Cissus Rotundifolia Research Articles

DNA profiling, nutritional value and phytochemical investigation of Cissus rotundifolia Lam. growing in Yemen

Cissus rotundifolia Lam. (Vitaceae) is a wild plant that is commonly used as food and medicine. There are limited studies on the phytochemical composition of this plant. So, this study aims to investigate C. rotundifolia growing in Yemen phytochemically. HPLC analysis of C. rotundifolia aerial parts led to the identification and quantification of four compounds (isoorientin, quercetrin, quercetin, and linarin), among which isoorientin and quercetrin were the major. Proximate analysis showed high fibre content and low moisture content, whereas the nutritional values showed a high carbohydrate content which gave rise to higher nutritional value (266.39 Kcal.). Potassium, calcium, iron, magnesium, and vitamin E were present in high concentrations. Investigation of the methylene chloride and n-butanol fractions lead to the isolation of seven compounds: β-sitosterol, magnificol, β-sitosterol-glucoside, quercetin, quercetrin, isoorientin, and linarin. This is the first report on isolating these compounds from the investigated plant.

The Anticancer Properties, Cell-cycle Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis of Cissus rotundifolia, Trema orientalis, and Buddleja polystachya with Ocular Applications

BackgroundBuddleja polystachya, Trema orientalis, and Cissus rotundifolia were applied locally for various ocular purposes, while receiving few scientific evaluations. PurposeThis study aimed to screen the anticancer properties and determine the cell-cycle cytotoxicity and apoptotic activity of the most promising plant extract. MethodsIn this study, MTT assays with MCF7 (human breast adenocarcinoma), HT29 (human colorectal adenocarcinoma) and HepG2 (human liver adenocarcinoma) were used. In addition to MRC5 (normal human foetal lung fibroblast) was carried out for preliminary activity screening and selectivity. The most promising extract was subjected to GC-MS analysis to determine the phytochemical composition. Additionally, a clonogenic assay was performed to measure tumor cell survival and subsequent proliferative capacity after drug exposure was conducted for the most active extract(s) and finally western blotting was used to determine the expression change of the two selected proteins (survivin and CCND1) in order to determine the exact mechanistic features of the most promising plant extract. ResultsThe six extracts showed variable IC50 values ranging from 1.77- 40.97 μg/mL. The most active extracts were C. rotundifolia coded as (stem; BEP-03A and leaves; BEP-03B) on HepG2 cells and showed ∼ 4 and 8 fold selectivity compared to normal MRC5 cells. Both extracts showed a dose-dependent clonogenic effect on HepG2 cells, which was comparable to the effect of doxorubicin. The extract (BEP-03B) caused a significant decrease in the expression of survivin and CCND1 compared to the control GAPDH at its highest dose (12 µg/mL). The GC-MS chromatogram of the leaf of C. rotundifolia extract (BEP-03B) revealed the presence of 17 compounds, as the main phytoconstituents representing 57.5% of the total compounds present in BEP-03B. Three steroidal components (12, 14 and 15) were the main components, while compound stigmast-5-en-3-ol (compound 15) was the main component. ConclusionsLeaves of Cissus rotundifolia (Forssk.) Vahl, possess a significant cytotoxic effect and it may produce this effect, through apoptosis induction, perturbation, and disruption of the cell cycle. The detected phytoconstituents in the plant extract might be involved in the tested cytotoxic activity and its molecular apoptotic mechanism. Future studies are required to isolate the active ingredient(s) and confirm the therapeutic application(s).

Biosynthesis of Cissus rotundifolia Stem-Mediated Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles and Their Anticariogenic Activity against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus sp.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles using plant extracts has emerged as an eco-friendly method. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) were synthesized using Cissus rotundifolia in this study. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles were utilized in restorative medicine for enhanced medicinal properties and in dental composites for their antimicrobial activities. Cissus rotundifolia is recognized as a medicinal plant due to its diverse properties, including mild laxatives, anti-inflammatory, and hyperglycemic activities. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial activity of the prepared nanoparticles against Lactobacillus Sp. and Streptococcus mutans was evaluated using agar well diffusion method. The bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity of the prepared TiO2NPs was examined using time-kill kinetic analysis. Results: The prepared nanoparticles exhibited potential antimicrobial activity against Lactobacillus sp. (12 mm) at the highest concentration of 100 µg/mL. The prepared nanoparticles also exhibited excellent bactericidal activity against Lactobacillus Sp. and mild bacteriostatic activity against Staphylococcus mutans at the highest concentration of 100 µg/mL. Conclusion: The synthesized TiO2NPs showed significant antimicrobial activity against dental pathogens. The observed anticariogenic activity shows the potential of nanoparticles for dental applications. Hence, the prepared nanoparticles can be used in the field of dentistry as an antimicrobial agent instead of synthetic drugs causing more side effects.

A novel green synthesis of CuFe2O4 Nanoparticles from Cissus rotundifolia for photocatalytic and antimicrobial activity evaluation

This paper reports a novel green fabrication of copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles (NPs) from Cissus rotundifolia plant extract. The NPs were characterized by different spectroscopic techniques.The Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum exhibited intrinsic stretching at the tetrahedral position of Fe–O at 591 cm−1 and the octahedral stretching of Cu–O at 402 cm−1 respectively. The fine diffraction pattern in the X-Ray diffraction analysis (XRD) showed the formation of well-crystalline NPs. The mean crystallite size of the NPs was calculated to be 17.33 nm. The High-resolution Transmission Electron Microscopic (TEM) analysis showed roughly spherical shape and irregular morphology of the NPs. The Zeta potential was calculated to be −29.7±0.3 mV, indicating a negative charge over the CuFe2O4 NPs. The formation of spinel ferrite was confirmed from the characterization data. The photocatalytic activity of the CuFe2O4 NPs was examined against the methylene blue (MB) dye, showing 82% degradation under UV–Visible light. The reusability experiment showed that the catalytic activity was not much decreased even till the 4th cycle. The antibacterial activity of the synthesized CuFe2O4 NPs was tested against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacilus pumilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella abony through the Agar well diffusion method. A zone of inhibition of 12±0.2, and 11±0.4 mm was obtained against Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilis, whereas against E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. abony it was found to be 14±0.4, 18±0.3, and 12±0.2 mm respectively at 75 mg/mL dose, showing appreciable antibacterial activity.

ANALYSIS OF NUTRITIONAL QUALITY AND BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS OF CISSUSROTUNDIFOLIA, CYPHOSTEMMA DIGITATUM AND CISSUS QUADRANGULARIS (VITACEAE)

Cissus rotundifolia, Cyphostemma digitatum, and Cissus quadrangularis which belong to Vitaceae family are used as local traditional vegetables by local communities in Saudi Arabia and different regions in Asia for nutritional and therapeutic purposes. They were analyzed in this study in order to provide scientific evidence for their usage as nutritional and medicinal herbs. The protein, fat, fibre, cyanogenic glycoside, phytic acid, flavonoid, and tannin contents of the three species differed significantly (P < 0.05). Results from the nutritional analysis revealed the richness of C. rotundifolia leaves in crude protein (14.54%), carbohydrates (52.32%), fats (6.99%), and energy value (330.35 Kcal/100 g). C. rotundifolia and C. digitatum leaves showed comparable amounts of both vitamins C and A. The highest crude fiber was found in C. quadrangularis (23.82%), which also exhibited a good carbohydrate content (57.20%). Calcium was the most abundant mineral in the studied whole leaf extracts, followed by potassium. C. quadrangularis contained the highest concentrations of sodium (236 mg/100 g), iron (29 mg/100 g) and the lowest level of magnesium (96 mg/100 g). The concentrations of heavy metals in all samples were below the permissible level in food. In terms of anti-nutritional factors, all extracts had comparatively low levels of cyanogenic glycoside, phytate, alkaloid, and saponin contents. The leaves of C. quadrangularis contained significantly high levels of phenol, flavonoid, tannin, and proanthocyanidin content. C. rotundifolia leaves had a high level of DPPH radical quenching power (IC50 = 52.27 µg/mL) that was comparable to that of the standard (IC50 = 51.47 µg/mL). Inhibitory activities against alpha-amylase significantly varied among the extracts analyzed. The leaves of C. quadrangularis strongly inhibited alpha-amylase, and their impact was close to the effect of acarbose as a standard anti-diabetic agent. The findings revealed that the studied leafy wild plants can be used as a good source of various nutrients and beneficial biochemicals. Keywords: Cissus rotundifolia, Cyphostemma digitatum, Cissus quadrangularis, nutrients, anti-nutrients, bioactive compounds

Elemental, phytochemical, and toxicological assessment of Cissus rotundifolia (Forssk.) Vahl

Cissus rotundifolia (Forssk.) Vahl. (Vitaceae) is a wild plant that is commonly used by communities from rural areas as a food and medicine. There are limited studies on the phytochemical composition and the impact of soil quality on the elemental distribution in this plant. In this study, we report a phytochemical analysis to identify the phytocompounds responsible for the reported biological activities of C. rotundifolia. We also examined the impact of soil quality on elemental uptake by the edible parts of C. rotundifolia collected from eight geographical locations in KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) to assess the nutritional benefits and potential heavy metal toxicities. Three secondary metabolites (stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, and pheophytin a) were isolated, and their structures were characterised by high-resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance data. The plant was found to contribute adequately to the recommended dietary allowances for essential nutrients without exceeding tolerable upper intake limits and with low concentrations of toxic heavy metals. The average concentrations of microelements in the edible parts were found to be in decreasing order of Fe>Mn>Se>Zn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Co. The bioaccumulation factors indicate that the plant controls the uptake of metals from the soil and would make a good indicator and biological monitor for cadmium toxicity. However, a health risk assessment exposed carcinogenic risks on regular consumption of the plant obtained from sites close to pollution sources, such as roads and landfills. The findings from this study show the synergies when consuming medicinal plants and provide evidence for C. rotundifolia as a nutraceutical. Significance: This study provides additional scientific knowledge on the phytochemical composition of C. rotundifolia. Three phytocompounds (stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, and pheophytin a) were isolated, and their presence may be correlated to this plant’s antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. This study shows that C. rotundifolia contributes adequately to the recommended dietary allowances for essential elements, and the plant is safe for human consumption if collected from non-polluted sites. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic estimates for the toxic metals due to consumption of the plant signify the possibility of developing cancer over time if the plant is consumed frequently from polluted sites.

Characterisation of the indigenous knowledge used for gastrointestinal nematode control in smallholder farming areas of KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa

BackgroundThe use of indigenous knowledge (IK) to control gastrointestinal nematodes has been known since ancient times. The objective of the study was to characterise the use of indigenous knowledge to control gastrointestinal nematodes in goats.MethodsA structured questionnaire was used to collect data from farmers. Chi-square was used to compute associations; the generalized linear model was used for mean rank scores.ResultsRoundworms were the most common gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) affecting goats reared in the bushland vegetation type than grasslands. Twelve plant species were commonly used to control GIN in goats, with Cissus quadrangularis Linn. singled out as the most widely used plant with a use-value of 0.97, followed by Albizia anthelminthica Brongn. (0.66), Cissus rotundifolia (Forssk.) Vahl (0.63), Vachellia xanthophloea (Benth.) P.J.H. Hurter (0.59), Aloe marlothii A. Berger (0.58), Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst (0.54), Gomphocarpus physocarpus E. Mey (0.53), Aloe maculata All. (0.50), Trichilia emetica Vahl (0.47), Aloe ferox Mill. (0.43), Vernonia neocorymbosa Hilliard (0.25) and Schkuhria pinnata (Lam) Kuntze ex Thell (0.16). C. rotundifolia, V. xanthophloea, S. birrea and T. emetica were dominant plant species used to control GIN in goats reared in the grassland vegetation. A. maculata, A. ferox and V. neocorymbosa were dominant in the bushland vegetation type.ConclusionThe study revealed that ethnoveterinary plants are widely used in grassland and bushland vegetation types to control GIN in goats. Scientific validation of their efficacy and safety should be carried out to provide a cheaper alternative, thus improving the community livelihoods and development.

A genome for Cissus illustrates features underlying its evolutionary success in dry savannas.

Cissus is the largest genus in Vitaceae and is mainly distributed in the tropics and subtropics. Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), a photosynthetic adaptation to the occurrence of succulent leaves or stems, indicates that convergent evolution occurred in response to drought stress during species radiation. Here we provide the chromosomal level assembly of Cissus rotundifolia (an endemic species in Eastern Africa) and a genome-wide comparison with grape to understand genome divergence within an ancient eudicot family. Extensive transcriptome data were produced to illustrate the genetics underpinning C. rotundifolia's ecological adaption to seasonal aridity. The modern karyotype and smaller genome of C. rotundifolia (n = 12, 350.69Mb/1C), which lack further whole-genome duplication, were mainly derived from gross chromosomal rearrangements such as fusions and segmental duplications, and were sculpted by a very recent burst of retrotransposon activity. Bias in local gene amplification contributed to its remarkable functional divergence from grape, and the specific proliferated genes associated with abiotic and biotic responses (e.g. HSP-20, NBS-LRR) enabled C. rotundifolia to survive in a hostile environment. Reorganization of existing enzymes of CAM characterized as diurnal expression patterns of relevant genes further confer the ability to thrive in dry savannas.

Identification and Documentation of Ethno-veterinary Remedies Used by Afar Pastoralists for the Treatment of Camel Diseases in Ethiopia

Background: Ethnoveterinary medicine is a scientific term for traditional animal health care that encompasses knowledge, belief, practice and skill of the community used for curing diseases and maintaining health of animals. A cross-sectional study was conducted using semi-structured questionnaires from September 2016 to August 2017 to gather information on the knowledge, practice and skill of the pastoralists and traditional healers about the importance and application of Ethno-veterinary medicine. Moreover, this study was conducted with the objectives of identification and documentation of major ethno-veterinary medicinal plants commonly used to treat camel aliments in Afar region. Result: A total of 146 traditional healers and pastoralists were interviewed for baseline and reliable information about Ethno-veterinary medicinal practice in Afar region. Accordingly, 99.3% of the respondents were men in which 66.44% of them were in the age range of 45-60. Majorities (76.02%) of the information’s concerning EVM were obtained from the elders among which 84.93% responded that the overall EVM practice and status in pastoral society of Afar is decreasing. A total of 710 plant species supposed to have medicinal property were recommended by pastoralists to be used for the treatment of 49 different animal diseases. Among 64 plants specimen collected, Balanites aegyptia, Cissus rotundifolia (Forssk.) Vahl, Cadaba rotundifolia Forssk, Solanum sp, Acalypha indica L and Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karsts were the commonly used plant species with high fidelity value. Concerned with plant parts used, leaf (20.5%) was the most frequently used plant parts followed by root (19.4%), fruit (14.4%), seed (10.8%) and entire plant (8.8%). These herbal remedies were administered orally, nasally, ocular and topically. Conclusion: pastoralists and traditional healers in Afar region have immense indigenous knowledge and practices of treating sick animals which should be supported by scientific techniques for analyzing the active ingredients contained in each plant species and for evaluating the safety, efficacy and dosage of the commonly used medicinal plants. In addition, on station establishment of commonly used medicinal plant nursery for conservation purpose and to conduct in-depth phytochemical analysis is paramount important.

In Silico Analysis of Cissus rotundifolia Constituents as Human Neutrophil Elastase (HNE), Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP 2 and MMP 9), and Tyrosinase Inhibitors.

Cissus rotundifolia has been reported to possess various biological activities such as anti-diabetic, anti-fertility, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-malarial, anti-osteoporotic, and anti-parasitic activities. Therefore in the present study, eleven selected constituents of Cissus rotundifolia which includes aconitic acid, astragalin, acteoside, aliospiroside A, beta amyrin, bergenin, formononetin, gallic acid, isovitexin, isoorientin, and isoquercitrin were studied on the docking behavior of human neutrophil elastase (HNE), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP 2 and MMP 9), and tyrosinase by using PatchDock method. Furthermore, molecular physicochemical, bioactivity score/drug-likeness, ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), and toxicity analyses were also carried out using Molinspiration, Swiss ADME, and ProTox-II methods, respectively. The molecular physicochemical investigation showed that three ligands such as acteoside, aliospiroside A, and isoorientin have three violations for Lipinski’s rule of five. Similarly, ADME analysis one ligand (formononetin) predicated to have high blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability effect. The docking studies showed that isovitexin exhibited the highest atomic contact energy (−341.61 kcal/mol) for human neutrophil elastase (HNE), more over alliospiroside A has shown maximum atomic contact energy for both matrix metalloproteinases (MMP 2 [−618.00 kcal/mol] and MMP 9 [−634.73 kcal/mol]). Furthermore, isoquercitrin has exhibited the highest atomic contact energy (−145.70 kcal/mol) for tyrosinase. Thus, the present investigation outcome provides new knowledge in understanding eleven Cissus rotundifolia constituents as possible novel inhibitors against HNE, MMP 2, MMP 9, and tyrosinase.

Characterization of Flavonoids and Transcripts Involved in Their Biosynthesis in Different Organs of Cissus rotundifolia Lam.

Cissus rotundifolia Lam. is used as a medicinal herb and vegetable. Flavonoids are the major components for the therapeutic effects. However, flavonoids constituents and expression profiles of related genes in C. rotundifolia organs are unknown. Colorimetric assay showed the highest flavonoid concentration in roots compared to the stem and leaf. Widely target-based metabolome analysis allowed tentative identification of 199 compounds in three organs. Flavonols and flavones were the dominant flavonoids subclasses. Among the metabolites, 171 were common in the three organs. Unique accumulation profile was observed in the root while the stem and leaf exhibited relatively similar patterns. In the root, six unique compounds (jaceosidin, licoagrochalcone D, 8-prenylkaempferol, hesperetin 7-O-(6″malonyl) glucoside, aureusidin, apigenin-4′-O-rhamnoside) that are used for medicinal purposes were detected. In total, 18,427 expressed genes were identified from transcriptome of the three organs covering about 60% of annotated genes in C. rotundifolia genome. Fourteen gene families, including 52 members involved in the main pathway of flavonoids biosynthesis, were identified. Their expression could be found in at least one organ. Most of the genes were highly expressed in roots compared to other organs, coinciding with the metabolites profile. The findings provide fundamental data for exploration of metabolites biosynthesis in C. rotundifolia and diversification of parts used for medicinal purposes.

Ethnoveterinary Uses of Certain Yemeni Plants: A Review of the Scientific Evidence.

Livestock is an important and integral component of agriculture production in Yemen and contributes 28% of the total agricultural production income. Research in the field of Yemeni ethnoveterinary medicine is limited to a few studies. Therefore, our work aims to substantiate scientifically the ethnoveterinary use of some documented plant species based on a literature review of their bioactivities and toxicological properties. Searching the scientific literature has revealed various pharmacological activities that may support the claimed healing activities of 11 out of 14 plant species for some of their ethnoveterinary utilization. This comprises the use of Aloe spp. latex for constipation, worms, boils, and wounds; Boswellia sacra underbark for wounds and its oleo-gum resin for mastitis; Soqotraen Boswellia species as an insect repellent; Cissus rotundifolia for stomach pain; Cyphostemma digitatum as an appetite stimulant; Psiadia punctulate for bone fracture; Pulicaria undulata as an insect repellent; combinations of Aristolochia bracteolate with Sorghum bicolor grains for bloating; Rumex nervosus and salt for eye pimples; and Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds with Hordeum vulgare grains for constipation. Some plants were found to demonstrate various toxic effects in in vivo and in vitro experimental studies. The local administration of Calotropis procera latex was also reported to induce an intense inflammatory response. It can be concluded that our work has provided valuable scientific information on the biological and toxic activities of some Yemeni ethnoveterinary remedies that could be utilized for the benefit of farmers to ration the use of these remedies and avoiding their toxicity.

In vitro efficacy of plant extracts against gastrointestinal nematodes in goats.

Farmers use plant extracts as a potential source of anthelmintic compounds against gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. The objective of the study was to investigate the in vitro anthelmintic activity of aqueous (cold and boiled) and methanolic extracts of Cissus quadrangularis Linn., Aloe marlothii A. Berger, Albizia anthelmintica Brongn., Cissus rotundifolia (Forssk.) Vahl., Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst, and Vachellia xanthophloea (Benth.) P.J.H. Hurter plants against gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN). Plants were used in two forms: dry and fresh. Decoction (boiled water), infusion (cold water), and methanolic extracts at concentrations of 8, 16, 24, 32, and 40% v/v were tested in vitro on mortality of L3 nematodes. Linear relationships were observed between larvae mortality and extract concentration of the boiled fresh form of C. rotundifolia (P < 0.01), fresh form of cold-water of A. marlothii (P < 0.05), fresh form of cold-water and methanolic C. quadrangularis (P < 0.01), dry form of cold-water and methanolic S. birrea (P < 0.0001), and dry form of cold-water and fresh form of methanolic V. xanthophloea (P < 0.05). Quadratic relationships were observed between larvae mortality and extract concentration of the fresh form of methanolic C. rotundifolia (P < 0.05), fresh form of methanolic A. anthelmintica (P < 0.01), the fresh form of methanol and the dry form of boiled A. marlothii (P < 0.001), fresh form of methanolic (P < 0.05) and dry form of boiled S. birrea (P < 0.01), fresh form of cold and boiled water of V. xanthophloea (P < 0.0001), and dry form of boiled water and methanolic V. xanthophloea (P < 0.05). The crude plant extracts of C. quadrangularis, A. marlothii, A. anthelmintica, C. rotundifolia, S. birrea, and V. xanthophloea could be considered as an integrated approach to achieve sustainable nematode control in goats.

أعشاب طبية وأدوية مصنعة لعلاج مرضى كوفيد-19 ومضاعفاته في عدن، اليمن

الأهداف: الكشف عن فوائد الأعشاب الطبية في علاج مرضى كوفيد-19. اكتشاف تأثير فيروس كورونا-2 على أمراض الحلزونية البابيه السريرية وتحت السريرية او العكس. النتائج: الدراسة تجربة سريرية قائمة على الملاحظة مع مرضى تم اختيارهم عشوائياً، ضمت هذه الدراسة 775 مريضاً؛ عانى 35 منهم من حمى الشيكونغونيا وحمى الضنك، بينما الـ 740 الباقون من حالات كوفيد-19 المؤكدة والمشتبه فيها بشدة تم تقسيمهم إلى ست مجموعات؛ اربعاً منها لمرضى الكوفيد-19 والخامسة كانت لمرضى الشيكونغونيا وحمى الضنك أما السادسة فهي مجموعة المرضى اللذين لديهم أعراض خارج رئوية بعد عدة أسابيع من الشفاء من حمى الكوفيد-19. كل مجموعة قسمت إلى مجموعتين فرعيتين ماعدا مجموعة (د) فقد قسمت إلى ثلاث مجموعات فرعية. تم علاج المرضى اللذين تناولوا شراب القنفذية خلال 48-72 ساعة؛ أي تحسناً سريرياً ودون السريري، وفي وقت مبكر عن المرضى اللذين كانوا يُعطون مزيجاً من الأعشاب، مثل؛ الكركم، الزنجبيل، والحلق واللذين تحسنوا بعد 7 أيام، في حين أن المرضى اللذين تناولوا أقراص الكلاريثرومايسين وشراب القنفذية قد تماثلوا للشفاء بوقت أبكر من سابقيهم أي بعد 24 ساعة، وكانت نسبة النجاح 98%، 100% و100% على التوالي. أي أن القنفذية لها تأثيراً مضادً للفيروس التاجي المستجد-2، والَّذي يتضح من خلال الشفاء السريع والكامل سريرياً وما دون السريري إذا ما قورنت بتأثير الهيدروكسي كلوروكوين والرامديسيفير. أما العلاج المركب من شراب القنفذية، الجنكوبيلوبا والبرنامج العلاجي والوقائي من مرض الحلزونية البوابية فله تأثيراً ناجحاً على حالات مرضى كوفيد-19 الوخيمة ومضاعفاتها وأمراض الحلزونية البوابية المتسارعة والمتفاقمة الخارج رئوية محققاً نجاحاً 100%. وهذا مصداقاً لقول النبي عليه الصلاة والسلام: ما أنزل الله من داء إِلا وأنزل له شفاء. الخلاصة: 1- حقق المستخلص الدوائي من عشبة الزهرة القنفذية نجاحا عاليا في معالجة حالات كوفيد-19 الطفيفة ومتوسطة الخطورة خلال 48-72 ساعة، وهي أكثر سرعة وفاعلية في التأثير عليه من مجموعة الأعشاب المستخدمة: الكركم، الزنجبيل والحلق بحسب الجرعات وطريقة الاستخدام الموضحة في الدراسة. 2- استخدام مستخلصات الزهرة القنفذية والجنكوبيلوبا بالإضافة إلى برنامج معالجة أمراض الجرثومة الحلزونية البوابية والوقاية منها أثبت فاعلية كبيرة في معالجة حالات كوفيد-19 الوخيمة ومضاعفاتها، وعودة المرضى إلى أعمالهم في أقل من 7 أيام. 3- الفيروس التاجي-2 المستجد يعمل على تسريع وتيرة المرض تحت السريري ويفاقم الأمراض المرافقة لوجود أو التي تسببها الجرثومة الحلزونية البوابية الظاهرة سريرياً.

Glycosylated Phenols and an Unprecedented Diacid from the Saudi Plant Cissus rotundifolia.

Bioassay-guided investigation of the Saudi medicinal and edible plant Cissus rotundifolia yielded seven metabolites, including the new sucrose diester cissuxinoside (1) and the unprecedented cissoic acid (2), belonging to unusual classes of secondary metabolites. Their chemical structures were elucidated through a combination of HR-MS and NMR data. The absolute configuration of cissoic acid was assigned by comparison of experimental and TDDFT-calculated electronic circular dichroism spectra. In addition, three rare C-glycosyl flavones (3-5) were fully characterized, and for 3 and 4 NMR data are reported here for the first time. This study identified 1-O-(4-coumaroyl)-β-d-glucopyranose (7) as the main compound responsible for the glucose uptake stimulation effect exerted by the extract.

Evaluation of antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Cissus rotundifolia (Forssk.) leaves extract obtained by ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions

In this study, the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Cissus rotundifolia leaves extract were evaluated. The active compounds of plant leaves were extracted by using ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions. Yield, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities were determined. In addition to six strains of gram-positive and negative bacteria were used for testing antibacterial activities of the plants’ extracts. The obtained results demonstrated that extraction of active compounds by using ultrasonic-assisted extraction was more efficient. The dry yield and total phenol compounds of extract were 29.97% and 82.87 mg GAE/g DE, respectively. The antibacterial activities of the extracts were tested against two types of bacteria, Gram-positive strains: Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus agalactiae, and Gram-negative strains: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results showed that leaves extract was more effective against Gram-negative bacterial strains. The concentrations of minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal of the leaves extract against S. typhimurium, E. coli and P. aeruginosa (Gram-negative bacteria) were at concentrations of 10, 20 and 20 mg/mL, respectively. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothioline-6-sulphonic acid)-diammonium salt (ABTS) scavenging activities at a concentration of 2 mg/mL were 90.94% and 98.20%, respectively, while the IC50 was achieved at concentrations of 0.475 and 0.790 mg/mL, respectively. The leaves extract has high antibacterial and antioxidant activities; therefore, it could be a rich source of natural antibacterial and antioxidants for several food and therapeutic applications.

Anti-fertility properties of Cissus rotundifolia (Forssk.) Vahl. Extract using female Wistar rats

A third of the worldwide disease burden among women in their reproductive age ( 15-45 years) is associated with sexual and reproductive complications. The developing world experiences an unmet contraceptive demand that affects nearly 200 million women. The high rates of unintended pregnancies in sub-Saharan Africa increase the prevalence of unsafe abortions in nations. The use of conventional steroids and non-steroid based contraceptives though effective is also linked to increasing side effects. The roots decoction of Cissus rotundifolia is used by women in Tana River County, Kenya as a fertility regulator. The study evaluated the phytochemical compounds present in the Cissus rotundifolia aqueous extract. It also evaluated the effect of the plant extract on oestrus cycle and other selected female reproductive parameters; mating success, fertility index, gestation length, and litter size using female Wistar rats. The phytochemical screening established the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenols, and glycosides in the root aqueous extract of Cissus rotundifolia. The plant extract caused a dose-dependent significance increase in proestrus and metestrus phases and a significant reduction in estrus and diestrus phases (P&lt;0.05). There was no significant difference in mating success. It caused a dose-dependent reduction in fertility index compared to the control. Gestation length was significantly increased and litter size significantly reduced (P&lt;0.05).This probably is the reason for the traditional use of the plant as a fertility regulator. However, further work on reversibility, reproductive hormonal profile and ovarian histomorphology should be undertaken to improve the novel contraceptive pool.Â

Proximate composition, nutritional evaluation and functional properties of a promising food: Arabian wax Cissus (Cissus rotundifolia Forssk) leaves.

Cissus rotundifolia is a wild plant, extensively used during scarcity and famine; however, the information about its chemical and nutritional properties still limited. In this work, C. rotundifolia was evaluated for its chemical, nutritional and functional properties. The results revealed that C. rotundifolia mainly contained carbohydrates (72.54%), proteins (12.16%), ash (12.53%), dietary fiber (14.10%), in addition to adequate amounts of essential amino acids and minerals. Fructose, glucose, galactose, and arabinose were the major monosaccharides with a percentage of 23.32, 13.60, 1.24, and 0.25g/100g DW, respectively. Furthermore, it was found that C. rotundifolia contained important vitamins, including thiamin (5.37mg/100g DW), riboflavin (1.19mg/100g DW), pyridoxine (0.46mg/100g DW) and folic acid (0.20mg/100g DW). The findings of functional properties revealed good water and oil absorption capacities of 2.74 and 1.63g/g, respectively. Foaming capacity and water solubility index were 14 and 18.74%, respectively. From these results, it can be stated that C. rotundifolia has high nutritional values, which could be used widely in food applications.

Profiling of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of Cissus rotundifolia (Forssk.) as influenced by ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions

Cissus rotundifolia (Forssk.) is a wild plant belongs to the Vitaceae family, containing high levels of minerals, vitamins and amino acids. It has been used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of several diseases. In this work, the effects of different ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters including solvent type and concentration, sonication time, power, temperature, and sample to solvent ratio on the total phenol compounds (TPC) and antioxidant activities of C. rotundifolia leaves extract were investigated. The leaves extract showed high phenolic compounds content and antioxidant activity. Under the optimal conditions (acetone as a solvent, with a concentration of 40%, sonication time of 40 min, power of 150 W, temperature of 40 °C, and sample to solvent ratio of 1:50 w/v), TPC of 15.68 gallic acid equivalents/gram dry weight (g DW) was attained. Regarding the antioxidant activities, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothioline-6-sulphonic acid)-di-ammonium salt (ABTS) were 59.35% and 20.34 mg Trolox/g DW, respectively. There was a significant correlation between TPC, DPPH, and ABTS with the extraction conditions in particular solvent type and concentration. The scanning electron microscopy revealed that the ultrasound affected the walls of plant cells, and thus facilitated solvent penetration for phenolic compounds extraction. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis showed that C. rotundifolia leaves extract contained various phenolic compounds characterized by their potential applications in several medical and pharmaceutical purposes.

Antibacterial Activity of Green Synthesis Silver Nanoparticles Using Some Wild Edible Plants Commonly Used in Al Baha, Saudi Arabia

In the present study, aqueous extract of Cissus rotundifolia (Wild edible plants) was used as a reducing and capping agent in the formation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). UV-visible spectroscopy (Uv-Vis) was used to monitor the formation of AgNPs in the aqueous medium. The green-prepared AgNPs investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The morphology and size of the benign silver nanoparticles were carried out by the transmission electron microscope (TEM) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The susceptibility of bacteria strains against the green synthesis AgNPs was determined using the disk diffusion method. The microorganisms employed were E. coli, K. pneumoniae, B. cereus, S. aureus, C. lbicans and Aspergillus. The results showed the characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak of the AgNPs appeared at approximately 418 - 446 nm. XRD revealed peaks at 38.2, 44.16, 64.24 and 77.22 θ, and the intensity of these peaks enhanced when using microwave curing compared to ambient temperature. SEM and TEM results showed that the silver nanoparticles have a spherical shape and the particle size for samples is less than 37 nm. FTIR spectroscopy measurements showed the binding of organic compounds on the surface of the silver nanoparticles. The highest antibacterial activity was enhanced with increasing of AgNPs dose and with increasing of extract ration against most of microorganisms.