City Architecture Research Articles

EHealth in the time of smart ecosystems and pandemics

In the recent decade, many technological innovations have increasingly been incorporated into smart city architectures. Our modern and rushing lifestyle implies at least one fitness tracker or wearable device in most households. Usually, devices are equipped with a set of biosensors, thus producing valuable time series that can be used to track selected areas. The use of bio-sensory time series is not limited to private purposes; data can also be used to improve services in our everyday life. The data generated by bio-sensory devices primarily infiltrate into smart home solutions. However, comprehensive smart home solutions also allow improvements for smart city solutions. The critical factor is the consecutive change in the subject technologies that form the smart city and smart home architectures, including the sensitivity aspects of data originating from confidential sources. Vendors must keep up with this continuous change and release newer and newer solutions, but information systems like HIS (Hospital Information System) or DSS (Decision Support Systems) are not following up at the same speed. This research will demonstrate developments that can make the services of smart ecosystems more valuable by using data collection and analyzing services based on bio-sensory data. Based on the presented research results, smart ecosystems can act considerably more effectively during an epidemic or a pandemic. The research paper focuses on how bio-sensory time series data can be collected and used, how the data can be integrated into smart ecosystems, and how it can be integrated into smart healthcare solutions.

Application of energy-saving building’s designing methods in marine cities

From the perspective of the relevant concept of green development, the use of energy-saving building materials in marine cities can not only effectively meet the requirements of green and healthy buildings, as well as environmental protection and low energy that urban people are concerned about, so how to fully use energy-saving building materials in the design of marine city’s buildings has become the focus of research. In view of this, this paper first explains the importance of the application of energy-saving building materials in architectural design, and introducing the significance of using energy-saving architectural design in marine cities, and then uses a swot analysis to examine the benefits and drawbacks of developing energy-saving building materials. Finally, concrete methods for incorporating energy-saving materials and technologies into marine city architecture design are summarized, and deeply analyzes how to apply energy-saving building materials well in marine city architectural design, aiming to better realize the concept of healthy development of building ecology in marine cities, which will help to promote the use of renewable energy in marine city architecture.

WASTE MANAGEMENT IN SMART CITIES

Rapid urbanization creates new challenges and issues, and the smart city concept offers opportunities to rise to these challenges, solve urban problems and provide citizens with a betterliving environment. This paper presents an exhaustive literature survey of smart cities. First, itintroduces the origin and main issues facing the smart city concept and then presents the fundamentals of a smart city by analyzing its definition and application domains. Second, a data-centric view of smart city architectures and key enabling technologies is provided. Finally,a survey of recent smart city research is presented. This paper provides a reference toresearchers who intend to contribute to smart city research and implementation.

Architecture of industrial objects in times of crisis: Case study of Kursk

The article considers the crisis phenomena in the national history of the XX and XXI centuries and their influence on the development of industrial architecture. The formation of the industrial architecture of Kursk associated with the construction of new and reconstruction of existing facilities is shown using the historical material. Historical documents and facts served as a basis for identifying patterns of development of industrial architecture in a crisis. The development of industrial architecture in a modern city is aimed at solving economic and urban planning problems, taking into account the scientific, technical and environmental requirements.

Social and political foundations of the formation of urban planning and architecture of the cities of Ancient Russia

The subject of the study is the political and social aspect of the formation of town-planning scheme of ancient Russian cities. The object of the study is architecture, urban planning, street layout, urbanonims, social topography of cities such as Kiev, Novgorod, Vladimir, Ryazan. The author examines in detail the following aspects of the topic: the influence of the political situation on the architectural appearance of the city, the social and ethnic composition of the population of cities, the origin of ancient Russian urban toponyms. Particular attention is paid to architecture and urban planning as a source on social and political history, the process of evolution of urban development in the context of foreign policy relations, the influence of domestic political and social factors on it. The main conclusions of the study are that the following trends can be identified in the town-planning scheme of ancient Russian cities: chaotic development at the first stage of development and withdrawal to planning with the strengthening of political power, secondariness of streets in some cities of Ancient Russia, by means of urbanonims of ancient Novgorod, Vladimir and Kiev, it is possible to develop ideas about the social and ethnic composition of the city's population Ancient Russia, to trace the changes in its structure, in its political situation. A special contribution of the author to the study of the topic is the identification of a common architectural element between two religious buildings of different regions and different periods in the context of foreign policy contacts. This element is a promising portal in the Church of St. Paraskevi and in the church of Allenau in the village of Porechye, Kaliningrad region. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that urban planning and architecture of Ancient Russia can serve not only in the format of an art history discipline, but also as a visual illustration for political and social history. At the moment, the architecture and urban planning grid of ancient Russian cities is not considered as a serious source in research related to political power, international relations, and the history of social structures.

System Architecture Design of IoT-Based Smart Cities

The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) networks into smart cities is crucial to enhance the efficiency of city operations and services. Designing a smart city architecture that can adapt to the constantly changing functional and quality requirements of city services is essential. However, critical decisions must be made during this process, such as selecting communication protocols, ensuring security and safety, optimizing time performance, and processing data capacity. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a systematic approach to guide the system architecture design of IoT-based smart cities. The approach starts with feature-driven domain analysis to model smart city requirements, followed by the design of a reference architecture for IoT-based smart cities. The architecture is modeled using selected architectural views, while considering key stakeholders and their concerns. Additionally, this paper presents valuable insights into lessons learned and challenges encountered during the process of creating IoT-based smart cities. This information can assist practitioners in developing such smart cities and pave the way for future research in this field. By following this proposed approach, smart city architects can design a robust and adaptable system architecture that can meet the evolving needs of smart city services.

Conjoining Trees for the Provision of Living Architecture in Future Cities: A Long-Term Inosculation Study

Faced with the environmental challenges posed by climate change, architects are creating nature-based solutions for urban areas, such as transforming living trees into artificial architectural structures. In this study, we have analyzed stem pairs of five tree species conjoined for more than eight years by measuring the stem diameters below and above the resulting inosculation and by calculating the respective diameter ratio. Our statistical analyses reveal that Platanus × hispanica and Salix alba stems do not differ significantly in diameter below inosculation. However, in contrast to P. × hispanica, the diameters of the conjoined stems above inosculation differ significantly in S. alba. We provide a binary decision tree based on diameter comparisons above and below inosculation as a straightforward tool for identifying the likelihood of full inosculation with water exchange. Moreover, we have compared branch junctions and inosculations by means of anatomical analyses, micro-computed tomography, and 3D reconstructions showing similarities in the formation of common annual rings that increase the capacity for water exchange. Due to the highly irregular cell arrangement in the center of the inosculations, cells cannot be assigned clearly to either of the stems. In contrast, cells in the center of branch junctions can always be attributed to one of the branches.

Secure edge computing vulnerabilities in smart cities sustainability using petri net and genetic algorithm-based reinforcement learning

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) revolution has emerged as a promising network that enhanced information dissemination about the city's resources. This city's resources are wirelessly connected to different constrained devices (such as sensors, robotics, and actuators). However, the communication of this wireless information is threatened by several malicious attacks, cyber-attacks, and hackers. This is due to unsecured IIoT networks that were exposed as a potential back door entry point for the attacks. Consequently, this study aims to develop a security framework for the smart cities’ sustainability edge computing vulnerabilities using Petri Net and Genetic Algorithm-Based Reinforcement Learning (GARL). First, a common trust model for addressing information outflows in the network using a distributed authorization algorithm is proposed. This algorithm is implemented on a secure framework modeling in Petri Net called secure trust-aware philosopher privacy and authentication (STAPPA) for mitigation of the privacy breach in the networks. Genetic Algorithm-based Reinforcement Learning (GARL) is used to optimize the search, detect anomalies, and shortest route during the agent learning in the environment. The detection and accuracy rate results obtained over a secure framework using reinforcement learning are 98.75, 99, 99.50, 99.75, and 100% during simulation in the network environment. The average sensitivity of the detection rate is 1.000, while the average specificity outcome is 0.868. The result of the GARL simulation model obtained shows the best distance of 238.84 * 10−3 fitness when the search space is optimized by reducing the number of chromosomes to 10 in the model. These approaches help to detect anomalies and prevent unauthorized users from accessing edge computing components in the city architecture.

The Power of Place: Defining Material Culture in Pre-1900 Texas, the Lower South, and the Southwest ed. by Christine Waller Manca

Reviewed by: The Power of Place: Defining Material Culture in Pre-1900 Texas, the Lower South, and the Southwest ed. by Christine Waller Manca Kaylee P. Alexander The Power of Place: Defining Material Culture in Pre-1900 Texas, the Lower South, and the Southwest. Edited by Christine Waller Manca. The David B. Warren Symposium, Volume 8. (Houston: Bayou Bend Collection and Gardens, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, 2022. Pp. xii, 175. Paper, $14.95, ISBN 978-0-89090-203-5.) The Power of Place: Defining Material Culture in Pre-1900 Texas, the Lower South, and the Southwest is the result of the eighth David B. Warren Symposium, a biennial event hosted by the Museum of Fine Arts Houston’s Bayou Bend Collection and Gardens. This volume includes seven revised and expanded papers from the 2021 gathering. Focusing principally on Texan visual and material culture from the antebellum period to the early twentieth century, these contributions share a common thread vividly summarized by Alexis Monroe: “even in Arcadia, there is slavery” (p. 81). The first essay in the volume is Michael Grauer’s keynote address, “As Far as the Eye Could See: The Bugbees, from New England to the West Texas Plains.” Setting the stage for utopian visions of Texas at the turn of the twentieth century, Grauer surveys the history of the Bugbee family, who relocated from New England to Clarendon, Texas, in 1914. Assessing the Bugbee House and collections, Grauer argues that the family’s preference for traditional New England architecture and furniture mingled with a burgeoning taste for western themes, creating a “staunchly American space” (p. 29). Following Grauer’s essay, the volume’s focus shifts to nineteenth-century Texas with four pieces that, taken together, create an evocative backdrop for the Bugbee case study. Tara A. Dudley’s essay, “‘A Very Valuable Man’: Enslaved Builders and the Making of Texas,” focuses on the influence of enslaved craftsmen. Dudley argues that enslaved builders such as Joshua Houston were central to the persistence and evolution of Greek Revival architecture in cities like Austin and that to comprehend the “‘Texas experience’” we must recognize their contributions (p. 61). Likewise, Alexis Monroe’s “The Magisterial Gaze in Slave Territory: Henry Cheever Pratt’s Coons Rancho as Plantation Painting” considers the artist’s painting of a ranch owned by Benjamin Franklin Coons as a document attesting to mid-nineteenth-century expansionist politics. Her analysis ultimately relies on a convincing connection between this El Paso landscape and Nicholas Poussin’s famous depiction of Arcadia inspired by Virgil’s fifth eclogue. Monroe thus draws a meaningful connection between Pratt’s utopian vision of the American West and classical landscapes, both of which were defined as much by their enslaved populations as by their idyllic vistas. Melinda Creech’s “The Material Culture and the Cultural Landscape of the Polley Mansion, Whitehall” echoes similar themes explored by Grauer and Dudley in its investigation of often overlooked contributors to the visual and material culture of privileged spaces. The final three contributions examine intersections of material culture and commerce in Texas, Louisiana, and Alabama, respectively. Olivia [End Page 164] Armandroff’s essay, “William J. Frederich’s Scrapbook: A Palimpsest of the Visual Landscape of a Galveston Man in the 1880s,” studies a scrapbook that captured a snapshot of Galveston at the peak of its commercial success. Drawing a connection between the processes of nineteenth-century scrap-booking and modern-day social media usage, Armandroff demonstrates how the scrapbook format conflated “art and advertisement” (p. 107). She thus argues that “the scrapbooks created by nineteenth-century Americans” provide us with a “palimpsest of their visual worldview,” which was undeniably capitalist (p. 107). The next essay, Lydia Blackmore’s “New Orleans’s Place in the Mahogany Trade,” challenges traditional scholarship that emphasizes the British empire’s influence on the popularity of mahogany furnishings in the United States by drawing attention to French and Spanish preferences in New Orleans before the Louisiana Purchase. Finally, Sarah Duggan’s essay, “Gaineswood Geography: How Commerce Routes and Climate Shaped Life on an Alabama Plantation,” examines the Whitfield family’s geographic and financial expansion from North Carolina to Alabama. Duggan analyzes the design of the...

Overview of the application of ecological concrete in sponge city construction

As a prominent component of the construction field of sponge cities, ecological concrete is an essential tool to reach the goals of green, low-carbon living and sustainable development. A quantitative summary of the preliminary research on ecological concrete infrastructure in sponge city architecture is needed. Therefore, CiteSpace and VOSviewer were applied to perform a comparative analysis of the number of papers, countries, institutions, core authors, literature co-citations, research hotspots, and future trends in ecological concrete in the sponge city construction industry. The results show that the number of papers on ecological concrete is increasing, the research collaboration between domestic and foreign authors is relatively single, and there is insufficient interdisciplinary integration between institutions and the phenomenon of “relatively independent research.” The number of papers published in the field of ecological concrete construction has been on the rise, reaching more than 100 in each of the last 10 years, with China and the United States contributing more to the scientific output of the field. To meet the needs of global environmental protection and resource conservation, the theme of “promoting comprehensive resource conservation and recycling” will continue in the future, making concrete a feature of green, low-carbon, sustainable development and other areas of environmental protection in the construction field.

Noisy Surfaces: Vulnerability and Art in Human–Ocean Relations

At the shoreline, human and ocean activities often act in unproductive tension with one another. This article draws from encounters between the modernist architecture in the port city of Toamasina in Madagascar and the activities of the Indian Ocean at that location to sense how human–ocean binary lines might become more porous. The first part of the article sketches a material-discursive theory of the weathered hole in modernist architectural surfaces. It explores the hole as a vital collective of queer otherings to the specific land-centred individualistic subject-hood of modernist Man, a specific figuration of a human who draws binary lines to separate itself out from the “natural world”. The second part of the article argues that artistic inquiry is well positioned to sense into the activities of the hole. It looks to how the hole at the surface of modernist Man can co-shape the specific human–ocean relationship that forms at this shoreline. Such inquiry is explored through my solo exhibition titled Static Drift, held at the Wits Art Museum in Johannesburg in 2021. Sensing, the exhibition reveals, has the potential for listening to binary lines as they erect a surface that both pushes away yet also receives what has been pushed. In Static Drift, being vulnerable through human perceptions was highlighted as a critical mode for sensory attunement to the relationships that form at such surfaces. This article argues that the sonic is a useful sensory mode for opening perceptions toward what is not yet perceived in surface–hole relationships. The sonic opens sites for ontological thinking into human–ocean relations by sensing into the re-orienting potentials that noise offers for thinking about disrupting binaried surfaces.

The architectural and artistic life of Kazan in the late 1960s - 1980s: searches for expressive imagery and national uniqueness in the architecture of city’s public buildings

The architectural and artistic life of Kazan in the late 1960s - 1980s: searches for expressive imagery and national uniqueness in the architecture of city’s public buildings

The Enigma of Calcutta Unravelled: Exploring the City’s Essence portrayed in Detective Byomkesh Bakshi

The movie Detective Byomkesh Bakshi released in 2015 effectively captures the historical, cultural, and social dimensions of Calcutta during the 1940s, offering an immersive experience of the city's architecture, streets, and neighborhoods. The film's depiction of the city's diverse socio-economic backgrounds authentically represents the challenges faced by both the privileged and the underprivileged. Furthermore, the portrayal of Calcutta as a city with a rich historical and cultural heritage provides a nuanced perspective on its transformation from a colonial hub to a post-independence metropolis. The film highlights various socio-political issues, such as corruption, poverty, and social stratification, underscoring the city's social and economic disparities. While not entirely historically accurate, the film successfully conveys key historical truths, including the city's colonial past, iconic landmarks, and the impact of World War II. This paper will provide a comprehensive analysis of the cultural and social importance of Calcutta as portrayed in the film Detective Byomkesh Bakshi.

Традиции классицизма в деревянной архитектуре исторических городов (на примере г. Тюмени)

The paper addresses an urgent issue, the preservation of the wooden architecture of historical cities, and dwells in particular, on an All-Russian phenomenon — wooden buildings in the classicist style. In the construction of historical cities of Russia and Siberia in the nineteenth century. mandatory construction on “exemplary” projects led to the widespread spread of classical wooden architecture. Although the construction of Tyumen in the second half of the nineteenth century was no exception, as the other cities of the country, it had unique features. A comprehensive scientific analysis of wooden buildings in the classicist style on the territory of the city of Tyumen obtained following results: objects in this style were identified with their systematization according to spatial planning and architectural and artistic characteristics; characteristic features determined. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the systematization of the types of classical wooden buildings in Siberian cities (through the example of Tyumen) on the basis of bibliographic, archival and field studies. The architectural analysis of the objects allowed for making conclusions about the value of wooden classical houses, the need for their fixation (making sketches, photo fixation, dimensional drawings), further study and preservation. The theoretical and practical significance of the paper lies in the collected, analyzed and systematized material on the wooden architecture of the historical Siberian city, which can be used in the preparation for the lectures on the history of architecture of Siberia, promotion of historical and architectural heritage, in the implementation of projects to preserve the wooden architecture of cities and in other areas.

Экономическое влияние на развитие и особенности архитектуры раннего СССР

Subject. This article examines the role of economic influence on the development and features of the architecture of the early USSR. The projects of buildings that reflect the entire architecture of the style of constructivism are given. Goal. The main purpose of the study is the development and development of the architecture of the USSR in unique economic circumstances. Method or methodology. The research is based on the general scientific methodology implying the application of the system approach and the general scientific methods of inquiry. The results of the work. The architecture of buildings and cities was rapidly changing, the main purpose of buildings was no longer comfortable accommodation for the elite of society, but functionality, practicality, spaciousness for large families of workers. Monuments of tsarist Russia gave way to sculptures of leaders, and carved bas-reliefs turned into canvases praising the communist system. Conclusions. Economic influence was aimed at universal well-being and equality, so the architecture of the early USSR moved away from elitism towards justice and benefit for everyone.

A Numismatic Perspective on the Architecture of North and West Pontic Cities in the 1st-3rd Centuries AD. Defensive Systems.

The coins of the Greek cities of the Roman era (the so-called “provincial coins”) become an important source of information about the issuing ancient city through the historical and architectural themes illustrated on their reverse. They allow not only the detection or nuancing of some events, which the passage of time has largely made forgotten, but also show the ancient monuments to the current researcher, unspoiled by the passage of time, in the splendour of the era of their construction. In this work, part of a wider project, we want to address a category of monuments illustrated by provincial coins from the north and west Pontic area, respectively that of defensive constructions, which were included in the composition of the fortified enclosures of the cities from this area. City gates (often monumental or triumphal), portions of walls, and even entire urban enclosures are themes frequently illustrated by the coin engravers in the 2nd-3rd centuries AD. In the following, the monetary issues, which illustrate defensive edifices of the cities of Thrace (Anchialos, Augusta Traiana, Byzie, Hadrianopolis) and Moesia Inferior (Callatis, Marcianopolis, Nicopolis ad Istrum, Tomis) or those of the Bosporan Kingdom, will be analysed from a constructive point of view, as well as from a broader historico-geographical perspective.

The use mechanism of blockchain and internet of things technology in memorial architecture of smart city

The use mechanism of blockchain and internet of things technology in memorial architecture of smart city

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФОРМУВАННЯ СТРАТЕГІЇ СТАЛОГО РОЗВИТКУ ТУРИЗМУ В СУЧАСНИХ УМОВАХ: ДОСВІД НІМЕЧЧИНИ

The article examines the peculiarities of the sustainable development of tourism in Germany in the modern conditions of climate change. It is noted that the country has a huge tourist attraction, which is determined by the presence of natural resources, cultural and historical attractions, developed infrastructure of traditional health resorts and modern architecture of large cities, which have all the possibilities for organizing various types of tourism. The contribution of tourism to the German economy is quite significant and is characterized by the following indicators: it ranks second in terms of revenue after mechanical engineering, creates 4% of the country's gross domestic product, and provides jobs for 6 million people. The results of a survey of tourism companies regarding their attitude to sustainable development in view of all economic challenges during the coronavirus period are presented. The organizational chart of state tourism bodies in Germany is characterized and the main responsibility for the development, formation and promotion of the country's tourism policy is indicated. The federal government has primary responsibility for the development, formulation and promotion of tourism policy. It is assisted by the Tourism Advisory Council, which brings together the interests of government, the tourism industry, academia and other stakeholders. The rating of the world's most sustainable cities was reviewed and it was determined that Munich and Frankfurt am Main are among the top ten of the rating. Hamburg and Berlin ranked 17th and 18th, respectively. This index ranks 100 cities around the world based on three criteria: social and societal factors such as mobility and quality of life, environmental factors including energy consumption, pollution and emissions, and economic performance. The analysis of the positive experience of Germany in the development of its tourism industry showed that it can be used to solve problems in the development of a similar industry in Ukraine, namely: in improving the system of state regulation of tourism, as well as in overcoming problems and improving the process of promoting tourism opportunities in Ukraine country and abroad. The further successful implementation of the principles of sustainability in the development of tourism and the need to consolidate the efforts of all stakeholders at all levels, taking into account the interests of all groups, including local communities, tourists, representatives of the tourism business, etc., were emphasized. The role of the government is undeniably important, as it is called upon to develop a strategic basis for planning the development of the tourism industry taking into account the principles of sustainability, to ensure the study of the recreational capacity of territories, to initiate the development of certification systems, indicators of sustainable development in order to monitor the consequences of tourism activities from a social, ecological and economic point of view.

The use mechanism of blockchain and internet of things technology in memorial architecture of smart city

The use mechanism of blockchain and internet of things technology in memorial architecture of smart city

Changes in architectural styles and their connection to city regulations

With the development of city architecture, the city regulators just considered about the way that both benefit the future development of city and the living condition of residents. And with the problem of the increasing waste and the non-recycle material of architecture, regulators may find hard to link the city planning and the future of residents easily for example it may difficult to diminish all the buildings and rebuild them again. This article tried to link the relation between these two parts and give the solution of how to base the creature of architecture to plan city future. The research shows that city all have their aim goal to reach in the future and they want to mostly use the green and renewable method to produce the green materials in the building process of architecture. In the future time, the four regions which mainly research in this article will partly process the like start from changing the underground station; changing the type of city quality like from the land transportation to water transportation. So, the social meaning of it mainly want to benefit the global cities and even to the whole world that can with good city future planning and long longevity architecture.