Ciocalteau Method Research Articles

Identification of molecules from tomato plant residues using sustainable green chemicals

AbstractHigh quantities of biomass produced in greenhouses create environmental problems as this side stream, and its downgraded products are not further used in the production cycle. The aim of our research was the identification and semi-quantification of molecules extracted from vegetative tomato plant residues with sustainable green alternative solvents using vacuum-assisted soxhlet and solid–liquid extraction to evaluate the possibilities for high-value applications for the first time. To identify compounds, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis and the Folin–Ciocalteau method were used. In sum, 285 different compounds have been assigned to 383 detected peaks using GC–MS analysis. The solvents 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MTHF) and ethyl acetate, compared with ethanol and hexane, provided better results with a maximum number of 99 ± 8.83 compounds, a maximum total concentration of 5894.82 ± 586.48 and 3363.02 ± 71.14 mg naphthalene equivalent (NEQ) kgdw−1, and a total phenolic content of 2143.25 ± 155.17 and 1605.92 ± 66.46 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) kgdw−1, respectively. With 781.2 ± 112.66 and 718.25 ± 54.89 mg NEQ kgdw−1, the compound neophytadiene was the most common terpene in ethyl acetate and 2-MTHF extracts, respectively. It can be concluded that vegetative tomato plant residues contain a large variety of bioactive molecules. Green solvents, such as 2-MTHF and ethyl acetate, enhance the extraction of these molecules from the solid matrix. Graphical abstract

Polifenóis totais de Aloysia gratissima e biodisponibilidade depois de um tratamento oral subcrônico em ratos Wistar

The present work carried out the quantification of total polyphenols in the aqueous extract of the leaves of Aloysia gratissima, and its oral absorption index in Wistar rats. For this, 20 adult rats were divided into five treatment groups: saline solution; 100 mg/Kg of A. gratissima extract; 50 mg/Kg and 100 mg/Kg of rutin and co-treatment with 50 mg/Kg of extract and 10 mg/Kg of rutin, performed orally for 14 days. For the quantification of total polyphenols, the Folin Ciocalteau method was used. In the extract, the concentration of total polyphenols was 7.11 mg GAE/mL, in the plasma of control animals the baseline level was 4.3 mg GAE/mL. In the treated groups, significantly higher values were observed, of 9.32 mg GAE/mL, 6.65 mg GAE/mL, 8.34 mg GAE/mL and 10.14 mg GAE/mL, respectively. Such data configure A. gratissima as a good source for obtaining total polyphenols due both to its high concentration in the extract and also to their good bioavailability.

The effect of extraction method on biological activity and phytochemical content of Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit) leaves extract concurrent with its principal component analysis

Artocapus heterophyllus (jackfruit) is available in abundance in tropical regions. The present study explored the effect of different extraction method i.e. maceration, ultrasonication and both of ultrasonication and maceration on its biological activity (antioxidant, antidiabetes and antibacterial activities) and phytochemical content of Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit) leaves extract. Jackfruit leaves were extracted using ethanol as solvent. The capability of jackfruit leaves extract to scavenge radicals was evaluated using a DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) assay, β-carotene bleaching assay and reducing power assay. The total phenolic content (TPC) was assessed using the Folin- Ciocalteau method. Its antibacterial activity was assessed using the disc diffusion and microdilution method against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurim and Escherichia coli. The α-glucosidase inhibitor assay was conducted using α-glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results revealed that ulrasonication method give the highest antioxidant activity in three metode used, i.e. DPPH assay with IC50 of 42.51 µg/mL, β-carotene bleaching assay of 57.64%, reducing power assay of 919 mg GAE/g. Meanwhile, for α-glucosidase inhibitory assay, ultrasonication method also had the highest value of 83.44% at concentration of 1000 µg/mL. Furthermore, antibacterial assay using disk diffusion method showed ultrasonication had the highest inhibition zone of 7.81 mm at 5 mg/mL against P. aeruginosa, while maceration method had the highest inhibition zone of 8.02 mm at 5 mg/mL against E. coli. These results in accordance with total phenolic content (TPC) of ultrasonication extract which was the highest of 125.06 mg GAE/g. The liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analysis suggested that several bioactive compounds such as phenolic, flavonoid and its derivatives was present in the jackfruit leaves extract. Further analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the extraction process affected the metabolite composition of the samples which was confirmed by significant separation of the score plots of extraction methods. The present study revealed that jackfruit leaves is a potent source of natural antibacterial, antioxidants and antidiabetic medicines in functional foods and pharmaceutical industries.

Comparative Analysis of Green and Brown Morphotypes of <em>Kappaphycus alvarezii Doty</em> (Doty): Morphology, Total Phenol Content, Antioxidant Activity and Antimicrobial Activity

Kappaphycus alvarezii Doty (Doty), commonly known as elkhorn sea moss, is a popular seaweed cultivated globally. It is a well-known source of carrageenan, which is a thickening agent used in food and other industries. Even though different morphotypes of K. alvarezii are reported globally, it has been cultivated and marketed as a single genotype. However, such information is important, especially to produce high-value products such as nutraceuticals. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate differences in microscopic structure, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, and total phenolic contents of green and brown morphotypes of K. alvarezii cultivated in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Except for the colour, there was no significant difference in macroscopic parameters. There was no significant difference observed in cross-sections under the light microscope. Antimicrobial properties of ethanol, methanol and water extracts were evaluated by disc diffusion assay against, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antioxidant properties and total phenolic contents were determined using 1, 1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and Folin–Ciocalteau method, respectively. Interestingly, the antibacterial activity, antioxidant properties and total phenolic content of K. alvarezii depend on the morphotype. The green morphotype was rich in total phenolic compounds along with high antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Staphylococcus aureus was the most susceptible bacteria to antimicrobial agents of K. alvarezii and both ethanol and methanol extractions were efficient without significant differences between them in all the assays. The current data suggests better performance of the green morphotype of K. alvarezii as a natural source of antibacterial and antioxidant compounds.

Ethnobotany, total phenolic and flavonoid content in the species Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson

After the emergence of COVID-19, respiratory sequelae persisted, and one alternative worth reconsideration is Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson. The objective is to determine the ethnobotany and the total phenolic and flavonoid content of C. citriodora. The ethnobotanical information was gathered using a semi-structured questionnaire from herbalists in markets in the city of Trujillo, La Libertad, Peru. Corymbia citriodora was collected in Agallpampa, Otuzco, and identified in the Herbarium Truxillense. Three extracts were prepared and evaluated (infuse, decoct, and hydroethanolic). The total phenols were quantified using the Folin Ciocalteau method, and total flavonoids were quantified using the aluminum chloride method. Corymbia citriodora reported a higher medicinal use in bronchitis (39.1%), in the preparation of a frequent infusion, made from leaves, often in combination with Piper aduncum (35.7%). Total phenols and flavonoids were reported as 118.65 mg GAE and 33.95 mg QCE per gram of dried drug, with the hydroethanolic extract standing out. The high presence of phenolic and flavonoid bioactives is directly related to anti-inflammatory activity, suggesting that C. citriodora remains a viable option and demonstrates efficacy in a traditional context for improving respiratory conditions.

Assessment of nutritional value and investigation of biological activities of Hylocereus costariscensis

Hylocereus costariscensis (Dragon fruit), an edible cactus species of the Cactaceae family, is rich in essential nutrients like antioxidants, dietary fibers, minerals, and vitamins. The aim of the study was to analyze the proximate composition and investigate the biological activities of the edible parts (flesh and seed) of H. costariscensis cultivated in Bangladesh. Air-dried fruits were successively extracted by n-hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol. The moisture and ash contents of the fruits were found to be 85.95 ± 0.53% and 0.99 ± 0.02%, respectively. UV and FT-IR spectral analysis showed the presence of different functional groups, which might be due to the presence of fatty acids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds. The total carbohydrate content was 10.52g/100g as determined by the modified Molisch method. Fatty acid analysis revealed the presence of octanoic acid (5%), palmitic acid (16%), octadecanoic acid (41%), cis-9-oleic acid (29%), and linoleic acid (6%). The total phenolic content of different extracts was determined by the Folin–Ciocalteau method, and the value was found to be higher in the methanol extract (151.05 ± 0.34 mg GAE/g) than in the other two extracts. Total flavonoid content and total antioxidant content were determined by the aluminum chloride method and the phosphomolybdate assay, respectively. The methanol extract exhibited the highest activities (91.54 ± 0.22 mg QE/g and 40.08 ± 0.21 mg AAE/g, respectively) among all extracts in both cases.

Analysis of phytochemical constituent and biological significance of rhododendrons collected from capital of Laliguras, Laliguras municipality, Tehrathum district, Nepal

The largest genus of the Ericaceae family, Rhododendron includes an inspiring number of species. Some of which have been used in the treatment of various ailments such as diseases associated with heart, dysentery, diarrhea, detoxification, fever, constipation, bronchitis and asthma around the world including Nepal. However, systematic study on phytochemistry and pharmacology of Rhododendrons grown in the Capital of Laliguras, Laliguras Municipality, Tehrathum of Nepal is lacking. So this study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant activity, α-amylase inhibition activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Rhododendron arboretum and Rhododendron campanulatum from Laliguras Municipality, Tehrathum of Nepal. Plant extracts were prepared in methanol by cold percolation method. Phytochemical constituents were analyzed by following standard methods. Antioxidant activity was measured through 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl assay. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were estimated using Folin–Ciocalteau and aluminum chloride method respectively. Alpha amylase inhibition assay was carried out by starch iodine method. Phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of flower and leaf of R. arboretum and leaves of R. campanulatum displayed the presence of different chemical constituents such as flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, saponins and quinins. Samples showed dose-dependent radical scavenging and α-amylase inhibition activity. Radical scavenging activity and α-amylase inhibition activity of the methanolic extracts of different parts of R. arboretum and R. campanulatum ranged from 19.46 to 95.88% and 13.23 to 68.44% respectively. Flower extracts of R. arboreum showing the strongest radical scavenging activity and α-amylase inhibition with IC50 values 33.61 and 443.44 μg/mL respectively. Among the tested samples, flower extract of R. arboretum showed the strongest antioxidant activity, alpha amylase inhibition activity and contained the highest amount of total phenolic and flavonoid content.

The main phenolic compounds responsible for the antioxidant capacity of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) pulp

The antioxidant capacity of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) pulp extracts is strictly related to the phenolic content, starting from the fact that the higher content of phenolic compounds corresponds to the higher antioxidant indexes. This work aims to assess which compounds characterized three cultivars, namely Ferrovia, Sweetheart, and Lapins grown in Southern Italy and mainly influenced the antioxidant capacity of their extracts. HPLC–MS/MS analyses were conducted to identify and quantify 17 flavonoids and 25 hydroxicinnamates derivatives. A significant influence of cultivar was revealed from one-way MANOVA (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the extracts were tested for their radical scavenging activity (DPPH and ABTS assays) and reducing power using the Folin–Ciocalteau method. Lapins and Sweetheart extracts, richer in phenolic compounds, returned the highest reducing power and radical scavenging capacity. Finally, a Factorial Analysis was applied to the collected data allowing reliable correlations between phenolics and antioxidant indexes.

A Multi-Approach Study of Phytochemicals and Their Effects on Oxidative Stress and Enzymatic Activity of Essential Oil and Crude Extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis

Rosmarinus officinalis or Rosemary is a highly valued medicinal vegetal, owing to its notable antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. In the current work, we aimed to identify the chemical components of the essential oil (EO) of R. officinalis and evaluate its biological properties using an in vitro approach. High performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-TOF-MS) was utilized to analyze of the hydro-methanolic extract (HME), while gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was considered during the analysis of the EO’s chemical composition. The antioxidant abilities of HME and the EO were assessed using diverse tests (DPPH, ABTS, GOR, CUPRAC, and FRAP). The anti-enzymatic properties were tested by the inhibition of cholinesterases, α-glucosidase, and tyrosinase enzyme. The HPLC-TOF-MS displayed the existence of flavonoids like luteolin glucuronide I and II, and a few known hydroxycinnamic acids. The EO contained three major components, namely, eucalyptol (28.7%), camphor (16.7%), and borneol (13.5%). The HME had a high total polyphenol content, as determined by the Folin–Ciocalteau method (335.37 ± 9.33 µg of gallic acid eq·mg−1). Notably, the analysis of the bioactivities of the HME and EO revealed comparatively that they possessed higher radical scavenging capacity in the DPPH, ABTS, and galvinoxyl assays, while EO exhibited a higher capacity for enzyme inhibition. Overall, our findings suggest that both the EO and HME extract of Algerian’s R. officinalis holds great usefulness in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical fields due to its elevated polyphenol content and potent bioactivities.

Phytochemical Analysis, In Vitro Biological Activities, and Computer-Aided Analysis of Potentilla nepalensis Hook Compounds as Potential Melanoma Inhibitors Based on Molecular Docking, MD Simulations, and ADMET.

Potentilla nepalensis Hook is a perennial Himalayan medicinal herb of the Rosaceae family. The present study aimed to evaluate biological activities such as the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer activities of roots and shoots of P. nepalensis and its synergistic antibacterial activity with antibacterial drugs. Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminium chloride methods were used for the calculation of total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC). A DPPH radical scavenging assay and broth dilution method were used for the determination of the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the root and shoot extracts of P. nepalensis. Cytotoxic activity was determined using a colorimetric MTT assay. Further, phytochemical characterization of the root and shoot extracts was performed using the Gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) method. The TPC and TFC were found to be higher in the methanolic root extract of P. nepalensis. The methanolic shoot extract of P. nepalensis showed good antioxidant activity, while then-hexane root extract of P. nepalensis showed strong cytotoxic activity against tested SK-MEL-28 cells. Subsequently, in silico molecular docking studies of the identified bioactive compounds predicted potential anticancer properties. This study can lead to the production of new herbal medicines for various diseases employing P. nepalensis, leading to the creation of new medications.

Evaluation of the Total Content of Phenols and Flavonoids in Two Different Extracts of Orbea wissmannii O. Schwart and their Toxic Effect on WI38 and HepG2 Cell Lines.

This study aimed at estimating the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and evaluation of toxic effect of chloroform and aqueous methanol extracts of Orbea wissmannii against WI38 and HepG2 cell lines. Orbea wissmannii was collected from Qaren region near Amran governorate, Yemen. Chloroform and methanol extracts of whole parts of Orbea wissmannii were prepared by maceration and decantation. The total polyphenol content was estimated using Folin–Ciocalteau method. Aluminum chloride colorimetric method was applied for the determination of total flavonoid content. The cytotoxic activity was measured using the MTT assay. The total phenolic content of chloroform and methanol extracts was 70.21 mg GAE/g, 122 mg GAE/g respectively (milligrams of gallic acid equivalents per gram), while the flavonoid content was 21.80 mg QE/g and 54.24 mg QE/g respectively (milligrams of quercetin dihydrate equivalents per gram). Dependently, the two extracts significantly and concentratedly reduced the viability of lung tissue-derived fibroblasts (wi38) and human hepatoma cells (HepG2). The two extracts showed effective effect on HepG2 at 250, 500 and 1000 μg/ml, while the same extracts showed their effect on the WI38 at 500 and 1000 μg/ml. The toxicological properties shown by the extracts of this plant require further study to isolate and purify the active substances responsible for this high anti-cancer efficacy. Phytochemical investigation on chloroform/methanol extracts and their structures is recommended.

TOTAL POLYPHENOL CONTENT, TOTAL FLAVONOID CONTENT, AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF GARLIC (ALLIUM SATIVUM L.) CULTIVARS

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is used as both a food and traditional medicine for several illnesses throughout the world. 7 garlic cultivars (Novozamocky, Lumir, Mojmir, Havran, Garpel, Eden Rose, and Bjetin) were analyzed in this study. Since modern consumer demands encourage the consumption of foods with positive effects on human health, research into the nutritional properties and chemical composition of traditional crops, like garlic, is important. Knowledge of these properties could support the cultivation of cultivars with the highest content of bioactive compounds. Total polyphenol content (TPC) determined by Folin – Ciocalteau method ranged from 797.11 to 1183.98 mg GAE.kg-1 DM. Total flavonoid content (TFC) determined by the aluminum chloride method ranged from 15.96 to 28.18 mg CE.kg-1 DM. Antioxidant activity (AA) determined by the ABTS method ranged from 1.97 to 4.42 mmol TE.kg-1 DM. Antioxidant activity (AA) determined by the FRAP method ranged from 1.12 to 2.64 mmol TE.kg-1 DM. Statistical evaluation of results showed a difference between garlic cultivars. The highest antioxidant activity and the highest content of bioactive substances were determined in the cultivar Garpel. High positive correlations (p &lt; 0.001) were determined between TPC and TFC (r = 0.746), TPC and AA ABTS (r = 0.862), TPC and AA FRAP (r = 0.922), TFC and AA ABTS (r = 0.792), TFC and AA FRAP (r = 0.808), and AA ABTS and AA FRAP (r = 0.896). Garlic is confirmed to be a natural source of antioxidants, polyphenols, and flavonoids.

Qualitative Analysis on the Phytochemical Compounds and Total Phenolic Content of Cissus hastata (Semperai) Leaf Extract

Plant extracts of Cissus hastata, indigenously known as Semperai, have been used as an effective traditional remedy against coughs. Recently, the leaf extract was potentially shown to have anti-hemorrhoid activity, although there is a lack of scientific data due to its folklore usage. Hence, the therapeutic properties of the phytochemicals and metabolites of Semperai remain elusive. Therefore, this study aims to determine the total phenolic content and phytochemical compounds of the plant leaf extract. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were determined by the Folin–Ciocalteau method and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, respectively. Phytochemical compounds present in the leaf methanol extract were analyzed by a qualitative method. Results showed the extract comprised a total of 21.3 mg GAE/g of phenolic content with reference to gallic acid. The antioxidant activity was almost absence with an IC50 of 7.80 µg/mL when compared to trolox and gallic acid. Presence of the red to orange precipitate in reference to gallic acid indicate alkaloid content, while the appearance of black-blue/green color in reference to gallic acid are referred to as tannins. The steroids were represented by an upper red layer and a yellowish sulfuric acid with green fluorescence in comparison to cholesterol. Nonetheless, saponin was not detected in the extract, as indicated by the absence of the persisting foam in the test solution when compared with sodium dodecyl sulphate. In conclusion, despite not having an antioxidant property, the methanol extract of Semperai comprised a fair amount of phenolic compounds, including tannins, alkaloids, and steroids, which, potentially, are highly anti-inflammatory towards hemorrhoids.

Chemical constituents, antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties of ethanol extract from Artemisia japonica Thumb. Leaves

The tender leaves of Artemisia japonica Thumb. are often used as vegetables and tea in China. They also used as a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of liver disease. However, the identity of components responsible for health benefits remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and hepatic protective effects of a 60 % ethanol extract of Artemisia japonica Thumb. leaves (AJLEE). Total phenol content of AJLEE was determined using Folin Ciocalteau Method and it was calculated to be 123.142 ± 8.441 mg GAE/g. AJLEE shows remarkable antioxidant activity in vitro; pretreatment at 150 µg/mL can almost completely eliminate H2O2-induced ALM12 cell death. Moreover, AJLEE at a dosage of 400 mg/kg exhibits a strong hepatic protective effect against α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced liver injury though the upregulation of genes for the antioxidant enzymes Sod1, Cat, Gpx4 and Ho-1, while decreasing the level of MDA. These properties of AJLEE may be attributed to the existence of abundant phenolic acids, flavonoids and coumarins, identified by UPLC/QTOF-MS as chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid A, 7-methoxycoumarin and quercetin, apigenin and luteolin glycoside derivatives. Our data support the use of Artemisia japonica leaves as functional tea and food additives to improve human health.

Biologically Active Preparations from the Leaves of Wild Plant Species of the Genus Rubus.

The plants of the genus Rubus (R.) are applied as antiseptic agents in the treatment of skin diseases. Despite the great interest in plants of this genus, there are few reports on the antioxidant and biological activities of preparations obtained from the leaves of these plants. Therefore, we decided to evaluate the antioxidant activity of preparations from leaves of wild plant species of the genus Rubus using the frequently applied DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP methods, as well as to determine the total polyphenol content using the Folin–Ciocalteau method and perform qualitative evaluation by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The bactericidal and fungicidal activities of the obtained preparations were evaluated by applying laboratory tests: using the disc and the well methods based on the standards EN 13697:2019, EN 13697:2015, and EN 1500:2013. Microbiological tests of the plant preparations against bacteria, fungi, and yeasts isolated from the environment and against reference strains were performed. Moreover, antimicrobial testing of antibiotics against the tested strains was performed for comparison. The n-octanol/water partition coefficient of the obtained preparations was determined by the shake-flask method to determine their lipophilicity. According to the results, a high content of polyphenols and other antioxidant and biologically active compounds can be thought of as the parameter responsible for the effective activity of plant preparations obtained from wild plant species of the genus Rubus. The methods for determining bactericidal and fungicidal activity clearly demonstrates that preparations with reduced ethanol content exhibit bactericidal and fungicidal activity on surfaces. Testing of hand disinfection by means of rubbing with the preparations confirmed their antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli K12 NCTC 10538. The obtained results show that the tested preparations exhibit on average two times lower activity against the reference bacterial strains than comparable antibiotics. The preparations obtained from the leaves of R. idaeus L. and R. fruticosus L. could complement classical antibiotics. While environmental bacteria showed a similar response to the preparations and antibiotics, their sensitivity was about one-third less than that of the reference strains. Our studies have shown that the obtained preparations are highly hydrophilic (logP < 0). Thus, these preparations can only be used in lipid bilayers in the aqueous core of liposomes, not in the lipid envelope.

Penentuan Kandungan Antioksidan dan Fenolik Total dari Infusa Daun Tanaman Famili Myrtaceae Secara Spektrofotometri

Myrtaceae family plants are widely distributed in the tropics. The leaves of this plant have been widely used by the community as a traditional medicine. This study aims to determine the total antioxidant and total phenolic content of the infusion of five types of leaves of the Myrtaceae family, namely bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum), jambak leaves (Syzygium malaccense), guava leaves (Psidium guajava), water guava leaves (Syzygium aqueum). and duwet leaves (Syzygium cumini). Total antioxidant content was determined using the MPM method and total phenolic content using the Folin Ciocalteau method. The highest total antioxidant content was found in jambak leaf infusion of 122.73 ± 3.10 mg AA/g DW, while the highest total phenolic content was found in guava leaf infusion of 58.84 ± 1.86 mg GAE/g DW.

Antioxidant Activity and Polyphenols Content of Artemisia Herba-Alba Extract and their Cytotoxicity against Human Lung Cancer Cells NCI-N417

ABSTRACT Phytochemicals in the ethanol extract of Artemisia herba-alba were examined and evaluated for the antioxidant and cytotoxicity potential. The extraction was performed using an accelerated solvent extraction (ASE300), analyzed by GC-MS and the total phenolics was estimated by Folin–Ciocalteau method. The antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated using three methods and its cytotoxicity was evaluated in-vitro on NCI-N417 tumor cell line using MTT test and flow cytometry. Twenty-one compounds were identified in the A. herba-alba extract, which was rich in phenolic compounds (248.56 ± 11.05 μg GAE mg−1 extract) and had antioxidant activity characterized by a high DPPH-radical-scavenging activity (IC50 = 69.01 ± 0.03 μg mL−1), inhibitory effect of β-carotene oxidation (95.75%±0.013), and reducing power (DO700nm = 0.751 ± 0.001). Ethanol extract from A. herba-alba demonstrated cytotoxic and antiproliferative activity.

Antioxidant capacity, phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and vitamins in gluten‐free breads made with teff ( Eragrostis tef ) and associated flours

Teff is an underused cereal in the world, which presents interesting nutritional composition, especially amino acid profile and mineral content. It is gluten free and can be an alternative ingredient for people with celiac disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioactive compounds and vitamins in gluten-free breads made with teff and associated flours. The antioxidant analyses were evaluated by the ABTS, ORAC, DPPH, and FRAP methods. The total phenolic compounds by the Folin–Ciocalteau method, while the carotenoids, B and C vitamins were determined by HPLC. The results indicated that the greater the amount of teff flour in breads, the greater the antioxidant capacity by ABTS (28 μMol/gdw). The DPPH and FRAP demonstrated that the antioxidant capacity in teff breads had higher content, when compared to those with wheat flour. The greater the amount of teff flour, the greater the thiamine (0.036 mg/100 g), pantothenic acid (0.5 mg/100 g), pyridoxine (4.8 mg/100 g), and phenolic compounds (49.8 g/g). Breads made with wheat flour had lesser antioxidant capacity through different ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP methods. Novelty impact statement Breads made with 100% of teff flour had higher phenolic compounds, thiamine, pantothenic acid and pyridoxine. Breads made with 100% of teff flour had the same content of zeaxanthin, cryptoxanthin, and α-carotene as breads made with wheat flour.

Screening of Bio-active Pigments, Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content of Some Economically Important Medicinal Plants for Ethno-botanical Uses

An experiment was conducted to determinate the phytochemical properties (chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, carotenoids, antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content) in ten medicinal plants namely Syal Kata (Argemone mexicana L.), Akanda (Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand.), Dumur (Ficus carica L.), Chalmugra (Gynocardia odorata R.Br.), Kata kachu (Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites), Shetodrone (Leucas aspera (Wild.)), Khona (Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz), Reri (Ricinus communis L.), Ghat kachu (Typhonium trilobatum (L.) Schott) and Bazna (Zanthoxylum rhetsa DC.) for ethno-botanical uses. The young fresh leaves were harvested and were subjected to methanolic (95%) extract. Total phenolic contents were analysed by using Folin - Ciocalteau method where gallic acid was used as standard. Total phenolic content varied from 94.53 mg GAE/100 g FW (C. gigantea) to 484.88 mg GAE/100 g FW (L. aspera). Total flavonoid contents were performed by using Quercetin as standard. Total flavonoid content varied from 137.25 mg QUE /100 g FW (C. gigantea) to 334.27 mg QUE/100 g FW (G. odorata). Antioxidant activity of these extracts was performed by using DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Total anti-oxidant capacity varied from IC50 value 35.37 mg/mL (A. mexicana) to 90.47 mg/mL (F. carica) where ascorbic acid is used as standard. Results indicated that among the ten medicinal plants phenolics rich in L. aspera, flavonoids rich in G. odorata, antioxidant activity rich in A. mexicana. Z. rhetsa leaf rich in chlorophyll-a content (311.67 mg/100 g FW), L. aspera leaf rich in chlorophyll-b content (157 mg/100 g FW), Z. rhetsa rich in chlorophyll- (a+b) content as 439 mg/100 g FW, A. mexicana leaf rich in carotenoids content as 96 mg/100 g FW.

Physicochemical Performance of Collagen Modified by Melissa officinalis Extract

Collagen-based materials are widely used as adhesives in medicine and cosmetology. However, for several applications, their properties require modification. In this work, the influence of Melissa officinalis on the properties of collagen films was studied. Collagen was extracted from Silver Carp skin. Thin collagen films were prepared by solvent evaporation. The structure of films was researched using infrared spectroscopy. The surface properties of films were investigated using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Mechanical properties were measured as well. Antioxidant activity was determined by spectrophotometric methods using DPPH free radicals, FRAP, and CUPRAC methods. Total phenolic compounds were determined by the Folin–Ciocalteau method. It was found that the addition of Melissa officinalis modified the roughness of collagen films and their mechanical properties. Moreover, the obtained material has antioxidant properties. The parameters mentioned above are very important in potential applications of collagen films containing Melissa officinalis in cosmetics.