564, 1108, and 1271), the topic as a whole is not one that leads to a broad application of the canons. Thus, the audience for this extensive work would be a more targeted one that is concerned with the emergence of the diversity of opinions on the individualization of belief and how society and the Church ought to respond to that dilemma. Moreover, the work is written in French and the reader will need an understanding of the language to grasp the arguments made. Sean O. Sheridan TOR Vicar General Third Order Regular of Saint Francis Rome, Italy Copyright © 2021 The Catholic University of America Press

A Crisis of Peace: George Washington, the Newburgh Conspiracy, and the Fate of the American Revolution by David Head

Reviewed by: A Crisis of Peace: George Washington, the Newburgh Conspiracy, and the Fate of the American Revolution by David Head Michael S. McGurty (bio) A Crisis of Peace: George Washington, the Newburgh Conspiracy, and the Fate of the American Revolution By David Head. New York: Pegasus Books, 2019. 400 pages, 6" x 9". $28.95 cloth, $18.99 ebook. The impetus for the two anonymous letters, written in the Continental Army winter encampment at New Windsor, New York, in March 1783, inciting the Newburgh Conspiracy, continues to confound historians trying to dissect the crisis. The "fellow-soldier, whose interest and affection bind him strongly to you—whose past sufferings have been as great, and whose future fortunes may be as desperate as yours," urged his officer corps colleagues, in those fiery missives distributed in camp, to stop prostrating themselves before the Continental Congress and start to demand that the national legislators find the money for their back pay and subsistence and to fund the officer pension promised earlier in the conflict. Always at the bottom of the priority list of the nation's creditors, the army was determined to realize its due, and its anger might have been exploited by nationalists in their scheme to vest the national government with the power to tax. David Head in his A Crisis of Peace George Washington, the Newburgh Conspiracy, and the Fate of the American Revolution offers a compelling story of the people associated with the incident and the dispassionate response by the commander-in-chief. Written by Major John Armstrong, a twenty-four-year-old aide to Major General Horatio Gates and son of Pennsylvania militia Major General John Armstrong, Head argues that his able pen captured the wrath of a small group of midlevel officers frustrated by the army leadership's weak attempts to petition Congress. While talking tough, the general officers hesitated to take a stronger stance, and these firebrands sought to force them into one. Unwilling to challenge civilian authority, Washington remained aloof, until the actions of the conspiring officers forced him to obliquely advocate for redress of the army's grievances. Head illuminates the characters closely associated with this event and, finding little evidence, dismisses most of the figures' involvement in any conspiracy. Considering the very nature of plots, however, participants are not normally inclined to reveal their participation, especially in ones that failed. If anything, they try to minimize any involvement and discount any accusations about their machinations. Following the money, he details the fiscal irresponsibility behind nearly all of America's problems. The major source of operational funds was the appropriations from the French government. Despite substantially overspending French loans, U.S. representatives in Paris had the gall to still solicit further [End Page 217] financial assistance, knowing that Louis XVI, having already invested so much, would not want to see the young republic founder. Raising substantial revenue in the country was prevented by Congress having no authority to tax. A 5 percent national tax on imports, the Impost, proposed in 1781, was blocked by Rhode Island, and when Virginia repealed its assent, at the end of 1782, it was a dead letter. The states received requisitions annually for their share of the cost of operating the national government, but the responses were disappointing. Every governor and legislature pled poverty. With people at the time, and in any age for that matter, susceptible to conspiracy theories, David Head challenges the assumption made at the time and by subsequent historians that nationalists in the Continental Congress and its administrative bodies were actually pulling the strings. Chief among the believers in the Philadelphia origins of the intrigue, Washington was incredulous that the officers and men of the army "are to be made use of as mere Puppets to establish Continental funds." Superintendent of Finance Robert Morris, his assistant, the transplanted New Yorker Gouverneur Morris, and New York Congressional delegate Alexander Hamilton are generally considered the chief architects of the Newburgh Conspiracy. The Morrises' well-known advocacy for uniting the lobbying power of both the public and private creditors to force the states to either fully remit the annual allocations made on them for the operation of...

Policy of the Kuban region authorities in the ethno-confessional sphere: experience of regulating the activities of the Muslim cleric (1880s)

The article examines the historical experience of regulation of the issues of spiritual authorities of Muslim communities in 1880s by the authorities of the Kuban region, as well as appointment of aul mullahs, increasing the role of qadis in mountain verbal courts. The issue of spiritual governance of Muslim communities is important for understanding the process of Russian civil governance formation in the North Caucasus, which was associated with overcoming both the biased attitude of officials towards the Caucasian peoples and fears, for example, of the Adyghs (Circassians) of losing their ethnic identity and connection with the Muslim the world. Such a negative state of the Circassian population of the Kuban region manifested itself in their permanent desire to move to Turkey for permanent residence. And in the context of examining the Russian-Caucasian relations, it is relevant to study such a positive experience in regulating the issues of spiritual governance of the Muslim communities of the North Caucasus. In the article the author followed scientific principles in conducting the research and used a wide range of references on the history of the Adyghs (Circassians), which also included a large amount of archival material, suggesting a comprehensive coverage of historical facts on the issue. The author's adherence to the principle of historicism made it possible to examine the activities of the civil authorities of the Kuban region in dynamics from actual events in specific historical conditions to reasoning about their causes and consequences. The author concludes that the Russian authorities raised the issue of improving the organization of the activities of the Muslim clergy, while trying not to create an overloaded bureaucratic apparatus. The Muslim clergy in the districts of the Kuban region that needed control spiritual power, obtained it in the person of qadi of the district Gorsky verbal courts.

Geneza asystencji wojskowej w II Rzeczypospolitej

The article presents the issue of the genesis of military assistance in the Second Polish Republic. In interwar Poland, this term was understood as providing aid by the armed forces for the benefit of civil authorities, primarily in connection with ensuring public safety, or in the event of natural disasters. The text analyzes Polish and foreign experiences with the use of the army for the indicated purposes, as well as characterizes the regulations of foreign countries established before 1918 in this field. In the period from January to April 1919, basic regulations concerning the discussed issues were issued.

To the question of determining the estate status of the Circassian elites of the Kuban region in the context of the Russian reforms of 1860-70s

The article examines the results of the work of the commission for the analysis of the estate rights of the Kuban highlanders in the Yekaterinodar and Maykop districts, when it became necessary to determine the official status of the Circassian elites and equate them with the Russian nobility after the implementation of peasant and judicial reforms in the North Caucasus. Understanding the problem by the Russian officials of the Kuban region and the attitude of the Circassian elites themselves to it in the post-reform period always arouses interest among domestic researchers. Knowledge of positive and negative examples from the historical experience of implementing reforms in various ethnic and confessional communities in Russia is always relevant and is of particular importance for the education of future generations of the Russians. The article reveals the activities of the civil authorities of the Kuban region to maintain a calm situation in the Circassian villages and prevent the spread of riots in the Maykop district, provoked at the very beginning of the work of the commission to analyze the class rights of the mountaineers. The author concluded that the civil administration of the Kuban region was against the granting of any privileged rights to the Circassian princes and nobles, suggesting that the privileged estates of the indigenous peoples of the Northwestern Caucasus should be left unchanged, even more both the Circassian princes themselves and the noblemen of the Yekaterinodar and Maykop districts were in no hurry to apply for recognition of their noble origin.

Udruženi zločinački poduhvat – Bosna i Hercegovina u hrvatskom velikodržavnom projektu

Udruženi zločinački poduhvat – Bosna i Hercegovina u hrvatskom velikodržavnom projektu

Decision-making Amongst the Community in Coventry during the 1918-19 Spanish Flu Pandemic

ABSTRACT The 1918–19 Spanish Flu pandemic had an unprecedented morbidity and mortality. There has been a significant amount of work on how and why medical and civil authorities responded to such a mass sickness event. However, those without formalized medical training or political power also actively decided how to respond to sickness and death within their own communities, whether that was their household, neighbourhood or workplace. Moreover, they drew on pre-existing repositories of knowledge and strategies for ill-health. This paper discusses how those without medical training in Coventry, with a focus on the household as a site of healthcare, made decisions about information legitimacy, sourcing and providing support and the role of the doctor. It will suggest that the pandemic’s unprecedented elements did not overwhelm local resident’s decision-making capabilities. Instead, they made active and decisive decisions based on established ways of understanding and approaching ill-health.

Operation Resilience, care at the crossroads of skills in civil-military cooperation

Launched on25 March 2020, the operation Resilience is the armed forces' contribution to the interministerial commitment against the spread of COVID-19. The armed forces are committed in all sectors where they can provide support to the civil authorities, adapting their action to local contexts and as part of a permanent dialogue with the state authorities.

Forms of expression of subjectivity in the religious chroniclers of the Indies

The Chronicles of the Indies are originally expository documents commissioned by civil or religious authorities and which pass on valuable strategic information. Yet, from the pen of the monks and soldiers who personally experienced those events, they become biased subjective texts with a purpose other than mere information.The present work analyses the discursive elements and the linguistic procedures used by the religious chroniclers in the XVI and XVII centuries, a result of their wish to convince, their critical impulse and their sentimental attachment to the world described in their accounts, which results in a close, familiar and personal explanation of such world.

WORD AND DEAL: TOUCHES TO THE PORTRAIT OF THE CHURCH LIFE IN YADRINSKY UYEZD IN MAY 1917

The article deals with the state confessional politics of the Provisional Government period. The emphasis is made on the regional aspect. The focus of attention is a specific episode of the events development in Yadrinsky uyezd of Kazan Governorate. In May 1917, one of the volost food committees by the “application of parishioners of all parishes” issued a resolution on the new rules of financial and bread support to the local clergy. Establishment of such norms exceeded their authority and caused a natural response. Fortunately the rural deans’ councils searching protection turned to the Provincial Commissar of the Provisional Government, pointing to the ineligibility of actions on the part of the local civil authority. The emphasis in the petition of the clergy was immediately placed on serious negative consequences, which the accepted document was capable to cause. The situation was not unusual: conflicts of secular and religious authorities took place in other volosts and uyezds. This happened against the background of peasants’ unrest. Provincial authorities in a categorical form ordered the uyezd leadership to “put in proper place” their local organization. In the analyzed example, the situation was resolved safely: by the decision of Yadrinsky uyezd committee of public safety, the standard act of the local body was cancelled, but the situation as a whole required not a point solution, but a holistic approach. In order to prevent such excesses in the future, special “Conciliation Commissions for the Settlement of Conflicts Arising between Parishioners and the Clergy in Kazan, uyezd towns and villages» were organized.