The effect of extraction method on biological activity and phytochemical content of Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit) leaves extract concurrent with its principal component analysis

Abstract

Artocapus heterophyllus (jackfruit) is available in abundance in tropical regions. The present study explored the effect of different extraction method i.e. maceration, ultrasonication and both of ultrasonication and maceration on its biological activity (antioxidant, antidiabetes and antibacterial activities) and phytochemical content of Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit) leaves extract. Jackfruit leaves were extracted using ethanol as solvent. The capability of jackfruit leaves extract to scavenge radicals was evaluated using a DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) assay, β-carotene bleaching assay and reducing power assay. The total phenolic content (TPC) was assessed using the Folin- Ciocalteau method. Its antibacterial activity was assessed using the disc diffusion and microdilution method against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurim and Escherichia coli. The α-glucosidase inhibitor assay was conducted using α-glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results revealed that ulrasonication method give the highest antioxidant activity in three metode used, i.e. DPPH assay with IC50 of 42.51µg/mL, β-carotene bleaching assay of 57.64%, reducing power assay of 919mg GAE/g. Meanwhile, for α-glucosidase inhibitory assay, ultrasonication method also had the highest value of 83.44% at concentration of 1000µg/mL. Furthermore, antibacterial assay using disk diffusion method showed ultrasonication had the highest inhibition zone of 7.81mm at 5mg/mL against P. aeruginosa, while maceration method had the highest inhibition zone of 8.02mm at 5mg/mL against E. coli. These results in accordance with total phenolic content (TPC) of ultrasonication extract which was the highest of 125.06mg GAE/g. The liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analysis suggested that several bioactive compounds such as phenolic, flavonoid and its derivatives was present in the jackfruit leaves extract. Further analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the extraction process affected the metabolite composition of the samples which was confirmed by significant separation of the score plots of extraction methods. The present study revealed that jackfruit leaves is a potent source of natural antibacterial, antioxidants and antidiabetic medicines in functional foods and pharmaceutical industries.