Abstract
Cissus rotundifolia Lam. is used as a medicinal herb and vegetable. Flavonoids are the major components for the therapeutic effects. However, flavonoids constituents and expression profiles of related genes in C. rotundifolia organs are unknown. Colorimetric assay showed the highest flavonoid concentration in roots compared to the stem and leaf. Widely target-based metabolome analysis allowed tentative identification of 199 compounds in three organs. Flavonols and flavones were the dominant flavonoids subclasses. Among the metabolites, 171 were common in the three organs. Unique accumulation profile was observed in the root while the stem and leaf exhibited relatively similar patterns. In the root, six unique compounds (jaceosidin, licoagrochalcone D, 8-prenylkaempferol, hesperetin 7-O-(6″malonyl) glucoside, aureusidin, apigenin-4′-O-rhamnoside) that are used for medicinal purposes were detected. In total, 18,427 expressed genes were identified from transcriptome of the three organs covering about 60% of annotated genes in C. rotundifolia genome. Fourteen gene families, including 52 members involved in the main pathway of flavonoids biosynthesis, were identified. Their expression could be found in at least one organ. Most of the genes were highly expressed in roots compared to other organs, coinciding with the metabolites profile. The findings provide fundamental data for exploration of metabolites biosynthesis in C. rotundifolia and diversification of parts used for medicinal purposes.
Highlights
IntroductionCissus rotundifolia Lam., a species of Cissus genus within the grape family, native to Africa, is widely used as a vegetable and medicinal herb [1,2,3,4]
Said et al [10] found that methanolic extract of C. rotundifolia had significant central and peripheral analgesic effects, and their inhibitory effect on paw edema was better than indomethacin, while the total flavonoids in the extract accounted for 42.5% of the total phenolic content
194 flavonoids were tentatively identified in C. rotundifolia, which was more than four times the number of metabolites previously identified in leaves [9]
Summary
Cissus rotundifolia Lam., a species of Cissus genus within the grape family, native to Africa, is widely used as a vegetable and medicinal herb [1,2,3,4]. Due to its anti-diabetic and anti-parasitic properties, preparations derived from, leaves, stems, or a whole plant of Cissus rotundifolia Lam. are used as conventional remedies for diabetes, obesity, malaria, allergies, and bacterial infections [6,7,8]. Flavonoids subclasses, such as flavones, have been isolated from variable tissues and their medicinal traits have been reported. In Dracaena cambodiana and Dracaena cochinchinensis, which are used in Chinese traditional medicine, flavonoids and related metabolites have been isolated, exhibiting antibacterial and growth inhibitory properties [17,18,19].
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