Civil Authorities Research Articles

Outcomes of COVID-19-Related ARDS Patients Hospitalized in a Military Field Intensive Care Unit.

ABSTRACTIntroductionLittle evidence of outcome is available on critically ill Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients hospitalized in a field hospital. Our purpose was to report outcomes of critically ill COVID-19 patients after hospitalization in a field intensive care unit (ICU), established under military tents in a civil–military collaboration.MethodsAll patients with COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) admitted to the Military Health Service Field Intensive Care Unit in Mulhouse (France) between March 24, 2020, and May 7, 2020, were included in the study. Medical history and clinical and laboratory data were collected prospectively. The institutional review board of the French Society Anesthesia and Intensive Care approved the study.ResultsForty-seven patients were hospitalized (37 men, median age 62 [54-67] years, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score 7 [6-10] points, and Simplified Acute Physiology Score II score 39 [28-50] points) during the 45-day deployment of the field ICU. Median length of stay was 11 [6-15] days and median length of ventilation was 13 [7.5-21] days. At the end of the deployment, 25 (53%) patients went back home, 17 (37%) were still hospitalized, and 4 (9%) died. At hospital discharge, 40 (85%) patients were alive.ConclusionIn this study, a military field ICU joined a regional civil hospital to manage a large cluster of COVID-19-related ARDS patients in Mulhouse, France. This report illustrates how military teams can support civil authorities in the provision of advanced critical care. Outcomes of patient suggest that this field hospital deployment was an effective adaptation during pandemic conditions.

Features of the system of sources of constitutional law in the Islamic Republic of Iran

The work is devoted to the consideration of some of the elements of the original system of Iranian legislation. The legal system of the Islamic Republic of Iran has a number of special elements that are not found in any other country in the modern world. These features are due to the fact that the state structure of Iran is a system of civil and religious authorities that play a primary role.

LEGAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL SITUATION IN AGRICULTURE OF THE VIROVITICA COUNTY AND THE CITY OF OSIJEK IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY

The Treaty of Karlowitz signed in 1699 concluded the rule of the Ottoman Empire in most parts of Central and Eastern Europe. Liberation of Osijek in 1687, and consequently of whole Slavonia in 1699 brought a new era of freedom and prosperity to its citizens. At least for a short time, since the Habsburg Monarchy re-established their rule over the country by bringing feudal laws and regulations back into force. Austrian empress and Hungarian-Croatian Queen Maria Theresa united Slavonia with Croatia, and re-established the counties of Virovitica, Požega and Syrmia, meaning that the regional administration of Slavonia was completely relinquished to the civil authorities.

When Palestinians Became Human Shields: Counterinsurgency, Racialization, and the Great Revolt (1936–1939)

AbstractThis article examines the origins of human shielding—the practice of employing hostages on the battlefield—in Arab Palestine during the Great Revolt in the 1930s. The Palestinian rebellion vexed the British for over three years, and during its second phase (1937–1939), lightly armed rebels beat back the colonial authorities from broad stretches of the country, putting continued colonial control of the territory in serious jeopardy. Britain only defeated the insurgency through a harsh repertoire of collective punishments and “dirty war” tactics. British forces used Palestinians as human shields in a systematic fashion during the revolt's second phase, attempting thereby to stave off the insurgents’ consistent and effective attacks on transportation arteries. Beyond its battlefield rationale, this article contends that human shielding was critically tied to two other dynamic processes. The military's adoption of unauthorized tactics like human shielding was part of a broader pattern of rejecting its institutional subordination to civilian authorities and of seeking direct control over the Palestine government in order to assure its unfettered command over the revolt's suppression. At the same time, the conversion of colonized bodies into literal shields bespoke a process of deepening, corporeal racialization that had profound consequences for the Palestinians, stripping them of any figment of legal rights or protections and signaling the utter disposability of Arab life.

Contemporary understanding of civil defense

The study contains the most crucial information related to the functioning of Civil Defense, which, in accordance with international and national laws, is an instrument supporting civil authorities and rescue entities. The main goal of Civil Defense is to ensure security and the subsistence needs of the population during the war. An essential element is taking actions adequate to contemporary threats and the need to adopt legal and organizational regulations aimed at integrating all efforts to improve solutions in the field of civil protection.

Images and Landscape: The (Dis)ordering of Colonial Territory (Quito in the Eighteenth Century)

This article explores the role played by images of the Virgin Mary in the ordering of space during the colonial period, as well as in the disruption of such order as a gesture of resistance by subordinate groups. In the Real Audiencia de Quito of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, civil and religious authorities used miraculous images of the Virgin Mary as aids in the founding of reducciones, which assured the imposition of Christian civility upon the Native population. Legal records suggest that in the second half of the eighteenth century Indigenous communities deployed similar strategies as a means of asserting their own concerns. Native actors physically manipulated Marian images in times of conflict, moving them around or apprehending them either to legitimize their desertion of colonial settlements or to resist forced relocation. In both the early colonial period and in the eighteenth century, the key strategy of shaping sacred landscapes was implemented in both Andean and Christian traditions.

Romos katalikų dvasininkų tarnybos prasižengimų samprata ir praktika Šiaurės vakarų krašte (po 1863–1864 m. sukilimo – iki XX a. pradžios)

ANNOTATION. This article analyses the concept of the official misconduct of the Roman Catholic clergy in the sphere of the civil authorities in the so-called Northwest region (which comprised the dioceses of Vilnius and Samogitia [Telšiai]) in the decades from the Uprising uf 1863–1864 to the beginning of the 20th century. It also dwells on the legal situation of Catholic clergymen, and the practice of their punishment that developed after the January Uprising. A more detailed inquiry into the ways clergymen were punished for their official misconduct is aimed at disclosing not only the attitude of the civil government towards the clergy, but also the social standing of the clergymen in the society of those times, and the attitude towards their duties. KEYWORDS: Roman Catholic clergy, Russian Empire, dioceses of Samogitia (Telšiai) and Vilnius, official misconduct.

Le risorse finanziarie della Diocesi di Jassy al tempo del vescovo Domenico Jaquet, OFM Conv. (1895-1903)

The present study presents briefly the main economic problems the Diocese of Iasi, which was founded on June 27, 1884, had been facing. At the end of the nineteenth century, the rapid increase of the number of Catholics led the diocese leaders to build new larger churches and enlarge the old ones. In this sense, the second bishop of Iaşi, Mons. Dominic Jaquet, a Swiss native, has sought funding in various Western countries. This bishop also took close care of the good progress of the Catholic schools within the diocese of Iaşi (the diocesan and Franciscan seminary, the Cipariu Institute, the Primary School of Iaşi, etc.). In order to cover all these expenses, Bishop Jaquet asked for financial help from both his church superiors and civil authorities. Thus, if the main financial support came from the superiors of the Congregation De Propaganda Fide in Rome, other aid for Catholics in Moldova came from France, through the Association Propagation de la Foi, which had its headquarters in Lyon. Also, the help of the Catholics from the diocese of Iaşi came both from the Romanian government and the one from Vienna.

Myanmar Political Instability: A Threat to Southeast Asia Stability

This research aims to explain current Myanmar political instability due to the recent military coup d’état on February 1, 2021 led by General Senior Min Aung Hlaing follow with Aung San Suu Kyi and other pro-democracy elite leaders arrests. Domestically, up to present time, after the military coup, most Burmese supporters of Myanmar's democratization such medical doctors, teachers, traders, civilian political leaders, and university students balked and staged massive demonstrations against the military coup and demanded the return of civilian government authority by the military junta government. This research revealed that this unexpected Myanmar phenomenal political situation has impact on Southeast Asia regional security and ASEAN Unity.

Gratitude. The Red Army Memorial in Szczecin: A Geographical, Topographical, and Biographical Perspective

In March 1945, the combined Polish-Soviet forces captured the German city of Stettin. On 26 April, the 65th Army of the 2nd Belorussian Front entered the city, in which the rule of the Soviet military command was soon established. Due to its unresolved status and territorial disputes, Polish politicians, self-government officials, and first settlers were forced to leave Szczecin twice. In the period of the Polish-German “race for Szczecin”, which ended with the Potsdam Conference, the only stable element having control over the lower Oder was the USSR, whose emissaries treated the conquered territories as if they already belonged to their communist state. As early as in 1945, the Polish civil authorities came up with an idea to erect a memorial dedicated to the “democratic armies”. The competition for the Red Army Gratitude Memorial was officially launched in Spring 1949, once the USSR-born doctrine of socialist realism was introduced to Poland. Out of twenty-two submission, the first award was given to Józef Starzyński from Zakopane, a former citizen of Lvov. The commemorative complex located at the Polish Soldier’s Square was completed in April 1950. The aim of the present paper is to analyse the very memorial which remained in Szczecin until 2017. Of special importance to my investigation are: the geographical context of Western Pomerania considered one of the Reclaimed Territories and in a feudal relationship with the historical regions of the Republic of Poland, as well as with the Russian “Seigneur”/”Lord”; the topographical context, namely the act of re-building the former German city destroyed in warfare; as well as the biographical context, i.e. the life of the monument’s designer. The paper takes special interest in the formal and ideological links between the Szczecin memorial and one of Starzyński’s earlier projects, namely the Sacred Heart of Jesus Gratitude Memorial in Poznań (1927; a competition submission; never erected). A careful reconstruction of the memorials’ history will offer a valuable case study which showcases the 20th-century sculptor in a politically-charged environment.

Corporate community relations and development: engagement with indigenous peoples

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to increase knowledge about community relations and development (CRD) activities done in conjunction with mining activities of multinational companies affecting indigenous peoples and thus help improve relationships between them, despite continuing bad consequences the people continue to endure. It is through such better relationships that these consequences may be redressed and mitigated, and greater sharing of benefits of mining may occur, bearing in mind what constitutes benefits may differ from the perspectives of the indigenous peoples and the miners.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative approach is taken, including interviews with company officials responsible for CRD activities, elaborated with observations, company and public documents and previous literature about these mining operations and the peoples.FindingsThe CRD activities have gradually increased compared with their absence previously. They are officially labelled social investment in community development programmes, and are funded from profits and couched in terms of human development, human rights, preservation of culture and physical development of infrastructure. Dissatisfied with programme quality and relevance, company officials now relate with indigenous people, their leaders and representatives in ways called engagement and partnerships.Practical implicationsThe findings can inform policies and practices of the parties to CRD, which in this West Papua case would be the miners and their company, CRD practitioners, the indigenous peoples and the civil authorities at the local and national level and aid industry participants.Social implicationsThe study acknowledges and addresses social initiatives to develop the indigenous peoples affected by mining.Originality/valueThe study extends older studies in the same territory before CRD had matured, and corroborates and elaborates other studies of CRD in different territories.

Turkey’s contribution to international policing

ABSTRACT The UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations has undergone significant changes in its organisation since 1948. A new global environment established by the end of Cold War, elevated the Police Division to a more pronounced role in international peace as an essential pillar of UN peacekeeping missions. Nonetheless, despite the increased role of police in international missions, research on police contributions to peacekeeping remains limited. This article addresses this gap in literature by highlighting the case of Turkey’s contribution to UN international police peacekeeping missions. The article confirms empirically that the Turkish police contribution has increased since the 2000s by relying on quantitative data offered by the TUBAKOV dataset designed to collect data on international peacekeeping missions of Turkey. The paper contends that, besides global trends, the increased participation of Turkey in UN-led missions reflects its internal political dynamics. First, under the JDP rule, Turkey’s Cold War era subtle foreign policy was transformed to a proactive policy in global politics. Second, since the 2000s, the transformation of civil–military relations has ended the system of military tutelage, and this has had a considerable impact on foreign policy. Civilian authority, by abolishing military dominance, has become the primary actor in foreign policy decision-making.

Real-time detection of Chemical Warfare Agents at clearance decontamination levels for surface contamination: a challenge for civilian authorities

NATO doctrine considers clearance decontamination to be applicable after the termination of a CBRN incident and largely deems the conduct of clearance decontamination to be a civilian, not a military, capability (NATO Standard NATO STANREC 4784 CBRN Clearance Decontamination, Study Draft 1, November 2015). Clearance decontamination procedures are such that the process is verified as being achieved by determining the residual contamination levels on every part of various surfaces of equipment and infrastructure, and by demonstrating that such levels are below the ones that are pre-determined by the relevant civilian authorities, who are responsible for the safety of the civilian population (NATO Standard NATO STANREC 4784 CBRN Clearance Decontamination, Study Draft 1, November 2015). The current desirable surface contamination detection levels for some Chemical Warfare Agents are technically challenging and may be beyond the capabilities of current technologies of military and civilian authorities. Can those low levels be detected, in real time, with existing technologies? Proton Transfer Reaction–Time of Flight–Mass Spectrometry (PTR–ToF–MS) enables simultaneous real-time detection, monitoring, and quantification of volatile organic compounds. Trials and evaluations with this PTR–ToF–MS technology, using Chemical Warfare Agents as contaminants, will show that this technology is an invaluable asset in supporting civilian authorities when determining safe levels of surface contamination in real time, after the completion of decontamination operations.

The complex power dynamics within a health care institution during the 15th and 18th centuries. The case of the Great and New Hospital of Palermo

Introduction: Starting from the Middle Age, the need for discipline and adequate regulation and control has required the most important hospitals to produce spe-cial sets of rules, which helped an orderly performance of all administrative and assistance activities of these institutions. In this context, the paper is focused on the "Grande Ospedale e Nuovo" (GON) (today, the Benfratelli Hospital in Palermo), that has been equipped with a set of regulation (Chapters), since its origins in 1431. Aim of the work: The aim of the work is to offer an understanding of how account-ing supported the administration of GON within the power dynamic involving civil and religious authorities. Methodological approach: The paper is based on an archival research. A series of primary sources gathered from the historical archive of the GON have been ana-lysed. In particular, the Chapters issued in 1431, 1442, 1610, 1624 and 1722, which refers to accounting and accountability rules on both financial and non-financial information, have been fundamental primary sources for the investiga-tion. To reach the aim of this work, the study of GON Chapters has been comple-mented with the analysis of a complex of tools, care practices and other aspects of GON life. Main findings: The study permits to show the profound transformation of GON and its administrative changes. It elucidates the role of accounting in the complex power dynamic at work in that context, revealing not only a function of State appa-ratus of the hospital, but also showing how accounting supported the control ex-erted by the Pope, the Archbishop and the religious orders involved (Benedictines and Capuchins). Originality: Exploring the interrelation between accounting and State power in the health care field, the paper has offered a novel contribution related to the Italian context, showing the critical role of accounting practices in supporting the political and social reason of the institution, as connected to public and private support.

The Pandemic and the Military: EU and NATO Between Resilience and Total Defence

The COVID-19 pandemic has once again seen the use of the military in support of civilian authorities. Since pandemics and other non-military challenges are likely to grow in scope and frequency, the use of the military in such contingencies will also become the ‘new normal’. However, to make the employment of the military more effective, a number of additional steps need to be taken. These range from closer cooperation of key international institutions such as the EU and North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) to specific improvements in national pandemic preparedness. Moreover, these steps must also include the establishment of a broader political framework that centres on resilience as a central paradigm and helps insulating military contributions from political antagonisms and deliberate disinformation. COVID-19, pandemic, resilience, total defence, European Union, NATO, cyber, disinformation, emerging technologies, hybrid

Berkeley’s Passive Obedience: positive and negative norms

ABSTRACT In Berkeley’s Passive Obedience, moral duties are negative and positive as well as civil or legal and natural. Natural duties are from God and therefore valid norms. The supreme civil authority makes civil laws. We must obey the law because loyalty to supreme civil power is one of our natural duties: to be loyal is to obey, which means ‘do not rebel.’ This is a negative duty and as such categorical or unconditional. Positive duties are conditional on conscientious acceptance. I show in detail how this system of norms and duties works. These key ideas have not been studied in detail before. Next, can we criticize Berkeley’s unquestioning acceptance of chattel slavery if we apply his own notion of duties to it? The slave laws are necessarily evil, and hence they, according to Berkeley’s own doctrine, cannot be accepted. But first we need a clear conception of his idea of conscience and, a fortiori, conscientious objection and its legitimate scope. This paper fills the gap and helps us understand Passive Obedience better.

Comunità da remoto. Il laboratorio della diaspora cristiano-ortodossa davanti alla pandemia

This paper pledges to illustrate and analyse the practices and measures that Eastern European Orthodox Christian communities in the diaspora implemented in response to the global phenomenon of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. A comparative study of two different West-European communities, in Italy and France, will be attempted through the tools of multi-sited participant observation. We will illustrate the alternative forms of reaction and re-aggregation implemented by the faithful and their priests by putting them in communication with the two local contexts, and with the overall dynamics that have affected contemporary Orthodoxy. Observation will therefore offer fruitful opportunities to investigate the semantic variations with which Orthodox communities translate the debate between tecno-scientific measures and religious dogmas, and between civil and religious authorities, in a scenario in which orthodox migrants are protagonists of both a growing religious transnationalization, and a new everyday life regulated by epidemic risk and physical and social distancing. We will therefore focus on the production from below of new practices, which have readjusted the community belonging and the adherence to dogmas and traditional rituality, both central in Orthodox Christianity, to the current condition.

How Prophecy Works: A Study of the Semantic Field of נביא and a Close Reading of Jeremiah 1:4–19, 23:9–40 and 27:1–28:17

<i>How Prophecy Works: A Study of the Semantic Field of</i> נביא <i>and a Close Reading of Jeremiah 1:4–19, 23:9–40 and 27:1–28:17</i>

The use of civil administration budgets by the Japanese military government of the Micronesia territory from 1914 to 1922

ABSTRACT Building on the concept of framing, this study analyzes the use of budgets by the Extraordinary Defense Corps, a unit of the Japanese Imperial Navy deployed to govern Micronesia during and immediately after World War I. A comparison of the use of budgets by the Defense Corps and the South Seas Agency, the civil authority that succeeded the Defense Corps as the territory’s governing body in 1922 pursuant to the granting of the South Pacific Mandate to Japan, reveals that the idiosyncratic budgetary practices of the Defense Corps were profoundly influenced by the institutional context in which the organization operated. In contrast to the practice of the South Seas Agency, budgeting under the Defense Corps was highly flexible, with little concern for spending limits. The primacy of promoting infrastructure formation and industrial development within the territory, as represented by sugar production, is apparent. As this study confirms, the flexible budgeting practiced by the Defense Corps provided an essential socio-economic institutional foundation for the subsequent governance of the South Seas Agency.

Justice on the Mountain: Travel, Security, and Native Authority in Colonial Oaxaca, Mexico

Objective/Context: This article analyzes how long-distance travel and struggles over highway security shaped the relationship between Native communities and Spanish civil and ecclesiastical authorities in Oaxaca’s Villa Alta district during the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Methodology: I engage in a close reading of criminal cases of murder and theft on a treacherous stretch of the Camino Real to show how Native people took on significant risk to travel great distances in pursuit of their interests. I follow with an examination of eighteenth-century legal reforms aimed at curbing banditry and analyze civil and criminal records to show how colonial officials used the reforms to create Native patrols tasked with highway security. Originality: Long-distance travel and highway security represent aspects of Indigenous life in colonial Mexico underappreciated by historians, even though they were vital to the material and political concerns of Indigenous individuals, clans, and communities in mountain regions like Villa Alta. By reading legal records against the grain, I demonstrate how Indigenous people used legal and extra-legal means to control movement on mountainous stretches of imperial roads. My analysis reveals jurisdictional competition among native authorities, and Spanish civil and ecclesiastical officials as they sought to control imperial space. Conclusions: Long-distance travel and jurisdictional struggles between and among Spanish and Native authorities produced violence and competition over highway security. By incorporating Native communities into the colonial security apparatus through the creation of Native patrols, colonial officials more fully subordinated the authority of the region’s Native governments to their own.