Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Research Articles

Depopulation in the regions of Russia by the beginning of 2020

The article summarizes the natural increase / decrease in the population of the regions and macroregions of the Russian Federation for 1992-2019. Depopulation is a steady natural population decline, it's characteristic of most European territories (countries or parts thereof), whose population was heavily affected in World War II. This applies to both sides of the conflict — and fascist Germany (as well as militaristic Asian Japan), on the one hand; and the territories of modern Poland, the Republic of Belarus, Ukraine, the European part of the Russian Federation, parts of the former Yugoslavia, on the other hand. As a result, since the 1970s the population of these territories began to enter a period of depopulation, the excess of mortality over fertility. This happened as a result of a downward demographic wave, the so-called «first echo of the Second World War», as well as due to global trends of declining birth rates in the entire developed and rapidly developing world. In general, over the 28 years of the post-Soviet period from the beginning of 1992 to the beginning of2020, depopulation covered all European regions of Russia with the exception of 5 republics of the North Caucasus and the Republic of Kalmykia. A somewhat different picture was observed beyond the Ural Range. Here, the depopulation in most large industrial regions was primarily due to the post-Soviet migration outflow of the population to the European part of the country — to the capital regions and plains of Southern Russia with a favorable climate. Positive natural growth was only in the oil and gas bearing Tyumen oblast, the Republic of Yakutia (Sakha), Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, as well as in the republics of Southern Siberia, whose indigenous population professes Buddhism. The article presents an analysis for each of the typical groups of Russian regions, provides statistics for 28 years of the demographic (reproductive) development of territories, substantiates conclusions, among which the main one is the following. The decrease in the volume of current and upcoming demographic human losses in Russia depends on the consistency, scientific justification, efficiency, effectiveness and selectivity of the country's demographic policy.

Instability and Stability in the Population Dynamics of Chukotka and Its Settlements in the Post-Soviet Period: Regional Features and Intraregional and Local Differences

The study is aimed at identifying geographical features and differences in the stability/instability of the population and settlement pattern of one ethnic region in the Russian Arctic, the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, and the factors that determine them. The use of classical geographical methods, including field research, made it possible to establish that, on the general instability of the population and settlement pattern of Chukotka in the 1990s and stabilization after 2002, significant intraregional and local differences were observed. Chukotsky district has been characterized by relatively greater stability (a smaller decrease in population due to smaller migration outflow and the absence of liquidated settlements) owing to the high share of the indigenous population. The greatest instability, especially in the 1990s, was demonstrated by the district with a large proportion of newcomers and development of the mining industry. The situation was extremely unstable in single-industry urban-type settlements closely associated with mining enterprises, most of which were liquidated before 2000. Differences in the stability/instability of both the status of the population and settlement pattern and differences in resilience/vulnerability as properties inherent to these systems at all spatial levels (from regional to individual settlements) are more pronounced during years of crisis and are smoothed out during periods of relatively stable development.

Demographic development trends in the Russian Eastern Arctic

The paper considers the features of the demographic processes in the Russian Arctic zone by the example of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in the period from 1939 to 2017. The future of the Arctic depends in large part on its demographic potential. What should be the population of the territory, how the space is organized, whether the population is needed, or enough of the watch organization of production: what should be done (or what not to do) so that the way of life of the native and the indigenous population remained in harmony with the environment, and at the same time solved large-scale tasks in the interests of the country. The study uses the method of constructing and comparing demographic pyramids for different time periods. There are specified demographic groups that differ in their reproductive behavior. On this basis, time periods were identified, within which demographic processes were going in different ways that allows us to assess the relationship between the nature and outcome of these processes and the structure of population at different stages of history. Based on the prospective analysis of the demographic processes in the territory of development of this part of the country, there was revealed the specific in the dynamics and features of the formation of the demographic potential through natural reproduction and migration movement of the indigenous people and newcomers. The authors examined the changes in the population structure at the time of population growth due to intensive arrivals before 1990 and the dramatic decrease as a result of the outflow in the 1990 s, which significantly changed the structure of the population, the ratio between different groups. This approach to analysis of demographic indicators may be used in elaboration of strategic plans for socio-economic development of the region. It gives an adequate assessment of the current situation, helps to formulate in strategic documents the goals and objectives of socioeconomic development, to determine the priorities in the regional demographic policy.

Incidence of Socially Significant Diseases in the Context of Studying the Demographic Security of the Country

The article reflects the problems of solving theoretical and methodological issues of the statistical research of demographic security. In order to justify the system of statistical indicators of the demographic security, considered regional differences in the incidence of socially significant diseases:tuberculosis, HIV infections, malignant neoplasms, mental disorders, psychotic disorders associated with alcohol use and alcohol dependence syndrome, syphilis. Groups of subjects of the Russian Federation with the maximum and minimum values of indicators are allocated and shown on the map. The most socially prosperous regions in Russia are the Republic of Dagestan, the Chechen Republic, the Republic of Kalmykia, the Republic of Ingushetia and the Belgorod region, the Irkutsk region and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug were the absolute Champions in terms of social disadvantage in 2018.

Organizational aspects of outpatient functional diagnostics

The high cardiovascular morbidity and the use of modern research methods in practice, the high demand for functional research with the workload growth of specialists due to modern requirements, including the work with medical documentation, indicate the need for organizational changes. Aim. To identify organizational problems of functional medicine practitioners work and determine ways to solve it. Material and methods. Using descriptive statistics, the analysis of federal statistical observation № 30 “Data on medical organization” was carried out. It characterizes the work of functional medicine practitioners in subjects of the Russian Federation in 2012-2017, as well as their photo and time tracking research. Results. The data of federal statistical observation showed that the lowest workload of practitioners was noted in the North-West Federal District, where the growth in the number of testing procedures per specialist occurred by 14,5%. To a lesser extent, this parameter increased in the Central Federal District — by 12,6%. The Volga Federal District takes the second place: the number of testing procedures increased by 21,8%. The highest growth was noted in the Siberian Federal District. By carrying out photo and time tracking research, the weighted-average costs of working time for conducting functional tests are established taking into account the type of test. It will help to reduce the burden of specialists. Conclusion. The results of the study showed an increase in the number of functional tests by 15,9%. A higher burden in the work of functional medicine practitioners was noted in the Penza Region, the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, the Republic of Ingushetia and the Kirov Region. The formation of document on the norms of time for conducting functional tests, based on the results of photo and time tracking research and its implementation will help to reduce the burden of specialists.

Health risk assessment for indigenous people of Сhukotka Autonomous Okrug exposed to persistent pollutants

The studies conducted in 2001 and 2010 included permanent residents of indigenous nationalities dwelling in the villages of Uelen and Kanchalan of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. We assessed health risks from exposures to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDT insecticides, lead, and mercury according to Guidelines R 2.1.10.1920–04 and U.S. EPA methods; a health survey was also conducted based on questionnaires. Health risks posed by ingestion of PCBs were mainly related to consumption of traditional foodstuffs contributing 84 % to the risk profile. Secondary contamination of food products from indoor surfaces accounted for 56 % of DDT-related health risks. For people of traditional occupations (hunters, fishermen, and reindeer herders) the risks of adverse health effects of PCBs were 5 times higher than for those of other occupations. Low income of the local population, high consumption of sea animal fat, alcohol abuse and ignorance of preventive measures resulted in 5–14 times increase in health risks posed by PCB exposures. Low socioeconomic status may significantly modify the health risks caused by bioaccumulation of persistent contaminants and heavy metals, its maximum impact being observed in the coastal areas of Chukotka and mainly in relation to PCBs. For the residents of Uelen, the predicted carcinogenic risk (up to 1.0 × 10–3) should be considered unacceptable.

NORTH-EAST OF RUSSIA

The seismic monitoring results of Magadan Oblast, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, and adjacent sea shelfs (of Okhotsk, Chukchi, Bering, and East Siberian seas) are analyzed. The information about 14 digital seismic stations, as well as monitoring equipment types and parameters, is given. The maps of earthquakes energy representativeness, seismic stations, and epicenters are presented. The distributions of earthquakes number by energy classes and the total amount of seismic energy across six regions and border areas of North East are provided. The catalog includes information about 252 events with energy classes КR from 5.4 to 13.8. The earthquake epicenters of the Kolyma region are marked on the tectonic zoning scheme of Magadan Oblast. All earthquakes in North-East of Russia are spatially associated with the major seismogenic belts: the Chersky, the North Okhotsk and the Trans-Bering Sea

Economic Assessment of Permafrost Degradation Effects on Road Infrastructure Sustainability under Climate Change in the Russian Arctic

Three model scenarios of changes in road infrastructure sustainability under permafrost thawing and degradation due to global climate change in nine Russian Arctic regions are considered. Until the current mid-century, economic assessment of the aftermath of climate change in these regions was physicogeographically based on six model climate assessments of cryogenic conditions, reflecting the most negative (scenario RCP8.5) option of the IPCC global climate change forecasts, which best fits the conditions of the Russian Arctic. The data of Russia’s Transport Strategy until 2035, updated by the authors, serve as the basis for predicting road infrastructure development. An inertial (conservative) scenario of road infrastructure development in 2020–2050 shows that capital costs to maintain road infrastructure sustainability and reduce damage risks under permafrost thawing and degradation will average at least ₽14 bln a year and will exceed ₽21 bln and ₽28 bln, respectively, under the moderate and modernization scenarios. The maximum indicators will be relevant for the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Magadan oblast, and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. The implementation of the modernization scenario will require revision of the existing standards, technologies, and entire economy of the road infrastructure and capital construction favoring the development of innovative standards and construction technologies, as well as the improvement of the proposed methodology and methods of cost estimation for these purposes.

Variations in tuberculosis prevalence, Russian Federation: a multivariate approach.

ObjectiveTo analyse the epidemiological trends of tuberculosis in the Siberian and Far Eastern federal districts, the areas with the highest disease burden in the Russian Federation.MethodsWe applied principal coordinate analysis to study a total of 68 relevant variables on tuberculosis epidemiology, prevention and control. Data on these variables were collected over 2003–2016 in all 21 regions of the Siberian federal district and Far Eastern federal district (total population: 25.5 million) through the federal and departmental reporting system. We identified the regions with a favourable or unfavourable tuberculosis epidemiological profile and ranked them as low or high priority for specific interventions.FindingsThe median number of tuberculosis notifications in the regions was 123.3 per 100 000 population (range: 54.5–265.7) in 2003, decreasing to 82.3 per 100 000 (range: 52.9–178.3) in 2016. We found large variations in the tuberculosis epidemiological profile across different regions. The principal coordinate analysis revealed that three aggregated indicators accounted for 55% of the variation. The first coordinate corresponded to tuberculosis prevalence and case notifications in the regions; the second to the severity of the disease among patients; and the third to the percentage of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among tuberculosis patients. The regions where intervention was most urgently needed were Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Jewish Autonomous Oblast and Tyva Republic.ConclusionThe variability in tuberculosis epidemiology across regions was likely due to differences in the quality of antituberculosis services. Precision in defining necessary interventions, as determined through the principal coordinate analysis approach, can guide focused tuberculosis control efforts.

DETECTION OF VERTICAL TANKS IN MULTISPECTRAL SATELLITE DATA ON ARCTIC TERRITORIES

The most complete information on the state of different man-made objects, collected with on-site and remote sensing methods, is required to ensure environmental and technospheric safety at the regional scale. The procedures of oil tank detection traditionally utilize high-cost, ultra-high-resolution images. The research is devoted to studying the possibility of using high and mediumresolution data from Landsat‑8 and Sentinel‑2 sensors to handle the task. Operating of the parts of the detection algorithms used in practice was analyzed, and some of them were selected as workable options which lead to satisfactory results being applied to data from mentioned instruments. A new technique of tank identifying which consists of classification, blob detection and filtering steps was developed. Testing of proposed solutions on data on the territory of Chaunsky District of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug showed the possibility of their use for detecting objects of the considered category.

Multiscale Analysis of the Dynamics in Reindeer Herding in Arctic Regions: Geographical Shifts and Intraregional and Local Differences

The article presents a multiscale analysis of domesticated reindeer herding in Arctic regions. The analysis revealed factors that have the strongest effect on the dynamics of reindeer livestock at different spatial levels (international, national, and regional) and determined the causes of geographical shifts in domesticated reindeer herding toward the western tundra zone and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug’s loss of its leading position in number of domesticated reindeer in the post-Soviet period. With a case study of the okrug, we identified intraregional (across municipal districts) shifts and factors affecting them (economic, political, institutional, natural–climatic, and sociocultural). This is the first time that information across all reindeer farms of Chukotka has been systematized and generalized, which has provided insight into particularities of the post-Soviet transformation in select enterprises. Based on field research data collected on regional farms in rural localities or villages of Neshkan, Konergino, and Tavaivaam, we studied in detail local characteristics of development of the industry. It has been inferred that during years of economic crisis, trends in head of reindeer in Chukotka were in sync with the overall economic situation in the country at all spatial levels, although the correlation was not as strong during years of economic stability. Within the industry, intraregional and local contrasts and differences become more pronounced during crisis, and, conversely, subside during a period of stability and growth.

Анализ топологических дефектовсухопутной транспортной сети регионов Сибири и Дальнего Востока

The level of topological complexity of land transport networks (including roads, railways and winter seasonal roads) of 27 regions of Siberia and the Far East is analyzed on the basis of 16 topomorphometric parameters. The main types of topological defects in the structure of regional land transport networks were identified: spatial isolation (rupture), an increased level of branching, the presence of several cyclic cores and isolated cyclic elements, and multi-core topological tiers of cyclic cores. The highest degree of isolation is revealed in the transport networks of Kamchatka Territory, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Khabarovsk Territory and Tomsk Oblast. Transport networks of the Republic of Altai, the Kamchatka Territory, the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the Republics of Tuva and Buryatia, the Jewish Autonomous Okrug and of the Island of Sakhalin, as well as the main cyclic skeleton of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug’s winter seasonal roads have the highest level of branching. Multi- layeredness is characteristic of the transport network of the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Districts, the Kemerovo Oblast, the Khabarovsk Territory and Buryatia. The multifocal nature of the second topological tier of the cyclic skeleton is a distinctive feature of land transport networks in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Irkutsk Oblast, the Republic of Yakutia, Kemerovo and Novosibirsk Oblasts. The same feature is characteristic for the third topological tier of the communications’ network in the Altai Territory. According to the level of spatial reliability (vulnerability) of the topological structure, the following types of regional transport networks are distinguished: the most reliable (4 regions), highly reliable (8), medium reliable (5), highly vulnerable with a low level of spatial reliability (5), the most vulnerable with a minimum level of spatial reliability (5 regions).

Russian Arctic Today: Substantive Novelties and Legal Collisions

Recent changes in the Russian Arctic are often unique in terms of their nature and intensity. Fundamentally new production and infrastructure facilities are being launched, the innovative development of external defense facilities is being completed. Furthermore, the territories of corporate management and support zones for the development of Russian Arctic zone are being established. We consider the examples of the project in the South Tambey licensed area (a liquefied natural gas production facility, a large settlement, a seaport and a large airport), the construction of Rosneft’s multifunctional service structure, changes in the nuclear power industry of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Moreover, we demonstrate emerging legal collisions. A new edition of the state program for the Arctic region’s development, and the establishment of eight support development zones on the territory of the Arctic zone was officially announced. We examine the primary changes in the organizational, managerial and legal support for the development of Russian Arctic zone, which are due to the above-mentioned legislative developments. We critically analyse plans to launch a State Governance Body, responsible for the significant part of the support zones, within the St. Petersburg administration. These and other novelties have required the revision of: a) the content of the federal law on the development of Russian Arctic zone, including in the context of foreign practice of implementing the «Arctic law»; b) a set of subordinate acts of the Russian Government, the state program «Socio-economic development of Russian Arctic for the period until 2020» in particular, which has been and will be substantially reconfigured in the near future.

Post-Soviet population dynamics in the Russian Extreme North: A case of Chukotka

The main purposes of the paper is a study of the situation that emerged in the peripheral regions as a result of the state policy of the Soviet period, using the example of the demographic trends in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug as one of the most distal Russian territories with respect to the center of Russia. The paper describes the migration flows in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug as a whole, while the fifth section traces the processes of weakening and full closing of each separate settlement. Although the sharp decline in population in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug was often mentioned in various materials, few specific research has been conducted with the main aim of studying this problem. As is well known, most of the USSR population lived in the European part of the country. At the same time, managing new territories was conducted in a planned manner toward Siberian regions, despite being situated far from large European markets. Presumably, these were attempts to obtain an effective return through the policy with ignoring economic principles. The resulting negative “return” of such state policy of regional management is shown by the present study.

Spatial Relations of Gold-Ore Deposits and Cretaceous Granitoid Magmatism in the Chukotka Peninsula

Analysis of the spatial relations of gold ore occurrences and the enclosing geological environment in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (ChAO) has shown that Au–quartz ore occurrences in turbidites are located predominantly in areas of the Early Cretaceous granitoid magmatism with the thick collision-type continental crust. The Cu–Au porphyry deposits are located in areas with complete development of Early Cretaceous magmatism within the outer zone of the Okhotsk–Chukchi volcanoplutonic belt (OChVB). The Au–Ag epithermal deposits are located in the areas of the Late Cretaceous granitoid magmatism within the inner and outer zones of the OChVB. The prospects of island-arc complexes for searching for Kuroku-type Au-bearing ore objects are available.

THE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES IN DOCTORS PREFERENCES IN THE PRESCRIPTIONS OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS IN FOUR REGIONS OF THE FAR EASTERN FEDERAL DISTRICT

Aim. To study regional features and preferences of specialists in the choice of drug therapy of arterial hypertension in four subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District. Material and methods. Statistical data, demographic indicators, state and municipal drug procurements in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, the Sakha Republic (Yakutia), the Magadan Region, and Kamchatka Krai were analyzed. The studied period was 2012-2016. Dynamics of the use (procurements) of five main therapeutic classes of antihypertensive drugs was studied. Results. Among β-blockers the leaders were metoprolol (from 2% to 30.8%) and bisoprolol (from 2.4% to 20.3%); in group of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors – enalapril (from 3.6% to 27%), lisinopril (from 4.4% to 23.9%) and perindopril (from 0.9% to 7.8%); among calcium channel blockers – amlodipine (from 5.6% to 11.3%); in group of diuretics – indapamide (from 2.5% to 13%) and spironolactone (from 3% to 12.5%), and in group of angiotensin II antagonists – losartan (from 0.4% to 15.6%). Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors were the most used therapeutic class of antihypertensive drugs in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, the Magadan region and Kamchatka Krai. At the same time, β-blockers accounted for more than a half of state and municipal procurements in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). Conclusion. It is necessary to study regional aspects and approaches to therapy to assess the extent and specificity of the implementation of research results, standards and recommendations in real clinical practice.

The epidemiology of trichinellosis in the Arctic territories of a Far Eastern District of the Russian Federation.

Trichinellosis, a zoonotic disease caused by nematodes of the genus Trichinella, is still a public health concern in the Arctic. The aims of this study were to investigate the seroprevalence of anti-Trichinella IgG in aboriginal peoples of two settlements in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (Russian Federation) on the Arctic coast of the Bering Sea, and to evaluate the survival of Trichinella nativa larvae in local fermented and frozen meat products. A seroprevalence of 24.3% was detected in 259 people tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The highest prevalence was detected among people who consumed traditional local foods made from the meat of marine mammals. Trichinella nativa larvae were found to survive for up to 24 months in a fermented and frozen marine mammal meat product called kopalkhen. Since the T. nativa life cycle can be completed in the absence of humans, it can be expected to persist in the environment and therefore remain a cause of morbidity in the human populations living in Arctic regions.

ПОЛИМАСШТАБНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ДИНАМИКИ ДОМАШНЕГО ОЛЕНЕВОДСТВА В АРКТИЧЕСКИХ РЕГИОНАХ: ТЕРРИТОРИАЛЬНЫЕ СДВИГИ, ВНУТРИРЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЕ И ЛОКАЛЬНЫЕ РАЗЛИЧИЯ

The paper presents a multiscale analysis of the development of domestic reindeer breeding in the Russia’s Arctic regions. The factors that have the strongest impact on the dynamics of the reindeer number at different spatial levels (national, regional, local) are revealed. The reasons for the territorial shift of domestic reindeer breeding in the Russian Federation in the western tundra zone and the reasons for the loss of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug leadership in the reindeer number in the post-Soviet period are established. On the case of the okrug intraregional shifts (on municipal districts) and the factors causing them (economic, political, climatic, social and cultural) are revealed. By the example of the okrug, intraregional shifts (on municipal districts) and the factors causing them (economic, political and institutional, climatic, social and cultural) are revealed. For the first time, information on all reindeer farms in Chukotka was systematized and generalized, which allowed studying the features of the post-Soviet transformation of individual enterprises. The local peculiarities of development of the sector were investigated in detail based on the data of field investigations in the farms of the okrug (the settlements of Neshkan, Konergino, Tavaivaam). It is concluded that the trends of the reindeer number in Chukotka at all spatial levels during the economic crisis were synchronous with the general economic situation in the country, but such a close relationship is not observed in the years of relatively stable development. Intraregional and local contrasts and differences in the sector intensify during the crisis and, conversely, weaken during the period of stabilization and growth.

455. Records of Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus) in Provideniya, Providensky District, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia

455. Records of Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus) in Provideniya, Providensky District, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia

POST-SOVIET PERIOD CHANGES IN RESOURCE UTILIZATION AND THEIR IMPACT ON POPULATION DYNAMICS IN CHUKOTKA AUTONOMOUS OKRUG (RUSSIA)

This study examines changes that have occurred in the resource utilization sector and the impact of these changes on population dynamics in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (Russia) during the post-Soviet period. This paper discuss topics of population-dynamics-related differences that have emerged in the region and impacts of these differences on the use of natural resources and the ethnic composition of the population. Through this study, it was shown that changes have tended to be small in local areas where indigenous peoples who have engaged in traditional natural resource use for a large proportion of the population, while changes have been relatively large in areas where the proportion of non-indigenous people is high and the mining industry has developed.