Circuit Simulation Research Articles

Floating Tristate Double Boost Converter and a Modification

Two concepts are combined in this paper. First, the tristate concept, where the electronic switch of a DC/DC converter is replaced by a combination of two electronic switches and an additional diode. This leads to two interesting features: first the voltage-transformation ratio can be linearized and second the system can be transferred into a phase minimum system, which makes the control easier. The second two tristate Boost converters are combined to a floating double Boost converter. The basic function of the converter is explained. The large and the linearized small signal models are derived, transfer functions calculated, and Bode plots drawn. The dynamic behavior is studied with transfer functions and by circuit simulations done with LTSpice. The inrush is studied and a modification of the converter is shown to avoid dangerous overcurrents.

DEVELOPMENT OF DC-DC BUCK CONVERTER FOR SOLAR PANEL ENERGY STORAGE THROUGH LOAD OPTIMIZATION AND FEEDBACK CIRCUIT

Solar panels are crucial components in converting sun radiation into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. A solar panels cannot be connected directly to the load due to its low energy conversion efficiency and low output voltage. One of the methods used to control solar cells to operate efficiently at their maximum power point is MPPT. In this paper, we design a DC-DC converter by modifications of the Butterworth filter circuit and feedback circuit in the MPPT system for storing solar panel electrical using the Hill Climbing (HC) method. The device consists of a DC-DC buck converter circuit, two pieces of INA219 sensors, a DS18B20 temperature sensor, a MAX44009 light intensity sensor, a SD card module and a DS3231 RTC. The DC-DC buck converter circuit simulation is carried out to determine the optimal load. The load optimization was conducted by analyzing the AC simulation using Ltspice software. The magnitude of the output voltage ripple in nine different loads was observed. From the simulations performed, it was found that the 50 Ω load has an output voltage ripple of 8.96 mV and is smaller than the other loads. The main DC-DC buck converter circuit is designed using a butterworth low pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 1000 Hz (R = 50 Ω, L = 33.8 mH and C = 750 nF) and a feedback circuit with a cut-off frequency of 500 Hz is added. From the prototype measurement, it was found that the average output power was 3249,7 milliwatts and the average input power was 4779 milliwatts, thus the average efficiency was 68%. With these results, the DC-DC converter circuit configuration is suitable for use in electrical energy storage systems from solar panels that have high efficiency.

Analysis fin field-effect transistor design with high-k insulators

In this article, we integrate a Fin Field Effect Transistor with high-k insulators to investigate the optimal design for chemical field effect transistors in order to give higher inductance (resulting in a higher transmission relationship), improved amplitude, and outcome-based substance. pH sensing was utilised to test the design. We investigated the responsiveness and linearity of silicon dioxide, oxide, and hafnium oxide as pH-sensing electromagnetic materials, as well as their chemical resistance in various acids. The device’s huge component ratio and fin shape allow for high currents and a more dependable planar conducting channel than conventional silicon nanowires. The hafnium oxide Fin Field Effect Transistor architecture delivered the greatest results, with the most linear features of generation and turnover and a broader dynamic range. The chemical stability of hafnium oxide was also the best. As a result, we believe the large component ratio Fin Field Effect Transistors/high-k dielectric combination can provide the optimal process fairness for Field-Effect Transistor-based sensors. The authors propose a novel seamless embedded induction approximation with a quaternary resonator. Only one deleterious modified divergent voltage current conveyor, one of the suggested quaternary synthesisers, uses a Z input, a rectifier, and two crossed capacitive. In the intended unidirectional isolated circuit emulator, just one customised split electrical output feeder with a sole Z electrode, two switches, and the first neutral capacitor are used. The suggested seamless rooted circuit simulation just requires a specific passive constituent compatibility criterion. In addition, the suggested lossless grounded inductor simulator yields a ring filter application. To illustrate the performance of all the circuits, a variety of models using the LTSPICE software, the cadence virtuoso 7nm parameter, and data analyses were performed.

Techno-economic Analysis of New Wind Power Plant Development in Southern Sulawesi Electrical Power System

Global warming due to carbon emissions has resulted in climate change, which negatively impacts the lives of living things. On the other hand, electricity demand is increasing every year due to the increasing human population, economic growth and equipment electrification. At the moment, most of the electricity generation in Indonesia uses fossil energy power plants which produce carbon emissions. PT. PLN (Persero) is a State-Owned Enterprise tasked with managing the electricity system in Indonesia. PT. PLN (Persero) through the General Plan for Electricity Supply (RUPTL) for 2021-2030 is targeting the construction of New and Renewable Energy Power Plants. One of possible plan is the Wind Power Plant (WPP) construction in the Southern Sulawesi electrical power system. The use of WPP is expected to reduce carbon emissions. However, the integration of WPP causes other problems in the existing system such as dropped voltage, increased equipment loading, increased short circuit current and decreased stability. So, it is necessary to conduct a study on the effects of integrating WPP into the existing system. Using DIgSILENT Power Factory software, Load Flow, Short Circuit and Transient Stability simulations were carried out. Then an economic analysis was carried out including calculating net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), profitability index (PI), payback period (PBP) and levelized cost of energy (LCOE. The use of WPP at a certain capacity will not disrupt the stability of the system's power because it is still supported by the fast response generators in the system during variable WPP output. Also voltage drop, equipment loading and short circuit current will not exceed the design value of the system. From financial aspect, with certain assumptions, WPP development can be proven to be economically feasible.

Modelling for Multiport Converter-based Hybrid Power supply for Renewable Energy Source Application

This research work deals with the design, modeling and technical evaluation of multiport modular converter based hybrid Power supply using solar PV for small village. The village’s maximum power demand is 50kvA, consisting of demands of twenty (20) households. The first converter in the proposed multiport system is a high frequency isolated DC-DC converter fed with HVDC link yielding an output voltage of 700vDC. The isolated DC-DC converter uses a medium frequency transformer with primary and secondary side converters in input-series output-parallel (ISOP) configuration. Also, the output of first converter is connected to a solar PV and battery system through a buck-boost converter. The second converter in the system is solar PV fed three phase modular inverter designed to have output AC line voltage of 0.415 kV. The three phase inverter is based on modular multilevel converter (MMC) with interleaved modulation techniques. A silicon carbide power MOSFETs, with model numbers CPM3-10000-0270(CREE) and SD11703 (Solitron) are used as a building blocks for isolated DC-DC converter. On the other hand, SiC -MOSFET with part number SCT3017AL (RHOM) is used as basic building block for modular inverter. A solar PV module with open circuit voltage of 85V and maximum power rating of 415W is used to feed the inverter. Different scenarios such as changes in load and changes in solar irradiance are used for critically evaluating the performances of the system under question. The output voltage THD, current distortions, changes in the converter output voltage, current magnitude and converter efficiency are used for performance evaluation of the system under consideration. Simulink/ PLECS (Piecewise Linear Electrical Circuit Simulation) combo simulation platform is used to model and simulate the system in question. Simulation results showed that the proposed multiport converter system can be a viable alternative to low frequency distribution transformer.
 Keywords: Multiport converter, MMC, DC-DC converter, Hybrid power Supply, Solar PV.

A Datasheet-Driven Electrothermal Averaged Model of a Diode–MOSFET Switch for Fast Simulations of DC–DC Converters

The design of modern power electronics converters requires accurate electrothermal device models enabling a straightforward parameter estimation and fast, yet accurate, circuit simulations. In this paper, a novel electrothermal averaged model of a diode–MOSFET switch for fast analysis of DC–DC converters is proposed. The model has the form of a SPICE-compatible subcircuit and allows computing in a very short simulation time the DC characteristics of the converter, the waveforms of the terminal voltages and currents of the semiconductor devices, as well as their junction temperatures, both in CCM and DCM.. All the input data required by the parameter estimation procedure can be taken from the datasheets of components. The correctness of the proposed approach is experimentally verified for a buck converter chosen as a case-study. A generally good agreement between measurements and simulations is obtained; as an example, the absolute error in assessing the MOSFET junction temperature does not exceed 12 °C within the whole range of switching frequency of the converter, while the commonly used PLECS model considerably underestimates it.

Multistability and Four-Scroll Chaos in a Pair of Coupled Second-Order Damped Oscillators with Hyperbolic Sine Function: Theoretical Study and Circuit Simulation

Multistability and Four-Scroll Chaos in a Pair of Coupled Second-Order Damped Oscillators with Hyperbolic Sine Function: Theoretical Study and Circuit Simulation

UYUMLU KESİRLİ MERTEBEDEN TÜREVLE MODELLENEN KONDANSATÖRÜN SPICE MODELİ VE PARALEL R-L-C_∝ DEVRESİNİN SİMÜLASYONUNDA KULLANIMI

Fractional-order (FO) components have emerged as a necessary method to model electrical and electronic circuits in the 20th century. In recent decades, the conformable fractional derivative has become a very popular mathematical tool. In the literature, it is used to model supercapacitors successfully. However, it is usually difficult to find analytical solutions for the circuits having a CFD capacitor. Circuit simulation programs make it easy to inspect the circuits hard to analyze. A CFD capacitor does not have a spice model yet. In this study, the Spice model of a CFD capacitor is constructed in the LTspice program. The model is also used to simulate an R-L-C_∝ parallel circuit with a CFD capacitor. Its simulation results are given.

Improved Arithmetic Performance by Combining Stateful and Non‐Stateful Logic in Resistive Random Access Memory 1T–1R Crossbars

Computing‐in‐memory (CIM) is a promising approach for overcoming the memory‐wall problem in conventional von‐Neumann architectures. This is done by performing certain computation tasks directly in the storage subsystem without transferring data between storage and processing units. Stateful and non‐stateful CIM concepts are recently attracting lots of interest, which are demonstrated as logical complete, energy efficient, and compatible with dense crossbar structures. However, sneak‐path currents in passive resistive random access memory (RRAM) crossbars degrade the operation reliability and require the usage of active 1 Transistor–1 Resistance (1T‐1R) bitcell designs. In this article, the arithmetic performance and reliability are investigated based on experimental measurements and variability‐aware circuit simulations. Herein, it is aimed for the evaluation of logic operations specifically with fully integrated 1T–1R crossbar devices. Based on these operations, an N‐bit full adder with optimized energy consumption and latency is demonstrated by combining stateful and non‐stateful CIM logic styles with regard to the specific conditions in active 1T–1R RRAM crossbars.

Gamification of Basic Electronics using Crumb Circuit Simulator on Students Behavioral Intention

This study explores the integration of the extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2) in the gamification of basic electronics utilizing CRUMB Circuit Simulator on students’ behavioral intention. It aims to examine the behavioral intention of the students in utilizing e-learning tools and gamification approaches. This research utilizes a mixed-method quantitative design, incorporating surveys and pilot testing of the software, incorporating surveys and pilot-testing of the software. It focuses on seven exogenous or independent variables: performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, hedonic motivation, price value, and habit, with behavioral intention as the endogenous or dependent variable. The study utilized SmartPLS (PLS-SEM) version 4.0 by Ringle et al., 2022.

Research on dual‐coupled wireless power transfer system for cardiac pacemaker based on integrated coils

SummaryIn order to reduce the implantation volume and improve the transmission efficiency of the magnetically coupled resonant wireless power transfer system for cardiac pacemakers, a dual‐coupled wireless power transfer system for cardiac pacemakers that integrates a compensation coil into the main coil was designed. First, the mutual inductance equivalent model of the dual‐coupled wireless power transfer system was established and the impedance matching parameters were solved. The double‐sided inductor–capacitor–inductor (DS‐LCL) circuit simulation model considering the equivalent series resistance was established with MATLAB. The influence of different inductance ratios on the output power and transfer efficiency of the system was analyzed in the range of 200–300 kHz, and the system parameters for optimal transfer efficiency were determined. Second, the compensation coil on the same side was naturally decoupled by changing the aspect ratio of the compensation coil. The magnetic field distribution between the internally integrated dual‐coupled structure proposed in this paper and the conventional integrated structure was compared using COMSOL, and the safety assessment of the system was conducted, considering parameters such as temperature rise and specific absorption rate. Finally, an experimental platform was established to verify the system's output performance and safety. The results showed that compared with conventional integrated structures, the proposed integrated structure increased the output power by 0.229 W and transmission efficiency by 10.08% at a transmission distance of 8 mm. The maximum temperature rise is 1.9°C.

Circuit Simulator Implementation of an Equivalent Circuit Model of Self‐Assembled Electret Vibrational Energy Harvesters Based on An Energy Diagram

This paper reports an equivalent circuit model of self‐assembled electret (SAE) micro‐electro‐mechanical systems (MEMS) vibrational energy harvesters (VEHs). For the first time, a detailed equivalent circuit model of the SAE‐MEMS VEH has been implemented on a circuit simulator, considering the device energy diagram. The implemented equivalent circuit model allows analysis of the relationship between output current and SAE properties, device structures, and electrode materials. The validity of the model is confirmed by comparing the measurement and simulation results. Thus, the proposed model would be useful for the design of SAE‐MEMS VEHs. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.

CALCULATION OF POWER TRANSFORMER INDUCTANCE MATRIX

Practical calculations of electric equipment and electric networks are performed using equivalent circuits. Without taking into account saturation phenomena, electromagnetic processes in a power transformer are described by a system of linear equations, which can be represented in matrix form. The transformer inductance matrix contains self and mutual winding inductances, whose values for one phase are determined directly from the passport data containing the results of no-load and short circuit experiments. Mutual inductances between phases depending on the type and size of the magnetic core are not usually given in the transformer documentation. It does not allow to simulate the operating modes that differ from the steady state with uniform phase load.
 
 The purpose of the work is to develop an algorithm for calculating elements of the power transformer inductance matrix according to its passport data and magnetic circuit parameters.
 
 The scientific novelty lies in use of information about magnetic circuit type and size to determine elements of the inductance matrix.
 
 Materials and methods. Methods of linear electric and magnetic circuit theory are used in the work.
 
 Results. The proposed algorithm for calculation of power transformer inductance matrix includes three stages: calculation of self and mutual inductances for one phase; construction of an equivalent circuit for a magnetic circuit and calculation of magnetic fluxes in order to take into account the mutual influence of windings on various phases; assembly of the inductance matrix of three-phase transformer. A method is proposed for constructing the transformer inductance matrix with an arbitrary type of magnetic circuit, phases and windings quantity. The method involves preliminary calculation of the coefficient matrix that characterizes the magnetic circuit and depends mainly on its type and, to a less, on the ratio of geometric dimensions in rods and yokes. The coefficient matrix can be calculated in advance and used to determine the inductance matrix of a wide range of transformers.
 
 Conclusions. 1. The passport data of the transformer do not allow to model transformer operation at unbalanced load validly. 2. An algorithm for determining the inductance matrix of transformers has been developed. 3. A method for compilation of a transformer inductance matrix with an arbitrary type of magnetic circuit, the number of phases and windings is introduced. The practical significance of the algorithm is determined by the simplicity of algorithmizing, as well as by the possibility of using it in computer simulation of electrical circuits with transformers, for example, using the modified nodal analysis method.

An Area-Efficient Integrate-and-Fire Neuron Circuit with Enhanced Robustness against Synapse Variability in Hardware Neural Network

Neuron circuits are the fundamental building blocks in the modern neuromorphic system. Designing compact and low-power neuron circuits can significantly improve the overall area and energy efficiencies of a neuromorphic chip architecture. Here, practical neuron circuits must overcome the variations arising from nonideal behaviors of synaptic devices, such as stuck-at-fault and conductance deviation. In this study, a compact leaky integrate-and-fire neuron circuit has been designed, with resilience to synaptic device state variations, for hardware implementation of spiking neural networks (SNNs). The proposed neuron circuit is simulated on the 0.35-μm Si complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology node by a series of circuit simulations based on HSPICE. The proposed circuit occupies a reduced area and exhibits low power consumption (14.7 µW per spike). Furthermore, the optimized circuit design results in a high degree of tolerance toward input-current variations arising from conductance-state variations in the synapse array. Hence, the proposed neuron circuit would be capable of substantially improving the area efficiency and reliability in the realization of the hardware-oriented SNN architectures.

Кванттық симулятор оқу құралы ретінде

n the field of quantum computing, the properties of quantum superposition offer a promising potential for solving complex problems in a few minutes, while classical computers would take years to solve the same problem. Therefore, many institutions have introduced courses related to quantum mechanics and quantum computing into their programs. However, there is currently no known web-based tool or PC application dedicated to the study of quantum computing. Quantum computers are not available for educational purposes. In the early stages of learning, students may benefit from a way to practice quantum computing with a visual tool. Quantum computing is usually expressed by a quantum circuit with its sequences of quantum gates. The article talks about the creation of an educational simulator for the study of quantum circuits with various gates, functions and transformation rules. This quantum simulator will help students learn the principles of quantum circuitry in their undergraduate and graduate courses. This tool will offer functions that allow you to build a quantum circuit, add and remove quantum gates, apply transformation rules, and observe the operation of a quantum circuit with its unitary matrix. By practicing with the quantum circuit simulator, students can strengthen their theoretical knowledge base about quantum computing and linear algebraic functions

Investigation on the Impact of Excitation Amplitude on AFM-TM Microcantilever Beam System's Dynamic Characteristics and Implementation of an Equivalent Circuit.

Alterations in the dynamical properties of an atomic force microscope microcantilever beam system in tapping mode can appreciably impact its measurement precision. Understanding the influence mechanism of dynamic parameter changes on the system's motion characteristics is vital to improve the accuracy of the atomic force microscope in tapping mode (AFM-TM). In this study, we categorize the mathematical model of the AFM-TM microcantilever beam system into systems 1 and 2 based on actual working conditions. Then, we analyze the alterations in the dynamic properties of both systems due to external excitation variations using bifurcation diagrams, phase trajectories, Lyapunov indices, and attraction domains. The numerical simulation results show that when the dimensionless external excitation g < 0.183, the motion state of system 2 is period 1. When g < 0.9, the motion state of system 1 is period 1 motion. Finally, we develop the equivalent circuit model of the AFM-TM microcantilever beam and perform related software simulations, along with practical circuit experiments. Our experimental results indicate that the constructed equivalent circuit can effectively analyze the dynamic characteristics of the AFM-TM microcantilever beam system in the presence of complex external environmental factors. It is observed that the practical circuit simulation attenuates high-frequency signals, resulting in a 31.4% reduction in excitation amplitude compared to numerical simulation results. This provides an essential theoretical foundation for selecting external excitation parameters for AFM-TM cantilever beams and offers a novel method for analyzing the dynamics of micro- and nanomechanical systems, as well as other nonlinear systems.

Design, Development and Testing of Microcontroller Systems Simulator using PIC Microcontroller

The inadequacy or absence of training equipment negatively impacts student performance, achievement and employability. Attempting to address this problem, the study was conducted to design, develop, fabricate and test a microcontroller systems simulator (MSS). The MSS was composed of the mainboard and development board comprising the PIC microcontroller, microcontroller circuits and input and output devices. The MSS was designed using AutoCAD, schematic design and circuit simulation software, and printed circuit board auto-routing software. A computerized cutting machine, laser laminator and ink printer were also used in the fabrication of the MSS boards. Test results showed that 12 and 24 VDC voltage readings were normal, sensors were working with the indicated specifications, and the MSS could perform automatic switching simulations. It was concluded that the MSS can effectively demonstrate microcontroller experiments and switching applications and it conformed to the required voltage and current ratings, electronics and electrical safety standards. It was also found that it is technically feasible to develop a microcontroller simulator utilizing commercially and locally available materials and spare parts.

Multi-Bit Self-Rectifying Synaptic Memristor Having Tri-Layer Structure for Quantization Aware Training of Quantized Neural Network

Recently, a cross-point synaptic memristor arrays have been employed to implement synaptic cores of various ANNs, i.e., deep neural networks (DNNs), spiking neural networks (SNNs), and convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The most of reported studies conducted training and inference of ANNs using analog synaptic weight modulation of memristors such as resistive random access memory (ReRAM), phase change random access memory (PCRAM), and ferroelectric random access memory (FeRAM). In other words, no case has been reported so far in which a synaptic memristor with quantized multi-bit is utilized onto a synaptic core of a quantized neural network (QNN).In this study, for the first time, we introduced the multi-bit self-rectifying synaptic memristor having tri-layer structure being composed of oxygen-rich AlOx rectifying layer, oxygen-deficient HfOx top switching layer, and oxygen-rich HfOy bottom switching layer for quantization aware training of QNN. The resistive switching and self-rectifying mechanism of the multi-bit self-rectifying synaptic memristor was evidently proven by precisely investigating migration of oxygen ions and vacancies in resistive switching layers via ToF-SIMS and XPS depth profiles depending on the resistance states (i.e., pristine, set, and reset). The designed multi-bit self-rectifying synaptic memristor presented linear, discrete, and quantized 4-bit (i.e., 16-level) conductance level depending on incremental write pulse number, which was 4-bit self-rectifying synaptic memristor for the first time. In addtion, the quantization aware training (QAT) was conducted using 4-bit quantized conductance level of the desgiend multi-bit self-rectifying synaptic memristor via stright through estimator (STE). Finally, three different iris datasets were successfully classified using a quantized neural network designed via SPICE circuit simulation. The conductance mechanism of the self-rectifying synaptic memristor and its application of QNN will be presented in detail. Acknowledgement This research was supported by National R&D Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by Ministry of Science and ICT(2021M3F3A2A01037733) Figure 1

Design of a bus-based battery equalization with zero-current switching

A novel any cell to any cell equalization circuit topology with small column, low weight, low cost, and high efficiency is proposed for serial-connected batteries, especially suitable for unmanned aerial vehicles, satellites, and other fields with strict requirements on size, weight, reliability, and safety. To solve the problems of high switching losses in equalization circuits and low reliability of complex control schemes. A half-bridge circuit to convert the DC voltage of the battery into AC voltage is employed, and the energy is exchanged autonomously via the bus. At the same time, LC resonant circuit is used to achieve zero-current switching of the MOSFET, thus reduces greatly the switching losses. The working principle is analyzed by theoretical derivation, and the parameters of the circuit are optimized through circuit simulation. Furthermore, experiments which support six cells equalization are carried out to verify the feasibility and advantage of this topology. This equalization uses a bus-type architecture to improve equalization efficiency and topological flexibility making it even more valuable in the industrial and aerospace fields.

QuanPath: achieving one-step communication for distributed quantum circuit simulation

QuanPath: achieving one-step communication for distributed quantum circuit simulation