Ciocalteau Reagent Research Articles

Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Studies on the Aerial Parts Extracts of Crinum latifolium L. (Amaryllidaceae)

The present study was undertaken to find the antimicrobial activities, phytochemical presence in various aerial parts extract of Crinum latifolium (C. latifolium). Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenolics, flavonoids and alkaloids was determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. Quantitative analysis of phenolic, flavonoids and alkaloids was carried out by Folins Ciocalteau reagent, aluminium chloride and bromocresol green method respectively. The in vitro antimicrobial activity was done by well diffusion assay method against S. mutans and S. bongori using standard ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin (10-30μg/ml). The antimicrobial activity was determined by measuring the diameter of the zone of inhibition in term of millimeter (mm). The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of tannins, glycosides, flavonoids and alkaloids ect. The antimicrobial activity of hydroalcoholic extract of aerial parts against all microorganisms was concentration dependent manner but less than standard drug. It is concluded that the antimicrobial activity showed by the plant is due to the presence of these phytochemicals. For future studies, phytochemcials responsible for these activities can be isolated and modified for pharmacological purpose.

Evaluation of the Antidiarrheal and Antioxidant Effects of Some Chewing Sticks Commonly Used for Oral Hygiene in Ghana.

Microbial etiology of diarrhea is a significant cause of death, especially in children in developing countries. The presence of microbes that are resistant to current treatment options for diarrhea suggests the need to find newer antimicrobial agents for treatment. Therefore, this study focused on investigating the antimicrobial effect of some Ghanaian chewing sticks commonly used for oral hygiene, Azadirachta indica, Garcinia afzelii, and Garcinia kola, against selected diarrhea-causing organisms. From the stem and bark of each plant, 70% methanolic extract was experimented on Salmonella and Shigella species, namely, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexeneri, Salmonella typhinirium enterica, Salmonella typhi attenuated, and Klebsiella oxytoca for microbial susceptibility using the agar well diffusion method. Additionally, the antioxidant profile of the methanolic extracts were investigated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic) acid (ABTS) scavenging activities, and ferric-reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assays, while the total polyphenolic content was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteau reagent. G. afzelii and A. indica stem demonstrated the highest antimicrobial effect, inhibiting the growth of all test organisms. Additionally, the extracts demonstrated high antioxidant potential and were found to possess significant amounts of phenolic compounds. Therefore, methanolic extracts of G. afzelii and A. indica stem are promising candidates for the identification of safe novel compounds to mitigate diarrheal diseases.

Identification and activity of active compound of bamboo leaves (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad ex.J.C) ethanolic extract against diabetic ulcers gram-negative bacteria from diabetic ulcer’s patient

Background: Bamboo leaves (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad ex.J.C) are plants that are known to have pharmacological activity, one of which is to have antibacterial activity. Diabetic Foot Ulcers (DFU) is one chronic complication of diabetes mellitus. DFU is open sores on the surface of the skin that can be accompanied by local tissue death. Infection that is not appropriately treated in patients can cause amputation. Improper use of antibiotics can cause resistance events. A resistance that occurs in Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli in isolates from DFU patients encourages researchers to look for alternative antibiotics from natural resources. Objective: Determine the profile of secondary metabolites by thin-layer chromatography, foam index, total phenols, total flavonoids and the antibacterial activity of bamboo (B. vulgaris) through the antibacterial with clear zone value of bamboo leaf ethanol extract against bacteria E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and P. mirabilis. Method: Phenol, flavonoid, and triterpenoid test using TLC method. Saponin tests were carried out using foam index, fish index, and hemolytic index test methods. Total flavonoid testing using Chang method and total phenol method using the Follin Ciocalteau reagent then proceed using a spectrophotometer. Test the antibacterial activity using the agar diffusion method. Results: Chromatographic profile, phenol, flavonoid, and triterpenoid compounds were obtained; saponin index obtained foam index of 333; fish index of 200; and the hemolytic index of 1,111. The total phenol test was 16.052 ± 3.12 % and the total flavonoid was 2.42 ± 0.44 %. Antibacterial activity test obtained MIC values of 60 mg/ml for E. coli bacteria; 100 mg/ml for the bacterium P. aeruginosa; and 30 mg/ml of P. mirabilis. Conclusion: The content of secondary metabolites found in the ethanol extract of bamboo leaves were flavonoid, phenol, saponin and triterpenoids. Ethanol extract of bamboo leaves has a the potential to produce antibacterial activity against gram-negative pathogenic bacteria isolated from diabetic wound patients Keywords: Bambusa vulgaris Schrad ex.J.C, total phenol, total flavonoid, MIC

PENETAPAN KADAR FENOLIK TOTAL EKSTRAK ETANOL 70% DAN FRAKSI ETIL ASETAT DAUN BAWANG DAYAK (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr) DENGAN METODE SPEKTROFOMETRI UV-VIS

ayak onion (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr). Is used by the people in Central Kalimantan as a traditional treatment by utilizing onion dayak tubers while the leaves are rarely used, the part of dayak onion leaves also have the potential to naturally be useful as traditional medicine because they contain compounds phenol. Phenol compounds are useful as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic and antitumor. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of phenolic chemical compounds in ethyl acetate fraction and 70% ethanol extract of dayak onion leaves and find out the total phenolic content contained. The sample in this study is Dayak onion leaves from Palangkaraya, Central Kalimantan. Extraction of onion dayak leaves using maceration method. Fraction extract was made by liquid-liquid extraction method with ethyl acetate solvent. The level determination method used was Uv-Vis Spectrophotometry with Folin ciocalteau reagent. The results of this study indicate that from 70% ethanol extract and dayak onion leaves ethyl acetate fraction is containing phenolic compounds. Phenolic levels in this study obtained total levels of dayak onion leaves ethyl acetate fraction was 10.61% ± 0.0019 said to be greater than the 70% ethanol extract content of dayak onion leaves was 2.23% ± 0.0002.

PENENTUAN KADAR POLIFENOL EKSTRAK TEH KEMASAN DENGAN METODE REMASERASI MENGGUNAKAN SPEKTROFOTOMETRI UV-VIS

The purpose of this research is determine the polyphenol content of various brand of packaged tea. Sample were used five sample. Polyphenol compounds of packaged tea were extracted using remaseration method with ethanol 70%. Qualitative test were used using FeCl3 reagent and quantitative test polyphenol content were determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry method with Folin Ciocalteau reagent. Galic acid was used as comparator in this research. The result of qualitative test is all sample of brewed tea containing polyphenol. Polyphenol content sample A, B, C, D, and E with remaseration method were respectively 0,541; 0,557; 0,474; 0,557; and 0,428%(b/b).Keyword: packaged tea, polyphenol, remaseration, UV-Vis spectrophotometryThe purpose of this research is determine the polyphenol content of various brand of packaged tea. Sample were used five sample. Polyphenol compounds of packaged tea were extracted using remaseration method with ethanol 70%. Qualitative test were used using FeCl3 reagent and quantitative test polyphenol content were determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry method with Folin Ciocalteau reagent. Galic acid was used as comparator in this research. The result of qualitative test is all sample of brewed tea containing polyphenol. Polyphenol content sample A, B, C, D, and E with remaseration method were respectively 0,541; 0,557; 0,474; 0,557; and 0,428%(b/b).Keyword: packaged tea, polyphenol, remaseration, UV-Vis spectrophotometryPENDAHULUANTeh merupakan minuman yang dapat diterima oleh

ANALISIS POLIFENOL EKSTRAK TEH TUBRUK KEMASAN MENGGUNAKAN SPEKTROFOTOMETRI UV-VIS

The purpose of this research is determine the polyphenol content of brewed tea. Sample were used three sample. Polyphenol compounds of packaged tea were extracted using percolation method with ethanol 70%. Qualitative test were used using FeCl3 reagent and quantitative test polyphenol content were determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry method with Folin Ciocalteau reagent. Galic acid was used as comparator in this research. The result of qualitative test is all sample of packaged tea containing polyphenol. Polyphenol content sample A, B, and C, with peercolation method were respectively 0,538; 0,554; and 0,470; %b/b.Keyword: packaged tea, polyphenol, percolation, UV-Vis spectrophotometry

Antimicrobial, antioxidant and phytochemical investigation of Thuja occidentalis (Arbor vitae) leave extract

Various medicinal plants are common in use in India for the treatment of different diseases. Nowadays, drug resistance has emerged as a major problem for various infections, in such case plants can be used as alternative for the production of new medicine. Thuja occidentalis (T. occidentalis, Cupressacae) is a well-known medicinal plant. The aim of the present study was to evaluate qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of leaf of T. occidentalis collected from Bhopal region of Madhya Pradesh. Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenolics and flavonoids were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. Quantitative analysis of phenolic and flavonoids was carried out by Folins Ciocalteau reagent method and aluminium chloride method respectively. The in vitro antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of the leaves was assessed against DPPH and reducing power assay method using standard protocols and in vitro antimicrobial activity was done by well diffusion assay method. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, flavonoids, tannins. The total phenolics content of leaves of methanolic extract was (0.125 mg/gm), followed by flavonoids (0.475mg/gm). The activities of all leaves extract against DPPH and reducing power assay method were concentration dependent. The antimicrobial acuity of methanolic extract of leave against all microorganisms was concentration dependent manner but less than standard drug (Ofloxacin, Amphotericin B). The present study concluded that the crude extract of T. occidentalis is a rich source of secondary phytoconstituents which impart significant antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. The findings of the present study will be helpful to phytochemists, pharmacologists and pharmaceutical industries.

Chromatographic fingerprinting of some basils and the evaluation of their antioxidant properties with chemometric calculations

The quality of 12 basils (Ocimum basilicum L.) extracts was evaluated based on content of phenolics, antioxidant activity, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint combined with chemometrics. Evaluation of antioxidant activity was performed using DPPH technique and total phenolic was determined using Folin–Ciocalteau reagent. Highest antioxidant activity was obtained for O. basilicum L. “Petit Anis Blanc”, O. basilicum L. “Fine Verde”, O. basilicum L. var. Lactucaefolium, O. basilicum L. “Siam Queen” and two species from market. The evaluation of chemical similarity was performed using similarity and distance measures, principle component analysis and cluster analysis (CA). Similarity between O. basilicum L. “Fine Verde” and O. basilicum L. ‘Siam Queen’ was confirmed using chemometric techniques. Similarity between one of the market species and Ocimum tenuiflorum L. was confirmed based on similarity measures and CA. The relationship between chromatographic data and antioxidant activity was determined using partial least squares. High value of correlation coefficient between chromatographic data and total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were obtained. These results confirm the usefulness of statistical method for predicting the relationship between chemical composition of samples and their biological activity. In conclusion, applied chromatographic and chemometric techniques have been proved suitable for estimation of phytochemical similarity of selected basils and for predicting their antioxidant activities.

Extraction, Phytochemical Screening and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Hydro-Ethanolic Extract of Roots of Dactylorhiza hatagirea

The present work showed phytochemical screening, anti-inflammatory activities and sub-acute toxicity of hydro-ethanolic extract of roots of Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. hatagirea) and rhizomes of Curcuma angustifolia (C. angustifolia). The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by Carrageenan-Induced Rat Paw Edema method. Acute toxicity of the extract (2000 mg/kg) was examined in Swiss albino mice for 14 days. Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenolics and flavonoids were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. Quantitative analysis of phenolic and flavonoids was carried out by Folins Ciocalteau reagent method and aluminium chloride method respectively. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids. The total phenolics content of roots of Dactylorhiza hatagirea and rhizomes of Curcuma angustifolia extract was (0.675, 0.456mg/100mg), followed by flavonoids (0.832, 1.091mg/100mg) respectively. Hydro-ethanolic extract up to 2000 mg/kg did not produce any toxic effects. The hydro-ethanolic extract of Dactylorhiza hatagirea and Curcuma angustifolia (100 and 200 mg/kg) inhibited the inflammation induced by carrageenan in rats in a dose dependent manner. After anti-inflammatory activity tablet formulation was prepared of the extract and evaluated as per IP. The hydro-ethanolic extract of Dactylorhiza hatagirea and Curcuma angustifolia possesses a strong anti-inflammatory activity and may be considered an interesting source of effective anti-inflammatory compounds.
 Keywords: Sub-acute toxicity, anti-inflammatory effect, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Curcuma angustifolia, Herbal tablet formulation

Avaliação do potencial antioxidante e da atividade antibacteriana do extrato da polpa de Psidium brownianum Mart. ex DC

Espécies do gênero Psidium tem se apresentado eficiente quanto a características de interesses nutricionais, como riqueza em vitaminas e em substâncias antioxidantes. Além disso, atividade antibacteriana, tem sido evidenciada por extratos de espécies do gênero Psidium. Dessa forma, o presente estudo tem a finalidade avaliar o potencial antioxidante e a atividade antibacteriana do extrato da polpa de Psidium brownianum Mart. ex DC.. Os compostos fenólicos totais foram quantificados utilizando o reagente de Folin – Ciocalteau. O potencial antioxidante do extrato de Psidium brownianum Mart. ex DC. foi determinado pelo método fotocolorimétrico in vitro por sequestro do radical livre estável DPPH. Para avaliar a capacidade antibacteriana do extrato, fez uso do método de microdiluição em caldo. Os compostos fenólicos totais encontrados no extrato representam o valor de 1211 mg GAE/100 g da amostra. O extrato de Psidium brownianum Mart. ex DC. apresentou alto potencial antioxidante, provavelmente devido ao seu elevado teor de compostos fenólicos. A espécie também evidenciou atividade inibitória contra todas as cepas bacterianas testadas. À vista disso é possível inferir que a polpa de Psidium brownianum Mart. ex DC., mostra-se uma fonte rica em compostos fenólicos toais e potencial antioxidante, sendo assim sua ingestão se faz importante. Quanto à atividade antibacteriana mais estudos são necessários envolvendo possíveis associações desse extrato com outras substâncias, como forma de potencializar seu uso.

Profiling of Flavonoid and Antioxidant Activity of Fruit Tissues from 27 Chinese Local Citrus Cultivars.

Flavonoid profile and antioxidant activity of citrus peels, pulps, and juices from 27 local citrus cultivars in China were investigated. Flavonoid composition and content were determined using UPLC-PDA. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were measured using a Folin–Ciocalteau reagent and Al(NO3)-NaNO2 complexometry, respectively. The antioxidant capacities of the extracts were evaluated by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP method, respectively. Citrus peel not only exhibited better antioxidant potential, but also presented more composition diversity and contained higher concentrations of flavonoids than pulp and juice. Different citrus species were characterized by their individual predominant flavonoids, contributing largely to the antioxidant activity, such as mandarin was characterized by hesperidin, nobiletin and tangeretin, while pummelo and papeda were characterized by naringin. The peel of Guihuadinanfeng (Citrus reticulata) had the highest TPC of 23.46 mg equivalent gallic acid/g DW (dry weight) and TFC of 21.37 mg equivalent rutin/g DW. Shiyueju (C. reticulata) peel showed the highest antioxidant capacity based on the antioxidant potency composite (APC) analysis. Overall, mandarin (C. reticulata) fruits peel contained more TPC and TFC, exhibiting higher antioxidant capacities than other species, and were good natural sources of flavonoids and antioxidants.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Anacardium occidentale L. and Anacardium microcarpum D. Extracts on the Liver of IL-10 Knockout Mice.

Background The Anacardium occidentale L. (cashew) and Anacardium microcarpum D. (cajuí) are plants commonly found in Brazil. They present phytochemical compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic extracts from leaves of A. occidentale and A. microcarpum and its effect on the hepatic tissue in experimental knockout models after they received Paracetamol®. Methods Ethanol extracts from A. occidentale and A. microcarpum leaves were prepared. Total phenolics were determined by Folin–Ciocalteau reagent, and flavonoids are based on the complexation reaction with the aluminum metal, forming a colored complex. Fingerprint HPLC was performed to detect phenolic compounds. Knockout IL-10 mice randomly divided into six groups were used and received the following treatments: G1, only water; G2, A. occidentale extract; G3, A. microcarpum extract; G4, Paracetamol®; G5, Paracetamol® + A. occidentale extract (400 mg/kg); G6, Paracetamol® + A. microcarpum extract (400 mg/kg). Biochemical parameters of the blood and differential count of leukocytes were done. Oxidative markers and histopathological analyses were performed on their liver tissue. Results Phenolic compounds and total flavonoids were detected in both two extracts analyzed. The HPLC fingerprint detected phenolic acid, gallic acid, and catechin flavonoid in the two extracts. Histopathological analyses of the hepatic tissue permitted evaluation of nuclear increase, sinusoid congestion, and inflammatory infiltrate. A. microcarpum presented more antioxidant activity increasing antioxidant enzyme levels and reducing TBARS and carbonyl protein when compared to the other treatments after exposure to Paracetamol®. Histopathological analyses showed a decrease in the inflammatory infiltrate after treatment with extracts. Conclusion Our findings indicate that both extracts, especially A. microcarpum, can reduce hepatic damage in knockout mice exposed to paracetamol, indicating the curative power of these extracts reducing lipid peroxidation and in the morphofunctional damage to the liver parenchyma.

Influence of Some Extraction Conditions Factor on Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Solanum betaceum Cav.

Solanum betaceum Cav. fruit is renowned for having antioxidant activity because it contains phenolic compounds. This study aimed to determine the effect of some condition factor namely solvent composition, maceration time, liquid-solid ratio, and the particle size of S. betaceum Cav fruit to the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The fruit was collected from Temanggung, Wonosobo, and Kopeng, Central Java, Indonesia. The research used single-factor experiments and simplex lattice design (SLD) as an optimization method. Total phenolic content was determined using Folin Ciocalteau reagent, while antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) radical scavenger activity. The solvent combination which gave the highest responses was ethanol: water (60:40 v/v) with phenolic content of 7.48% w/w EAG. Maceration for 8 hours will produce an extract with the highest total phenolic content (8.76% w/w EAG). The optimal solvent ratio was at 10:1 v/w with total phenolic content of 7.26 ± 0.20% w/w EAG. The optimum particle size was 600-850 μm with a total phenolic content of 6.07 ± 0.18% w/w EAG. Antioxidant activity with the DPPH free radical scavenger capture method from three regions did not show significant results.

Phenolic Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Different Emirati Date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Pits: A Comparative Study.

The biochemical composition, secondary metabolites (phenolic compounds, flavonoids) and antimicrobial potential of different varieties of Emirati date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) pits were investigated. Total phenolic acids (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) of the different date pits were measured using a Folin–Ciocalteau reagent. Different organic solvents [(n-hexane; H2O: EtOH (1:1); ethyl acetate; acetone: Water (1:1); and methanol: Chloroform (1:1)] were compared to evaluate the phytotoxicity of Ajwa, Fard, Khalas, Khodari, Abu Maan, Lulu, and Mabroom date pits. The antimicrobial activity of the date pit extracts were evaluated by means of agar-well diffusion assay on Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29123), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Candida albicans (ATCC 66027). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were measured following clinical laboratory standardization institute (CLSI) protocol. The biochemical analyses of date pits indicate that TPC were ranged from 7.80 mg of equivalent gallic acid⁄100 g dry weight in Ajwa to 4.65 mg in Mabroom. The TFC were ranged between 1.6–4.54 mg of equivalent catechin⁄100 g dry weight. Ajwa pit extract showed good quality traits (higher protein, lower ash content, and intermediate dietary fiber). The results indicate that the ethyl acetate extract of Khalas and Khodari inhibited S. aureus with an inhibition zone diameter of 20 mm and MIC of 10 mg/mL. Abu Mann pit extract inhibited the S. aureus and also decreased the population of E. coli. The diameter of inhibition zone was 15, 16, and 18 mm after treatment with Ajwa extracts, while the MICs were 7.5 and 5 mg/mL. The MeOH: CFM extract of Abu Mann and Ajwa was more potent against E. coli bacteria than any other extract. This work demonstrates that the Emirati date pits extract has antimicrobial (antibacterial, antifungal) potential and can be used as phytotoxic natural compounds.

Comparative Phytochemical Screening and Estimation of Bioactive Constituents of Leaves of Lagerstroemia parviflora, Gardenia latifolia and Terminalia tomentosa

Medicinal plants have bioactive compounds which are used for curing of various human diseases and also play an important role in healing. Secondary constituents contain alkaloids, flavonoids, phenol, saponin, steroids and tannins. Medicinal plants have anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antidiuretic and anti-inflammation activities. The increasing interest in powerful biological activity of secondary metabolites outlined the necessity of determining their contents in medicinal plants. Gardenia latifolia (G. latifolia Rubiaceae) is commonly known as Indian boxwood or Ceylon boxwood, is a densely foliaceous small tree that occurs throughout the greater parts of Indian common in deciduous forests along the streams. The stem bark and fruits are reported to be used in the treatment of various ailments such as snake bite, skin diseases, stomach pains, caries in humans and ephemeral fever in live stocks. Terminalia tomentosa (T. tomentosa Combretaceae) occurs frequently in Indonesia, Malaysia, China and India as wasteland weed and also found in most parts of the world with a warm climate in dry, sandy and alkaline soils. The powdered leaves are useful for fast healing of wounds, as purgative, to treat liver problems, to promote sexual health, to relieve stomach ache, headache, also applied in sprain to ease swelling and pain. In Indian Ayurvedic system, Lagerstroemia parviflora (L. parviflora, Lythraceae) are well-known plants used for major and minor ailments. The aim of the present study is to examine leaf of G. latifolia, T. tomentosa and L. parviflora for phytochemical profile. Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenolics and flavonoids were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. Quantitative analysis of phenolic and flavonoids was carried out by Folins Ciocalteau reagent method and aluminium chloride method respectively. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, fixed oil and fats. The present study concluded that the crude extract of G. latifolia, T. tomentosa and L. parviflora is a rich source of secondary phytoconstituents which impart significant antioxidant potential. T

Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Potential of Leaf of Brahmi, Green Tea and Bulb of Onion Extracts

Utilization of herbs for medicinal purpose started in the early history of mankind several thousand years ago.In the last few years, there has been an exponential growth in the field of herbal medicine and gaining popularity both in developing and developed countries because of their natural origin and less side effects. Medicinal plants continue to be an important therapeutic aid for alleviating ailments of humankind. An antioxidant is a molecule capable of terminating the chain reactions that damage cells by removing free radical intermediates and inhibit other oxidation reactions by thereby reducing stress responsible for many degenerative disorders. The aim of the present study was to determine qualitative and quantitative phytochemical and in vitro antioxidant activities of leaf of Green tea, Brahmi and bulb of Onion collected from Bhopal region of Madhya Pradesh. Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenol were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. Quantitative analysis of phenolic content was carried out by Folins Ciocalteau reagent method. The in vitro antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of the leaf and bulb was assessed against DPPH assay method using standard protocols. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids. The total phenolic content of leaf of Green tea, Brahmi and bulb of Onion was 195.26 ± 12.64, 136.92 ± 21.73 and 112.23 ± 11.36 mg/100mg respectively. The activities of methanolic leaves and bulbs extract against DPPH assay method were concentration dependent with IC 50 values of ascorbic acid and extracts 20.05±1.86 and 55.98±2.56, 104.45±3.13, 144.37±5.45μg/ml respectively. These studies provided information for correct identification of this plant material. The diverse array of phytochemicals present in the plant thus suggests its therapeutic potentials which may be explored in drug manufacturing industry as well as in traditional medicine. Keywords: Green Tea, Brahmi, Onion, Phytochemical constituents, Antioxidant activity

Phytochemical Investigation and Determination of Total Phenols and Flavonoid Concentration in Leaves Extract of Vitex trifolia Linn

Medicinal plants have bioactive compounds which are used for curing of various human diseases and also play an important role in healing. Secondary constituents contain alkaloids, flavonoids, phenol, saponin, steroids and tannins. Medicinal plants have anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antidiuretic and anti-inflammation activities etc. The increasing interest in powerful biological activity of secondary metabolites outlined the necessity of determining their contents in medicinal plants. Vitex trifolia L. (V. trifolia, syn. Vitex rotundifolia), a member of the family Verbenaceae, is known to produce a variety of diterpenoids and iridoids that display antioxidant, tracheospasmolytic, cytotoxic and trypanosidal activities. The plant species is a deciduous shrub native to Southeast Asia, Micronesia, Australia and East Africa. This plant can be commonly found along the banks of water bodies like canals, rivers and ponds and hence locally known as “Neer Nochi” (“Neer” means water). The leaves of V. trifolia are consumed to improve memory, relieve pain, remove bad taste in mouth and cure fever. The leaf extract is anti-cancerous while fruits are good for amenorrhea. The aim of the present study is to examine leaf of V. trifolia for phytochemical profile. Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenolics and flavonoids were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. Quantitative analysis of phenolic and flavonoids was carried out by Folins Ciocalteau reagent method and aluminium chloride method respectively. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, fixed oil and fats. The present study concluded that the crude extract of V. trifolia is a rich source of secondary phytoconstituents which impart significant antioxidant potential. The findings of the present study will be helpful to phytochemists, pharmacologists and pharmaceutical industries. Keywords: Vitex trifolia, Verbenaceae, Phytochemical, Folins ciocalteau reagent

In Vitro Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Leaves of Lagerstroemia Parviflora Roxb

Plants have served human beings as a natural source for treatments and therapies from ancient times, amongst them medicinal herbs have gain attention because of its wide use and less side effects. In the recent years plant research has increased throughout the world and a huge amount of evidences have been collected to show immense potential of medicinal plants used in various traditional systems. Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb (L. parviflora, Lythraceae) is a medium-sized deciduous plant indigenous to India and available even up to a height of 900m in the Himalayas. The plant is used for the treatment of syphilis, sores, and carbuncles. The aim of the present study was to determine qualitative and quantitative phytochemical and in vitro antioxidant activity of leaf of L. Parviflora. Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenol and flavonoids were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. Quantitative analysis of phenolic and flavonoids was carried out by Folins Ciocalteau reagent method and aluminium chloride method respectively. The in vitro antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of the leaf was assessed against DPPH assay method using standard protocols. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, saponins glycosides etc. The total phenolic and flavonoids content of L. Parviflora leaves of hydroalcoholic extract was 3.541 and 0.927mg/100mg respectively. The activities of hydroalcoholic leaves extract against DPPH assay method were concentration dependent with IC 50 values of ascorbic acid and extracts 17.681and 62.669μg/ml respectively. These studies provided information for correct identification of this plant material. The diverse array of phytochemicals present in the plant thus suggests its therapeutic potentials which may be explored in drug manufacturing industry as well as in traditional medicine. Keywords: Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb, Qualitative, Quantitative phytochemical, Antioxidant.

Extraction, phytochemical screening and quantitative determination of phenols and flavonoids in extract of Kalanchoe pinnata and Pongamia pinnata.

Medicinal plants have bioactive compounds which are used for curing of various human diseases and also play an important role in healing. Secondary constituents contain alkaloids, flavonoids, phenol, saponin, steroids and tannins. Medicinal plants have anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antidiuretic and anti-inflammation activities. The increasing interest in powerful biological activity of secondary metabolites outlined the necessity of determining their contents in medicinal plants. Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (P. pinnata, Fabaceae) popularly known as Karanj or Karanja in Hindi, and Indian beech in English, is a medium-sized glabrous tree. Traditionally, different parts of P. pinnata such as bark, leaves, seeds, roots, flowers and stem have been utilized in the native medicine systems of different civilizations. Kalonche pinnata (K. pinnata, Crassulaceae) known as Patharchata in hindi, is a succulent plant. It has many pharmacological uses like a suitable treatment in sleep problems in cancer patients. Also called as wonder of life K. pinnata is used to treat diabetic foot infections. The aim of the present study is to examine leaf of K. pinnata and seed of P. pinnata for phytochemical profile. Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenolics and flavonoids were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. Quantitative analysis of phenolic and flavonoids was carried out by Folins Ciocalteau reagent method and aluminium chloride method respectively. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, fixed oil and fats. The total phenolics content of hydroalcoholic extract of K. pinnata was (0.952 mg/100mg), followed by flavonoids (0.640mg/100mg) respectively. The total flavonoids content of hydroalcoholic extract of P. pinnata was (1.398mg/100mg). The present study concluded that the crude extract of K. pinnata and P. pinnata is a rich source of secondary phytoconstituents which impart significant antioxidant potential. The findings of the present study will be helpful to phytochemists, pharmacologists and pharmaceutical industries. Keywords: Pongamia pinnata, Kalonche pinnata, Phytochemical, Folins ciocalteau reagent

Antibacterial Potential of some Plant Extracts against Escherichia coli, along with its Phytochemical Analysis, Total Phenolic Content, and Antioxidant Properties

In vitro antibacterial activity of 21 plant methanolic extracts were investigated by disc diffusion method against gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli. Amongst the extracts tested, the Datura stramonium L. and Ocimum basilicum L. showed significant antibacterial activity against the bacterial pathogen. D. stramonium showed the highest antibacterial activity followed by O. basilicum extract. Phytochemical analysis of extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and phenols. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and ABTS analysis of potent extract D. stramonium showed appreciable antioxidant activity. For DPPH and ABTS assay the highest antioxidant activity was observed at 60 mg ml-1 concentration with a percent inhibition of 71.66 and 77.19 with IC50 value 9.71 and 22.16 μg ml-1 respectively. Moreover, the radical scavenging activity of the extract was lower than that observed for the synthetic antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA )and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The total phenolic content of D. stramonium extract was found to be 0.592 mg GAE/gm which was assayed using Folin ciocalteau reagent. The results provide evidence that the extract of D. stramonium and O. basilicum can be further recommended in the treatment of the infections caused by E. coli; further D. stramonium is also a potential source of natural antioxidants.