Existence Of City Research Articles

CARDO AND DECUMANUS IN THE HISTORICAL URBAN PLANNING OF KYIV

The article clarifies conceptual meaning of the classical terms of the ancient gromatic (urban planning) art — "cardo" and "decumanus". The issue of continuity of the Roman, Byzantine and Old Russian planning traditions is considered on the example of the city of Yaroslav’s layout in Kyiv. The planning value of the Golden Gate in Kyiv and Constantinople has been determined. The conclusion is made about the foundation of the city of Yaroslav after begining of the St. Sophia Cathedral construction. The development of the main planning axis of the city — cardo — is shown in the project of the classical reconstruction of Kyiv in the first half of the 19th and in 20th century. The problem of using traditional terms and concepts of ancient urban planning in modern research and urban planning practice is posed. In accordance with the clearly established boundaries of the ancient castrum on the territory of Kyiv Podol, the routes of its main streets can be clearly read. So the cardo (Via Praetoria) goes from north to south, approximately from the intersection of Mezhihirska and Yaroslavska streets (rear-guard gate, Porta Decumana), through the intersection of Kostyantynivska and Horiva Street (Pretoria), to the avant-garde gate (Rorta Praetoria) within the T-intersection of Frolivska Street with Borychiv Tik (one of the oldest streets in the city). From this place, the antique Podilska cardo in medieval times continued with Andriyivsky Uzvoz and the cardo of the new town of Yaroslav (1034), and at the beginning of the 19th century. within the limits of the classicist general plan of the city — along Volodymyrska Street to the south. In this way, we record the steady development of the urban planning tradition in Kyiv from the very beginning of the city's existence. Of course, one can question the legality of the application of the Roman- Byzantine urban planning concepts "cardo" and "decuman" in relation to the modern city. However, the planning structure of the central part of Kyiv within the boundaries of the Dnieper and Lybedi rivers did not develop all at once, but over the course of two thousand years of successive urban development, therefore the basic principles that determined the main features and directions of growth are critically important for understanding the urban design of the city to this day.

ԴՐԱՄՆԵՐ ԱՐՑԱԽԻ ՏԻԳՐԱՆԱԿԵՐՏԻ ՊԵՂՈՒՄՆԵՐԻՑ (ՀԱՅ.) / COINS FROM EXCAVATIONS IN TIGRANAKERT OF ARTSAKH

Among the quite rich and diverse finds of Ancient, Medieval and Modern periods material culture obtained as a result of the archaeological excavations of Tigranakert (in Artsakh), there are also silver and copper coins circulated during those stages of the city's existence. They were found in 2008 – 2013, 2016 – 2017, during field works. In two of the six pithos burials and one stone box burial excavated by the expedition, seven Parthian drachmas were found, dating back to 80 – 38 BC. The presence of coins in the tombs of Hellenistic Tigranakert and their relatively large number compared to the number of excavated tombs testify to a city with a developed monetary economy. Coins of the early medieval period are few: they are represented by one Sasanian drachm, one copper imitation of a Sasanian coin, and one Byzantine folis. Coins of the developed Middle Ages, which have been found mainly from the Central Area of the city, are copper fels from the two Eldiguzid atabeks, Shams ad-Din (1136 – 1175) and Abu Bakr (1191 – 1211). Especially the large number of the latter's issues, 12 coins, can be explained by the fact that his main residence was Gandzak/Ganja, not far from Tigranakert. Among the finds of this period is also the silver dirhem of Kay Qobad I (1219 – 1236), Sultan of Rum. Archaeological studies have recorded that the upper chronological limit of finds of medieval material culture in this settlement is the first half of the 13century, which fully corresponds to the fact that there are no coins of the 13– 16centuries here. New times are represented by a silver issue of the Ganja Khanate and three copper issues of the Karabakh Khanate that date back to the 12th – 18th centuries; and also by find during excavations near a water source at the foot of the hill, Russian copper kopecks of the 19th – early 20th centuries.

THE FEATURES OF FORMATION OF SUBSTANTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF TERRITORIES IN THE FIELD OF COMPOSITIONAL INFLUENCE OF THE MONUMENT OF ETERNAL GLORY IN DNIPRO

Abstract. Problem statement. Today there is an active development of the coastal area along the Victoryembankment in the city of Dnipro. The proposed and those that have already been implemented provoke contradictoryresponses from ordinary citizens and professionals. Several project proposals have been implemented on this topic, aswell as a lot of material in the media and on social networks. There are scientifically sound proposals for theengineering of the coastal area. Purpose of the article. Show the stages of development of territories in the field ofcontent and compositional influence of the Eternal Glory Monument; their positive and negative sides. The main part.The general plans of the city and its fragments (1786; 1792; 1913; 1933; 1948) are considered. For the first two hundredyears of the city's existence, the Dnieper had an associative relationship between the city territory and the river. For thefirst time the task of connecting the river and the city was declared in the master plan of 1933. The next step in solvingthis problem in this direction was taken in the postwar master plans. The most striking of these efforts was the proposalto extend the main avenue of the city in a south-easterly direction with access to the edge of the central hill. It proposesthe formation of a memorial square at the northeastern end of the avenue, which is in contact with the valley of theDnieper River. The milestone is the creation of the Eternal Glory Monument. A full-fledged structure of an importanturban planning node of the city has been formed. This area of the avenue received a memorial and educational content.In world experience, there are few analogues of such a bright, organic combination of compositional and spatialcharacteristics of the territory and its meaning. Conclusion. Now there is an active architectural and town-planningactivity on the coastal territory is located on an axis of the main Avenue of the city. The most important factor thatshould have a significant impact on the nature of the processes that have developed to our time − the substantivefeatures of the compositional and spatial characteristics of Dmitry Yavornytsky Avenue. In turn, the means ofarchitecture must be found and implemented solutions that will not only give impetus to the development of what hasalready been created, but also logically complete the process of forming the most important urban node of the city.

From Akmolinsk to Nur-Sultan: the Influence of the State Ideology on Developing the Official City Symbols

The article studies the development processes of the official (city) symbols of the current capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan at different stages of the city's history. The influence of the state ideology on development of the symbolic space of Kazakhstani territories is analyzed by the example of this city. The authors show how heraldic symbols were created in various historical periods: during the time the Kazakh zhuzes were part of the Russian Empire, then during the period of the Kazakh SSR in the USSR and, finally, in the years after the emergence of the independent Republic of Kazakhstan. It is noted that the symbolic space of the city of Nur-Sultan changed at different stages of the city's existence and largely depended on the practice of spreading political ideology. Thus, the first stage is analyzed in terms of the influence of the Russian Empire ideology, including the theory of «official nationality», the second stage shows the role of the Soviet propaganda system of Marxist-Leninist ideology, the third stage is assessed in terms of the influence of ideology aimed at consolidating the multinational Kazakhstan people. When N.A. Nazarbayev had come to power the course of the country's long-term development was defined, it was aimed at strengthening the unity of society and creating a new national capital. This strategy was implemented including with the help of a symbolic space — the official city symbols (coat of arms, flag). The authors note that at this stage the symbolism begins to reflect to a greater extent the historical and cultural traditions of the country. At the same time, Nur-Sultan is positioned both as a «national capital» and as a city for all nations living in Kazakhstan.

ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF THE STATE OF URBAN AREAS AS A MEANS OF A SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM

Urban development is an objective and irreversible consequence of scientific and technological progress, the result of which is manifested in a change in the urban environment. The advancement of monetary movement over the long run, from the perspective of the economy, is entirely beneficial, yet the development underway volumes are described by a significant level of an anthropogenic effect on the climate. In such a situation, it is quite difficult to prioritize. Analysis of the ecologo-economic state of urban areas, their organization and use, reveals that in the modern conditions of the city's existence, the rational use of urban landscapes is acquiring new dimensions. In this regard, to ensure sustainable development of urban areas, it is necessary to consider and assess both the economy concerning the natural environment and the economy.

Духові інструменти у музичній культурі Санкт-Петербурга 20–30-х років ХVIII століття (за матеріалами газети «Санкт-Петербурзькі відомості»)

The article studies wind instruments in the musical culture of St. Petersburg. The initial stage of the city's existence was taken into consideration – the 1720s and 1730s. At that time, the city, officially founded in 1703, already had the status of the capital of the Russian Empire, but its construction was still ongoing. This affected the state of performing culture, with a gradual transition from military ceremonial to secular palace and concert music.This transition is clearly evident in the 1720s and 1730s. This is due to a change in the preferences of Russian emperor Peter I, who was on the throne until 1727, preferred military affairs, so during his reign military-musical ceremony was more developed. Anna Ioanovna (1730–1740) preferred palace entertainment, so during her tenure on the throne began the development of secular court music. Wind instruments from military chapels partly passed into secular music, partly into the music of court ceremonies (so-called «hoff-music»), which was largely close to military music.An overview of the development of wind instruments in the musical culture of St. Petersburg is based on the materials of the newspaper «St. Petersburg Gazette», which was published in 1728. Descriptions of festive and mourning ceremonies in which wind and percussion instruments took part are quoted and commented on. Descriptions of chamber court concerts are provided. The names of court musicians-wind instruments, which were indicated in the lists of court musicians of that time, in the registers of 1731 and 1736, in particular, are given and commented.The study of wind instruments in the musical culture of St. Petersburg in the 1720s and 1730s showed their important role in the life of the city, in military and court ceremonies and in the formation of the tradition of secular music making.

The city of Hartapu: results of the Türkmen-Karahöyük Intensive Survey Project

AbstractThe Türkmen-Karahöyük Intensive Survey Project (TISP) has identified the archaeological site of Türkmen-Karahöyük on the Konya plain as a previously unknown Iron Age capital city in the western region of Tabal. Surface collections and newly discovered inscriptional evidence indicate that this city is the early first-millennium royal seat of ‘Great King Hartapu’, long known from the enigmatic monuments of nearby Kizildağ and Karadağ. In addition to demonstrating this Iron Age city's existence, supported principally by (1) the site's size at the time and (2) the discovery of a royal inscription authored by Hartapu himself, TISP has documented the site's existence from the Late Chalcolithic period until the late first millennium BCE, with a maximum size reached between the Late Bronze and Iron Age periods, suggesting that the city was at its greatest extent and the regional political centre from at least the late second to the mid-first millennium BCE.

Evaluating water resource sustainability in Beijing, China: Combining PSR model and matter-element extension method

Sustainable development has become a worldwide development theme. As a primary gathering place for human beings, a city's existence and development relates to water resource sustainability. This study used the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model to select 24 indicators addressing water resources, the economy, society, and the environment. The coefficient of variation method was used to determine the weights of the indexes. A matter-element extension model was developed to evaluate water resource sustainability. Based on data availability, water resource sustainability was quantified for the city of Beijing, China, in 2012 and 2016. The results indicated that, in 2012, water resource sustainability was at relatively low efficiency level (water resources can meet the basic needs of social development, but in the long run can't achieve sustainable utilization), the maximum value of the multi-indicator correlation was −0.31044; in 2016, water resource sustainability was also at relatively low efficiency level, the maximum value of multi-indicator correlation is −0.40867. From 2012 to 2016, there was no significant change in water resources sustainability in Beijing, and all at a relatively low efficiency. The study's evaluation results present a reference for policymakers in developing water resource policies.

“Smart-technology” influence on the development of “Smart-city” in the information society

The relevance of the study is that the theme of the influence of “Smart-technologies” on the development of “Smart-city” in the media space is one of the most popular in the theoretical array and actual from the practical point of view. The task is the selection of different approaches for understanding the phenomenon of “City” and “Smart”; definition of the specifics of “Smart-technologies”, “Smart-cities”, ecological design of the city. Analysis of recent releases and publications. The problem of the “city” as a sociocultural phenomenon is one of the most complex, acutely debatable and sustainably relevant in the system of humanitarian knowledge for a long time. The city is considered in the works of Aristotle, Plato, Farabi, T. Mora, T. Kampanella. In the works of I.Sabsovich, N.Ohitovich the ecological ideas of town-planning, the concept of “garden city” became popular. The philosophical comprehension of the city's existence was considered by M. Antsiferov, V. Aleksashin, M.Kogan, D.Likhachev, Y. Lotman, M.Uvarov in his works. Among Ukrainian researchers, T. Voznyak, I. Voronin, O. Gladkogo, M.Preptonsky, T.Korienenko and others should be mentioned in the understanding of the existence of the city. Methods of research . Methods of structural-system, structural-functional analysis are widely used in the theory and practice of the “Smart-city” research. It allows to penetrate deeply into the phenomenon of the influence of Smart-technologies on the development of Smart-city in the information society. The result of the study. In order to solve the problems of the influence of Smart-technologies on the development of Smart-city in the information society, a concept for the smart technologies strategy development aimed at cooperation with leading companies of this industry and the production of domestic analogues in accordance with world standards. Conclusions. The rapid development of Smart-technologies gives the opportunity to bring the educational process to a new high level, which will provide a better training of specialists in the field of design. Getting of specialists are necessary for the formation and alignment of the country in the format Smart, as well as to increase Ukraine's competitiveness in the international arena. The practical significance of the research topic is that the designer artifacts that are differentiated in the cultures of the informational society are being researched

Milton Keynes: the making of a new city

ABSTRACTThe new city of Milton Keynes is the most successful local economy in the UK and it has some of the UK's lowest house price rises. The city's existence – and its success – can be traced back to its genesis and implementation as one of the last of the UK's new towns. This article explores the evolution of the idea for Milton Keynes and its implementation. It also looks at the roots of new town policy in the campaigning of individuals like Sir Ebenezer Howard, Frederick Osborn and Lord Reith, as well as decisions taken by governments in the 1940s and the 1960s.

The optimal pricing, finance and supply of urban transportation in general equilibrium: A theoretical exposition

We present a general equilibrium framework of optimal allocation treating the pricing, finance and supply of urban transportation. Uncongested public transportation technology with economies of scale supports the city's existence; and a congested road system subject to constant returns limits urban size. Optimal investment in public transit and in roads follow Samuelson's rule. With optimally determined urban population, roads are fully financed by Pigouvian congestion tolls while aggregate differential land rents fully finance public transit and any other activity with internal or external economies of scale (Henry George Theorem). Marshallian agglomeration from production in the core and the suburbanization of jobs to avoid congestion are treated. We also see how the optimal rules and the Henry George Theorem are modified when the demand for location is determined by a random utility model.

Cerner la nuit urbaine

Defining the urban night As compared to the human organism, a city's existence is organised according to the day-night alternation. Yet, although there is a growing interest for the city, we tend to forget its night dimension. This amnesia concerns just as much the municipal officials, urban and town planners, technicians and scientists. In our regions where during the winter, two thirds of the day light is lost, there is however a life after day time. Urban night time is no longer the period of total obscurity symbolised by curfew and social rest which inspired artists in quest of liberty, served as a refuge for criminals and was a source of distress for the government scene of new conflicts between individuals or neighbourhoods which are sleeping, working or feasting. As a forgotten dimension of the city and a zone of central tensions, the night has to open itself to scientific research. The geographer, proposes according to two contradictory poles, liberty and insecurity, the exploration of the city at night. He tries to define the urban night, its limits and rhythms, brings to light the stakes and tensions which accompany this conquest and wonders about the emergence of a society which functions 24h/24h.

Cypriots in Cilicia. A rare coin of Anemourion

Summary. - The subject is a unique silver coin in the Staatliche Museen, Berlin, datable from its style to the first quarter of the IVth с B.C. The reverse legend ANEMQPIEQN, which identifies it as belonging to the western Cilician coastal city of that name, provides the earliest record of that city's existence. Several factors indicate a close association with Cyprus ; first, the stylistic resemblances of both the Apollo head of the obverse and the striding Herakles of the reverse to the coinage of certain Cypriot cities of similar date, e.g. Marion, Lapethos, and especially Kition ; second, the obverse legend Ф1ЛОЮГПРО, probably identifying a local ruler with Cypriot connections ; third, the close proximity of Cyprus to Anemourion on the Cilician mainland. A precise historical context for the coin is impossible to establish, but it is tempting to associate it in some way with the expansionist policies of Evagoras I of Salamis in Cilicia around 390 B.C.

Duwamish River: Its Place in the Seattle Industrial Plan

S EATTLE, port of the Pacific, is located 125 nautical miles from the ocean. It is fortunate in its situation for it lies on a large deep bay on the east side of the protected waters of Puget Sound (Fig. 1). This inland sea is doubly sheltered; first, from the battering of ocean waves by the narrow entry of Juan de Fuca and by the numerous islands at the head of the Sound; second, from the effects of strong winds by the shield of encircling mountains on three sides. The city is unique in that it has, in addition to the saltwater harbors of Elliott and Salmon Bays, two inland fresh-water harbors, Lakes Union and Washington, in the heart of the city itself. Connected with Salmon Bay on Puget Sound by canals and locks, these lakes not only increase the port facilities and permit the movement of goods by water within the city itself but also, because of these facts, serve as a focus for industry. Particularly is this true of Lake Union. Shipyards, machine works, and dry-docks, which build new vessels and recondition old ones, are but some of the industries that occupy frontage on this lake. Seattle's only river, the Duwamish, enters the southern tip of Elliott Bay through a swampy and shallow estuary (Fig. 2). With its low gradient and meandering course it was valuable for many years largely as a transport artery for logs and for agricultural produce. During the first forty years of the city's existence there was no suggestion that it offered possibilities for industrial development. Long considered to be primarily commercial in its economy, this Northwest port has a shipping function that has assumed a size apparent even to casual observers. Seattle has 193 miles of water front. The principal shipping activities are conducted in the saltwater harbor consisting of Elliott Bay and East, West, and Duwamish Waterways. The total area of this salt-water harbor is 8.28 square miles, with a shore frontage of 53.38 miles. Elliott Bay is one of the best natural harbors in the world. Engineer reports rank Seattle eighth in commerce of United States' ports. Because the Pacific Northwest produces goods needed in Alaska and because of Seattle's location with respect to this northern outpost, the port has become the gateway to the developing and strategically-important Territory of Alaska. Trans-Pacific trade is likewise of considerable volume in normal times. Unlike many other western cities, Seattle was manufactural almost from the start. The sawmill, still prominent in the local economy, was normally located on piling at the edge of deep water where lumber could be loaded directly on vessels for export to California or the Hawaiian Islands. There