City State Research Articles

Lion City Zoopolis: Urban Crittizenship in Biophilic Singapore

ABSTRACT A central theme of Singapore’s “City in Nature” vision is framed through biophilic urbanism, or efforts to harmonize biodiversity and urban development through built, social, and political design. The central discourses of Singapore’s biophilic urbanism have revolved around flora-centric paradigms, including habitat conservation, greening spaces, and access to natural capital. This paper detours from conventions of Singapore’s urban ecological futures and instead explores the governance of fauna co-existence in the city–state through the concept of “urban crittizenship.” Defined as a more-than-human denization framework that interrogates urban wildlife governance, urban crittizenship interrogates the politics of urban wildlife’s rights to the city. Drawing on interviews, publicly accessible data, and ethnographic findings with local governing actors and activists, I show that Singapore’s experience of urban fauna governance is framed through three categories (“resident,” “wildlife,” and “pest”) and that they inform how state and society mediate and manage coexistence with urban wildlife. These experiences are examined through the examples of otters, boars, and pigeons, respectively. In doing so, I present urban crittizenship as an inductive model of analyzing urban wildlife coexistence as primarily secured through infrastructural and political regime configurations that inform their crittizenship statuses. Any real shifts toward new forms of coexistence must therefore begin with actual transformations in these areas. I further iterate that using an urban crittizenship framework refines our understanding and application of biophilic urbanism as socio-political processes that influence already-existing urban wildlife coexistence, complementing existing analyses in urban ecology. In other words, there is a politics of biophilia that warrants a conversation, because biophilia is political.

PENGARUH MINAT, LINGKUNGAN DAN PENDAPATAN TERHADAP PERMINTAAN PRODUK BRAND WAKWOK (STUDI KASUS MAHASISWA DIKAMPUS NEGERI KOTA MEDAN)

This study aims to determine the Effect of Interest, Environment and Income on Demand for Brand Wakwok Products (Case Study of Students at Medan City State Campus). This study uses quantitative methods and associative approaches, data collection techniques using questionnaires and population and samples in this study were 67 students from 4 state campuses in Medan City, namely: USU, UNIMED, UINSU, and POLMED. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression methods. The results of this study indicate that Interest (X1) affects the Demand for Brand "WakWok" Products, Environment (X2) affects the Demand for Brand "WakWok" Products, Income (X3) affects the Demand for Brand "WakWok" Products, and Interest, Environment¸ and Income simultaneously affect the Demand for Brand "WakWok" Products. This can be seen that the variation in the variables of Interest, Environment, and Income is able to explain the variation in the Demand for Brand "WakWok" Products variable by 53.5%.

Caries prevalence and water fluoridation in Israel: a cross-sectional study.

To assess the effect of Community Water Fluoridation (CWF) in the prevalence of dental caries and dental fluorosis in 12-year-old children living in Israel. Considering that CWF is important in the prevention of dental caries. Between 2002 and 2014, the water in communities of at least 5,000 individuals was fluoridated. In 2014, CWF in Israel stopped. Data on 12-year-old children from all areas in Israel from the national cross-sectional epidemiological survey conducted in 2011 to 2012 were stratified by city water fluoridation and by city and school socioeconomic status. Two dependent variables were defined: (1) DMFT index of caries experience in the permanent dentition; (2) dental fluorosis in central incisors using the Thylstrup-Fejerskov classification of fluorosis. Data from 2,181 12-year-olds were analyzed. The average DMFT was 1.17 ± 1.72, and 49% were caries-free. Based on DMFT, the caries experience was significantly higher in nonfluoridated cities (1.38 vs 0.98 in fluoridated cities) and there were more caries-free children in fluoridated cities (56.4% vs 40.6% in nonfluoridated). DMFT was higher in cities with lower socioeconomic status than high socioeconomic status (1.29 vs 1.05, respectively, P < .001) and there were fewer caries-free children in low socioeconomic status cities (44.5% vs 53.0% in high socioeconomic status cities, P < .0001). Almost all the 10.3% of children with signs of fluorosis (scoring at least 1 in the Thylstrup-Fejerskov index), had questionable to mild fluorosis (9.3%). CWF is a cheap, simple method of dental health protection that reaches all socioeconomic levels, and cessation of water fluoridation reduced the health of Israel's children. Water fluoridation provides substantial caries prevention, by reaching a substantial number of people. The relevance of this work is for policymakers to consider CWF as clinically proven method for reducing health inequalities.

Democracy and Reflections on 25 Years of Indonesian Reformation

Democracy has grown since the time of Ancient Greek civilization with the concept of Greek city states and Athens in 450 BC and 350 BC. Even in 431 BC, Pericles, a well-known Athenian statesman, defined democracy by putting forward several criteria: (1) government by the people with full and direct participation of the people; (2) equality before the law; (3) pluralism, namely respect for all talents, interests, desires and views; and (4) respect for a separation and personal area to meet and express individual personality (Roy C Macridis, 1983:19-20). In the same era, we can also get acquainted with the political thoughts of Plato, Aristotle, Polybius and Cicero, etc., to mention some of the thinkers of that time, who also laid the foundations for the notion of democracy. During its development, the concept of democracy underwent an increasing fertile phase and moved towards moderation during the Renaissance. So far, great thoughts have arisen about the relationship between the two rulers or the state on the one hand and the people on the other. There are new and surprising thoughts about the power and thought of Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527). On the Social Contract and the Separation of Powers by Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), Jhon Locke (1632-1704). Many of these big names have thoughts of contributing significantly to efforts to redefine or implement the term democracy.

고고자료로 본 변·진한의 기원과 다호리집단의 재검토

This study intended to examine the origin and establishment of Byeonhan and Jinhan based on its organic relationship with the late Bronze Age. The Byeonhan region can be discussed in relation to the Songguk-ri cultural area and the Jinhan region, to the Geomdan-ri cultural area. The Songguk-ri cultural area can be viewed as a vertical society due to the advancement of class differentiation, while the Geomdan-ri cultural area is presumed to be a horizontal society with weak class differentiation. The old Byeonhan site shows the characteristic of large dolmen construction following the introduction of the slender bronze dagger culture in the 3rd to 2nd centuries BC, while the old Jinhan site, where class differentiation was relatively weak, clearly shows the transition to wooden coffin graves in relation to immigrants around the 2nd to 1st centuries BC. The Byeonhan region shows traces of cultural homogeneity spreading through sea routes along the southern coast of Gyeongsangnam-do since the late Bronze Age. The Changwon Daho-ri Group, which had the largest number of wooden coffin grave groups in the Byeonhan region, was identified as a ‘port city state’ based on geopolitical location and excavated artifacts.

Study on the Reform of Function Orientation of People’s Courts from the Perspective of Litigation Source Governance: Taking G Prefecture as an Example

To initiate the reform of the implementation management system and mechanism below the city (state) in GPrefecture, taking into account its unique geographical, political, and cultural context, the construction of a “four-in-one”modern work system is proposed. The success of this reform in remote minority areas depends on tailoring measures tolocal conditions. Customizing strategies to fit the specific geographic, political, and cultural environment of G Prefectureis crucial for ensuring the practical implementation and effectiveness of the two-level court function positioning reform inthese remote areas.

Recreational mobility prior and during the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting economic recession negatively affected many people’s physical, social, and psychological health and has been shown to change population-level mobility, but little attention has been given to park visitations as an indicator. Estimating the frequency of park visitations from aggregated mobility data of all the parks in Washington State (USA), we study trends in park use one year prior to and two years during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings indicate that the gravity model is a robust model for the park visitation behavior in different spatial resolutions of city level and state level and different socio-economical classes. Incorporating network structure, our detailed analysis highlights that high-income level residents changed their recreational behavior by visiting their local parks more and a broader recreational options outside of their local census area; whereas the low-income residents changed their visitation behavior by reducing their recreational choices.

The role of spillovers when evaluating regional development interventions: evidence from administrative upgrading in China

Direct effects of regional development interventions on targeted areas may be amplified by positive spillovers from elsewhere or offset by negative spillovers. Yet spillovers are often ignored in the applied literature, where impact analyses based on difference-in-differences typically treat spatial units as independent of their neighbours. We study spatial spillovers from a popular regional development intervention in China—converting counties to cities. China’s top-down approach lets only central government bestow city status on an area, with over ten percent of counties upgraded to cities in the last two decades. A growing literature estimates impacts of these conversions, with spatial units typically treated as independent of their neighbours. In contrast, our spatial econometric models use a 20-year panel for almost 2500 county-level units to allow indirect spillover effects on indicators of local economic activity. The positive direct effects on GDP and luminosity of a county being upgraded are amplified through positive indirect effects, especially in the eastern regions of China where economic activity and population are more densely concentrated. The models without spatial lags that ignore spillovers give estimated effects of converting counties to cities that are only two-fifths to two-thirds as large as the estimated effects coming from the spatial models.

Reform and hospital models in Castile: the case of the Fernández de Velasco family (1374–1517)

ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to reassess the types of care initiatives offered by the Fernández de Velasco family on their manor estates in the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries. Starting in the mid fifteenth century, the family put in place a series of measures that may be grouped together as part of the hospital reform taking place throughout other contexts across Europe. The changes implemented were based on lesser-known hospital strategies, as well as on the emulation of family and regional models. I analyze the role of the nobility in the transformations of health and charitable systems of this period, which have traditionally been closely identified with municipal authorities, the monarchy and the state in large cities. Through reflections on Castile and the Fernández de Velasco lineage, my work aims to enrich the definition of such concepts as “reform” and “hospital models.”

Facade Analysis of Traditional Buildings on 12 Eylul Street in Mudanya’s Giritli Neighborhood

Mudanya, a district situated in the province of Bursa, has held significant port city status since ancient times, retaining its importance to the present day. Within this district, Giritli Neighborhood stands as one of the earliest settlements in Mudanya. Turkish and Greek people lived together in the region for a long time. These two cultures created varieties in the region socially and physically. With Greeks residing mostly in the coastal area, Turkish people predominantly lived inland. With Greeks residing mostly in the coastal area and Turkish people predominantly living inland. Therefore, different qualities can be observed in the coastal and inland areas in terms of environmental and architectural qualities. Mudanya boasts a plethora of historical structures constructed in diverse architectural styles spanning various eras. Notably, 12 Eylül Street in Giritli Neighborhood has emerged as a prominent attraction, alluring tourists with its historical edifices and scenic streets leading to the sea. Despite the inevitable passage of time, several historical buildings along 12 Eylül Street remarkably preserve their originality, prominently exhibiting distinct architectural features on their facades. This research entails a comprehensive literature review and analysis pertaining to the aforementioned district, neighborhood, and street, followed by a meticulous facade analysis of seven structures situated on 12 Eylül Street. Notably, the facades of these historical buildings exhibit influences from Late Ottoman Architecture, as well as the Neoclassical, Rococo, and the First National Architectural Movement (Neoclassical Turkish Style) periods, each contributing unique elements to the meticulous designs of these structures. In light of this research, preserving the historical value of Giritli District and 12 Eylül Street, it is of great importance to keep it alive and pass it on to future generations.

A scalable method for identifying key indicators to assess urban environmental sustainability: A case study in Norway

Urbanization presents numerous societal challenges and exacerbates environmental issues. It is crucial to comprehend the current state and future direction of cities to formulate strategies and actions that mitigate negative consequences while ensuring a prosperous future for citizens. This study presents a universally applicable method for selecting indicators to gauge urban environmental sustainability. It aims to aid in structuring thinking for understanding and implementing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) within urban settings, using Norway as a case study but with a clear potential for broader applications. To achieve this, a comprehensive literature survey was conducted to gain insight into how urban environmental sustainability is conceptualized and operationalized in Norway. This involved assessing the key environmental challenges, as well as the strategies and action plans associated with them. Standardized sustainable cities' indicators served as references, which were then tailored to the municipal level to address the identified environmental challenges specific to Norwegian cities. Furthermore, the study discussed the proposed indicators for tracking the progress and state of these specific environmental challenges. In doing so, it establishes a foundation for comprehending environmental issues and establishing connections between indicators and environmental strategies and action plans in the urban sustainability context. Importantly, the methodologies and indicators we have unveiled in this study are designed to be applicable to cities beyond Norway, offering a scalable and adaptable approach for evaluating environmental challenges internationally. This work proposes a novel approach for evaluating the status and trends of environmental challenges by employing targeted indicators. These indicators can be expanded to include social and economic dimensions, enabling decision-makers and stakeholders to prioritize actions towards urban sustainability.

Development of Learning Media to Improve Learning Achievement (Study on Physical Education, Sports and Health (PJOK) Class III Subjects at SD Negeri Kota Bengkulu)

This study set out to identify the phases involved in developing multimedia for PJOK learning, assess the viability of using multimedia in PJOK learning, and evaluate the efficiency of learning media in Class III instruction at Bengkulu City State Elementary School. Bengkulu City State Elementary School class III participated in this study, which employs a development research strategy (Research and Development). The goal of this research on multimedia development is to use Microsoft Office PowerPoint software to create educational materials for Bengkulu City State Elementary School's PJOK Learning program. The methods used to gather data are documentation, assessment questions, surveys, and observation. methods for data analysis applied to the distribution of percentages and scores against preset categories on the rating scale. Learning materials with multimedia included on a CD (compact disk) constitute the study's output. The media expert evaluation yielded an overall percentage of 82.4%, the material expert produced a total percentage of 92.85%, the limited test produced a total percentage of 82.81%, and the widespread test produced a total percentage of 80.1%. This educational tool has demonstrated its ability to raise student learning outcomes. The experimental class had an average score of 80.62, whereas the control class received an average of 76.52. Based on the test findings above, it is possible to infer that the learning media created is useful for raising student learning accomplishment and practical to use as a learning support in PJOK learning.

MEWUJUDKAN KOTA LAYAK ANAK BERBASIS KEBUTUHAN DI KOTA KENDARI

This research aims to evaluate the city components that support Kendari City's condition as a Child-Friendly City and analyze the factors that hinder and support this status. A qualitative descriptive method with an ethnographic study approach was used to identify city components such as the residential environment, community environment, school environment, play areas, transportation and health services that support the condition of Kendari City as a Child-Friendly City. The research results show that there are several obstacle factors such as infrastructure problems that affect children's access to education and health services. This evaluation provides a holistic picture of Kendari City's efforts to create a conducive environment for children's development and offers a perspective regarding the challenges that need to be overcome to achieve optimal Child-Friendly City status.

Konsep dan implementasi digital citizenship education di Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri 4 Kota Malang

This research aims to explain the concept and implementation of Digital Citizenship Education in Malang City State High Schools. Qualitative methods with a descriptive approach were used in this research. The research location is at SMAN 4 Malang City. The data collection technique is conducting interviews with students, teachers of Pancasila and Citizenship education subjects, and principals at State High School 4 Malang City with research instruments using interview guidelines. The data analysis techniques used were interview, observation and documentation techniques followed by data processing and analysis with the stages of data reduction, verification and data display. The data validity tests carried out are the credibility test, transferability test, dependability test, and confirmability test. The results of this research were found to be (1) Concept of Digital Citizenship Education 2) Implementation of Digital Citizenship Education. The conclusion of this research is that the concept and implementation of Digital Citizenship Education in Malang City State High Schools is by teaching and training students in using technology effectively, namely Digital rights and responsibilities in regulations and culture/activities at school through learning activities and Digital access through providing facilities. to support digital-based learning implemented in schools.

Estimation of Economic Spillover Effects under the Hierarchical Structure of Urban Agglomeration Based on Time-Series Night-Time Lights: A Case Study of the Pearl River Delta, China

Urban agglomerations are becoming increasingly important in driving economic development in China. Accurate representation of the economic development status and spillover effects of cities within an urban agglomeration is the foundation of and an effective approach for promoting the coordinated development of that agglomeration. However, current studies of economic spillovers tend to focus on urban agglomerations as a whole, and there is a lack of scrutiny and validation of research data. Therefore, this study proposes a framework for detecting economic spillover effects within an urban agglomeration based on a prolonged night-time light dataset. Firstly, we explored the most suitable night-time light index to characterize the economic status. Then, we used this index to construct the economic network and hierarchical structure of the urban agglomeration. Finally, we explored the heterogeneity of spillover effects under the hierarchical structure. The results of a case study in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) urban agglomeration show that (1) the total night-time light in built-up areas (BNTL) has the highest Pearson correlation coefficient with GDP, which is 0.82; (2) there is an obvious hierarchical structure within the PRD; (3) there are significant and sustained economic spillover effects among the core cities, with Guangzhou–Foshan and Shenzhen–Dongguan having more obvious spillover effects; and (4) the economic spillover effects within the three metropolitan areas have different characteristics. The Guangzhou–Foshan–Zhaoqing metropolitan area is closely linked, to apparent differences in the pace of spillover effects. The Shenzhen–Dongguan–Huizhou metropolitan area has strong close linkages, with strong synchronization of spillover effects. The Zhuhai–Zhongshan–Jiangmen metropolitan area has not yet formed a stable synergistic development relationship. Overall, the framework can effectively reveal the hierarchical structure and different characteristics of economic spillovers within urban agglomerations, which can provide a scientific reference for policy making related to the coordinated development of such agglomerations.

Peran Uptd Perlindungan Perempuan Dan Anak Dalam Penanganan Tindak Kekerasan Anak Di Kota Surakarta

Surakarta is a metropolitan city, of course the ease of access to report cases of child violence is also higher. With its big city status, it does not rule out the possibility that the problem of violence against children continues to exist in Surakarta. The problem of violence against children experiences a cycle of ups and downs in each region. In Surakarta itself, cases of violence against children have increased in the last three years. This is of course a concern for the Surakarta City government. The role of the Government, especially the Surakarta City PPA UPTD, has been good in protecting, preventing and handling cases of child violence. This research aims to describe and analyze the role of the regional technical implementation unit for the protection of women and children (UPTD PPA) in assisting victims of violence against children in the city of Surakarta. In addition, this research aims to describe the obstacles faced by UPTD PPA in assisting victims of violence against women in the city of Surakarta. This study used descriptive qualitative method. Researchers collect data, observations, interviews and documentation to obtain complete and detailed data. The subjects of this research were: (1) Head of Department, (2) Head of UPTD PPA, (3) Head of Child Protection, (4) Legal counselor, (5) Psychological counselor, and (6) 2 clients. Data analysis was carried out using inductive data analysis techniques. Checking the validity of the data uses triangulation techniques. The results of this research are (1) the role of UPTD PPA in assisting victims of violence against children, namely: a) role in dealing with children who are victims of violence, b) assisting in the health recovery of children who are victims of violence, c) psychological assistance to children who are victims of violence, d) legal assistance to children who are victims violence, e) role in psychoeducation in the environment of children who are victims of violence (2) obstacles faced by UPTD PPA, namely the lack of human resources in UPTD PPA Surakarta City, namely psychological counselors and victims of violence who do not want to report cases of violence they experience.

The Importance of Clean Energy and Technology in the Development of Smart Cities

In today's global context, reducing CO2 emissions and mitigating environmental impacts has become an important issue, leading to the inclusion of smart cities among the top priorities of every country. This article aims to provide solutions for creating appropriate policies and overcoming obstacles in this field, with a focus on the importance of clean energy in the development of smart cities. Specifically, by focusing on three important sectors, namely Energy, Transportation, and Buildings, the aim is to help create efficient roadmaps for developing smart cities. To achieve this goal, successful policies and strategies implemented in successful cities will be examined to overcome the barriers in these sectors and achieve smart city status. The article emphasizes the importance of local government and stakeholder collaboration. This collaboration plays a critical role in creating appropriate policies for increasing the use of clean energy in different sectors, as the ideas of politicians and energy experts cannot be implemented without the support and participation of local governments. Therefore, the cooperation and support of local governments and stakeholders are of great importance for the development of smart cities. In short, the article emphasizes the importance of clean energy in the development of smart cities, provides recommendations for identifying appropriate policies and overcoming barriers, and highlights the critical role of local government and stakeholder collaboration. Therefore, this collaboration can be considered as a successful step towards the development of smart cities.

La función fiscal del ayuntamiento de Guadalajara en el siglo XVII

This article offers a historical overview of the origins of the resources with which the municipalities financed the maintenance of the cities and their inhabitants, taking the municipality of Guadalajara in the 17th century as a particular case. For this purpose, the authority granted by the Spanish Crown to local governments to acquire their ‘own’ resources is established, and how, in this way, the municipal institution was also a recipient and administrator of a type of tax with a defined structure. It is argued that this situation allowed the formation of a municipal treasury that financed the acquisition of the necessary resources for the sustenance of the city and its inhabitants. However, it is also documented how, at certain points in history, this fiscal structure did not meet its objectives and various alternatives were sought to address the population's needs, such as the assignment – i.e., encabezamiento – of the alcabala collection and the monopoly on coconut wine. The analysis presented here focuses on the diversity of income sources available to a municipality. Additionally, the uniqueness of the case of the Guadalajara council is defended, considering the city's status as the seat of the audiencia and bishopric institutions, as well as recognizing its privileged situation as a commercial hub of the Kingdom of New Galicia.

Межэтническое разделение труда в Волынской губернии по данным переписи 1897 г.

This article aims at identifying the phenomenon of interethnic division of labor in Volhynia. Based on the 1897 census data, the authors prove that though the interethnic division of labor, based on different ways of life support for ethnic groups, was essential for the eastern regions of the empire, it was an insignificant phenomenon for Volhynia. The 1897 census recorded a total of 2,989,482 people in the province, including 703,477 economically active persons and 2,286,005 persons living at their expense. The main occupation in the province was agriculture, which ensured the expanded reproduction of the workforce: 407,215 (57.9% of all those employed in the national economy) independent farmers provided for themselves and 1,812,773 family members (dependents), or in other words, one fed another 4.5 people. Farmers covered the shortage of personnel in other industries in both rural and urban areas. In addition to agriculture, 74,952 (10.7%) were engaged in industry, 63,956 (9.1%) in services, 42,002 (6.0%) in trade, and 9,195 (1.3%) in transport. 5,329 people or 0.8% of all workers were employed in regional administration, and 8,446 or 1.2 % – in cultural institutions, education, science, and medical care; 6,088 people or about 0.9 % in religious cults, 49,793 people or 7.1% of all employed in the armed forces. By the end of the 19th century, the interethnic division of labor in Volhynia was formed as a result of political and economic factors. The Slavic, Turkic, and German population had similar employment structures, with agriculture predominant. Germans, Czechs, and Belarusians were poorly integrated into the urban community. Little Russians, who made up 2,095,579 people, that is, the majority of the population of the province, played secondary roles in the cities, numbering 46,060 people or about 20% of the city dwellers. Jews, limited in their ability to engage in agriculture, made up half of the population of the cities, and were also concentrated in shtetls that did not have city status; their main occupations were crafts (34.9%), trade (32.8%), services (11.7%), education and culture (9.7%). The Great Russian population performed the main connecting economic, cultural, and administrative functions.

Using desirable urban states to understand key linkages between resilience subsystems

Interdisciplinary research is called for to model integrated urban resilience across separate urban subsystems (infrastructure, governance, resources, socio-economic), and for chartering pathways toward an urban ‘desirable state’. A core challenge is to determine the linkages between the subsystems. In this work, we demonstrate a novel approach by first constructing profiles of a desirable state, based on human shared values obtained empirically, and then use those to identify linkages naturally occurring between associated subsystems. We demonstrate the approach in two contrasting cities, Shanghai and Vienna, using WeValue InSitu methods to crystallize shared values and explore perspectives of urban disruption. The Desirable States of both cities provide elements with intrinsic strong linkages between urban subsystems, which can be represented with system dynamics mapping. These results reveal that this values-based approach contributes to modeling and studies of integrated urban resilience, for theory building and for applications.