Chronological Study Research Articles

Research on blue and white porcelain from different ages based on hyperspectral technology

Chronological classification studies of successive ages of Jingdezhen blue and white porcelain have high research value both academically and socioeconomically. Compared with other chemical analysis methods, hyperspectral remote sensing techniques have advantages such as non-contact and non-destructive nature. In this paper, Jingdezhen blue and white porcelain of various ages is taken as the research object, linear discriminant analysis is used to build a model of typical extracted spectral features that are sensitive to blue and white porcelain material type and age information, stepwise discriminant analysis and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling are used for feature selection, and continuous wavelet transform and spectral feature parametric-based methods are used for feature extraction. Then, a random forest algorithm and long short-term memory (LSTM) are combined to categorize Jingdezhen blue and white porcelain of various ages. The stepwise discriminant analysis paired with LSTM is the most accurate combination amongst all classification techniques with the same amount of control preferred characteristics. This research shows that the categorization of Jingdezhen porcelain from various ages may be accomplished using hyperspectral remote sensing technique in conjunction with the random forest algorithm and long short-term memory.

Associations of four biological age markers with child development: A multi-omic analysis in the European HELIX cohort.

While biological age in adults is often understood as representing general health and resilience, the conceptual interpretation of accelerated biological age in children and its relationship to development remains unclear. We aimed to clarify the relationship of accelerated biological age, assessed through two established biological age indicators, telomere length and DNA methylation age, and two novel candidate biological age indicators, to child developmental outcomes, including growth and adiposity, cognition, behavior, lung function and the onset of puberty, among European school-age children participating in the HELIX exposome cohort. The study population included up to 1173 children, aged between 5 and 12 years, from study centres in the UK, France, Spain, Norway, Lithuania, and Greece. Telomere length was measured through qPCR, blood DNA methylation, and gene expression was measured using microarray, and proteins and metabolites were measured by a range of targeted assays. DNA methylation age was assessed using Horvath's skin and blood clock, while novel blood transcriptome and 'immunometabolic' (based on plasma proteins and urinary and serum metabolites) clocks were derived and tested in a subset of children assessed six months after the main follow-up visit. Associations between biological age indicators with child developmental measures as well as health risk factors were estimated using linear regression, adjusted for chronological age, sex, ethnicity, and study centre. The clock derived markers were expressed as Δ age (i.e. predicted minus chronological age). Transcriptome and immunometabolic clocks predicted chronological age well in the test set (r=0.93 and r=0.84 respectively). Generally, weak correlations were observed, after adjustment for chronological age, between the biological age indicators.Among associations with health risk factors, higher birthweight was associated with greater immunometabolic Δ age, smoke exposure with greater DNA methylation Δ age, and high family affluence with longer telomere length.Among associations with child developmental measures, all biological age markers were associated with greater BMI and fat mass, and all markers except telomere length were associated with greater height, at least at nominal significance (p<0.05). Immunometabolic Δ age was associated with better working memory (p=4 e-3) and reduced inattentiveness (p=4 e-4), while DNA methylation Δ age was associated with greater inattentiveness (p=0.03) and poorer externalizing behaviors (p=0.01). Shorter telomere length was also associated with poorer externalizing behaviors (p=0.03). In children, as in adults, biological aging appears to be a multi-faceted process and adiposity is an important correlate of accelerated biological aging. Patterns of associations suggested that accelerated immunometabolic age may be beneficial for some aspects of child development while accelerated DNA methylation age and telomere attrition may reflect early detrimental aspects of biological aging, apparent even in children. UK Research and Innovation (MR/S03532X/1); European Commission (grant agreement numbers: 308333; 874583).

A novel strategy for Pu determination in water samples by automated separation in combination with direct ICP-MS/MS measurement

Methods for Pu determination in water samples has been longtime studied but they generally involved tedious manual operations. In this context, we proposed a novel strategy for accurate determination of ultra-trace Pu in water samples by the combination of fully automated separation with direct ICP-MS/MS measurement. A recently commercialized extraction resin TK200 was used for single-column separation due to its distinctive nature. Acidified waters up to 1 L were directly loaded to the resin at high flow rate (15 mL min−1) with omitting the frequently used co-precipitation process. Small volumes of dilute HNO3 were used for column washing, and Pu was efficiently eluted within only 2 mL 0.5 mol L−1 HCl-0.1 mol L−1 HF with a stable recovery (65%). This separation procedure was fully automated under the control of user program, meanwhile the final eluent was compatible for direct ICP-MS/MS measurement without extra sample treatment. In that way, both the labor intensity and reagent consumption were minimized compared with existing methods. With the high decontamination (104 to 105) of U in the chemical separation and the further elimination of uranium hydrides under oxygen reaction model during ICP-MS/MS measurement, the overall interference yields of UH+/U+ and UH2+/U+ were down to 10−15. The limits of detection (LODs) of this method reached 0.32 μBq L−1 for 239Pu and 2.00 μBq L−1 for 240Pu, which were much lower than those stipulated in the general guidelines for drinking water standards, suggesting this method was promising in routine or emergency radiation monitoring. Furthermore, the established method was successfully applied in a pilot study to determine global fallout derived Pu in surface glacier samples with extremely low concentrations of 239+240Pu, which suggested the method would also be feasible in glacial chronology studies in the future.

THE CHRONOLOGY OF WESTERN ZHOU

AbstractBy systematically analyzing the relative relationship between complete bronze inscription dates, this study deduces the lunar phases described by the specialized terms jishengba 既生霸, jiwang 既望, and jisiba 既死霸, finding that the term chuji 初吉 is unrelated to the lunar phase. The study then reconstructs a complete chronology of Western Zhou that is highly consistent with archaeological and textual evidence. The results support the traditional notion that the Zhou calendar year began in the month containing the winter solstice, and show that the Western Zhou calendar month began with the first invisibility of the waning lunar crescent while the calendar day began at sunrise. The overall evidence indicates that King Wu 武王 led an initial campaign against the Shang in 1046 b.c.e. and defeated Zhòu 紂 in 1044 b.c.e., lending credence to the narrative of the military display at Mengjin (觀兵孟津). The derived chronology reveals a previously unknown seven-year gap between King You's 幽王 final year and King Ping's 平王 first year, thus explaining the discrepancies between Shi ji 史記 and the archaeological evidence. This study demonstrates that the Modern Text (jinben 今本) Bamboo Annals 竹書紀年 is unsuitable for use in chronological studies, and suggests that the dates of Western Zhou were already obscure in Eastern Zhou. These results provide testable hypotheses and raise new questions that can guide further research into Western Zhou archaeology, history, society, and culture.

OSL dating of coastal dunes on the southeastern coast of Hainan Island, China

Coastal dune sediments and landforms offer a unique opportunity to understand climate change and sea level change on the centennial-millennial time scale. However, there is a paucity of chronological studies on the effects of storms on the evolution of coastal dunes along the temperate coastline of China. In this study, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of sand dunes was conducted to investigate the process and mechanism of coastal dune evolution on the southeastern coast of Hainan Island, China. The results show that the coastal dune evolution experienced three rapid accumulation periods: 28-21 ka, 14-4 ka, and 3.0 ka-present. The three rapid accumulation periods correspond to the last glacial maximum, the late Pleistocene/early-mid Holocene, and the late Holocene climatic dry-cold period, respectively. Sea level change and the East Asian winter monsoon, in conjunction with the enhanced storminess, play a key role in driving the sand dune evolution on the south-eastern coast of Hainan Island. These findings are of great significance for regional planning and coastal defense schemes.

Zircon U–Pb Dating and Geochemical Characteristics of Chahannuo Gabbros in the Northern Margin of Qaidam Basin, Northern Tibetan Plateau

Late Paleozoic–early Mesozoic intrusive rocks are distributed widely along the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin in the northern Tibetan Plateau. To constrain the tectonic evolution, we carried out petrological, chronological, and geochemical studies of the Chahannuo gabbros. LA-ICP-MS Zircon U–Pb dating yields an age of 255.0 ± 0.9 Ma for the gabbros, which confirms the existence of Indosinian tectono-magmatic activity on the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin. The Chahannuo gabbros have low whole-rock SiO2, Fe2O3 contents, and high Al2O3 contents, which suggests a calc-alkaline affinity. In addition, the gabbros have high MgO, Cr, and Ni contents and Mg#, similar to those predicted of the regional basaltic melts, and indicating that they were affected mainly by fluid from the subducted slab. The Chahannuo gabbros are characterized by arc-like trace element patterns, with enrichment in LREE and LILE, and depletion in HREE and HFSE. No obvious negative Eu anomalies also indicate that no significant magmatic differentiation has occurred. The low Nb/La ratio and Ti content in gabbros samples suggests that the Chahannuo gabbros were partially contaminated by the crust during their formation. The Chahannuo gabbros have high incompatible element ratios (Rb/Sr, Th/Nd, and Th/La), which are closer to the category of enriched mantle. Combing our data with previous data from contemporaneous magmatism in the region, we suggest that the Chahannuo gabbros formed in a continental arc environment related to the northward subduction of the Paleo-Tethyan oceanic plate.

A Chronological Study on Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Virus 2 in Australia.

Grapevine leafroll disease affects the health status of grapevines worldwide. Most studies in Australia have focused on grapevine leafroll-associated viruses 1 and 3, while little attention has been given to other leafroll virus types, in particular, grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2). A chronological record of the temporal occurrence of GLRaV-2 in Australia since 2001 is reported. From a total of 11,257 samples, 313 tested positive, with an overall incidence of 2.7%. This virus has been detected in 18 grapevine varieties and Vitis rootstocks in different regions of Australia. Most varieties were symptomless on their own roots, while Chardonnay showed a decline in virus-sensitive rootstocks. An isolate of GLRaV-2, on own-rooted Vitis vinifera cv. Grenache, clone SA137, was associated with severe leafroll symptoms after veraison with abnormal leaf necrosis. The metagenomic sequencing results of the virus in two plants of this variety confirmed the presence of GLRaV-2, as well as two inert viruses, grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV) and grapevine rupestris vein feathering virus (GRVFV). No other leafroll-associated viruses were detected. Among the viroids, hop stunt viroid and grapevine yellow speckle viroid 1 were detected. Of the six phylogenetic groups identified in GLRaV-2, we report the presence of four groups in Australia. Three of these groups were detected in two plants of cv. Grenache, without finding any recombination event. The hypersensitive reaction of certain American hybrid rootstocks to GLRaV-2 is discussed. Due to the association of GLRaV-2 with graft incompatibility and vine decline, the risk from this virus in regions where hybrid Vitis rootstocks are used cannot be overlooked.

Anti-neuroinflammation effect of zonisamide in early Parkinson’s disease: A chronological PET study (P13-11.010)

<h3>Objective:</h3> To evaluate the in vivo neuroprotective effect of zonisamide, we examined the chronological change in the microglial activation and nigrostriatal degeneration in the early stage of PD by using PET. <h3>Background:</h3> Neuroinflammation play a significant role in the pathology of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Previous animal and ex-vivo study suggested that zonisamide had beneficial effect against neuroinflammation. <h3>Design/Methods:</h3> Eleven early stage of PD patients and normal controls underwent [¹¹C] DPA713 PET and [¹¹C]CFT PET to assess microglial activation and dopamine transporter density. PD patients were divided into PD with and without zonisamide therapy. All patients were scanned annually for three years (four times per person). The binding potential (BP_ND) was estimated with simplified reference tissue model. Voxel wised SPM analysis and ROI analysis were used to compare the increase in [¹¹C] DPA713 BP_ND and [¹¹C]CFT SUVR between two groups. Local association between [¹¹C] DPA713 BP_ND and [¹¹C]CFT SUVR were evaluated with direct ROI analysis. <h3>Results:</h3> The PD group showed a significant increase in [¹¹C] DPA713 BP_ND in the whole brain predominantly in the parieto-occipital lobe. Increase in [¹¹C] DPA713 BP_ND was more broadly in the following scans. The [¹¹C] DPA713 BP_ND changes were smaller in the zonisamide+ group than in the zonisamide-therapy. Although [¹¹C]CFT SUVR showed chronological decrease in the striatum in all PD group, correlation analysis showed a positive direct correlation between [¹¹C]DPA713 BP_ND and [¹¹C]CFT SUVR in the putamen in the zonisamide+ group but not in the zonisamide-group. The seven series subtest in MMSE showed significant increase in the zonisamide+ group. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> Microglial activation is present especially over the parieto-occipital cortex even at an early stage of PD. Our in vivo study suggested that zonisamide might have the potential to suppress the neuroinflammation, induce the neuroprotective effect of microglia in the putamen, and beneficial effect on attention. <b>Disclosure:</b> The institution of Dr. Matsudaira has received research support from Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd. . Dr. Terada has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bunai has nothing to disclose. Prof. Hashizume has nothing to disclose. Dr. Yokokura has nothing to disclose. Dr. Takashima has nothing to disclose. Dr. KONISHI has received personal compensation in the range of $0-$499 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Eisai Co., Ltd. Dr. KONISHI has received personal compensation in the range of $0-$499 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.. Dr. Obi has nothing to disclose. The institution of Prof. Ouchi has received research support from Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd.

Characterisation of Three Sri Lankan Zircon Megacrysts as Potential Reference Materials for Microbeam U‐Pb Geochronology and Hf‐O‐Zr Isotope Measurements

In situ U‐Pb geochronology and hafnium, oxygen and zirconium isotope measurements in zircons using laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) and ion microprobe techniques can provide essential isotopic data to constrain geological evolutionary histories. Developing reliable zircon reference materials is the cornerstone for in situ zircon chronology and isotopic studies. In this study, the homogeneity of U‐Pb ages and Hf‐O‐Zr isotope ratios in three Sri Lankan zircon megacrysts (SLZA, SLZB and SLZC) were investigated using multiple analytical methods. The obtained U, Th, Pb and Hf mass fractions of the SLZA zircon were 839 ± 56 μg g‐1 (1s), 151 ± 15 μg g‐1 (1s), 198 ± 28 μg g‐1 (1s) and 8635 ± 286 μg g‐1 (1s), respectively. The mass fractions of U, Th, Pb and Hf in the SLZB zircon were 1106 ± 106 μg g‐1 (1s), 331 ± 61 μg g‐1 (1s), 376 ± 57 μg g‐1 (1s) and 9673 ± 976 μg g‐1 (1s), respectively. The U, Th, Pb and Hf mass fractions determined in the SLZC zircon were 551 ± 35 μg g‐1 (1s), 111 ± 8 μg g‐1 (1s), 129 ± 18 μg g‐1 (1s) and 7881 ± 393 μg g‐1 (1s), respectively. The chemical abrasion isotope dilution thermal ionisation mass‐spectrometry (CA‐ID‐TIMS) method yielded a Th‐corrected weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 556.94 ± 1.29 Ma (95% conf., n = 5) for the SLZA zircon, 552.90 ± 1.29 Ma (95% conf., n = 7) for the SLZB zircon and 560.83 ± 1.29 Ma (95% conf., n = 7) for the SLZC zircon. The obtained Hf isotopic compositions of the SLZA, SLZB and SLZC zircons determined with the solution MC‐ICP‐MS method were 0.281651 ± 0.000014 (2s, n = 10), 0.281704 ± 0.000008 (2s, n = 10) and 0.281676 ± 0.000006 (2s, n = 10), respectively. The obtained O isotopes of the SLZA and SLZB zircons measured with the laser fluorination method were 12.14 ± 0.56‰ (2s, n = 4) and 11.91 ± 0.30‰ (2s, n = 4), respectively. The Zr isotopes of the SLZA, SLZB and SLZC zircons determined with double spike TIMS analysis yielded mean δ94/90ZrSRM3169 values of ‐0.03 ± 0.06‰ (2s, n = 10), ‐0.03 ± 0.04‰ (2s, n = 10) and 0.00 ± 0.07‰ (2s, n = 8), respectively. The SLZA zircon can be used as a primary reference or quality control material for microbeam U‐Pb, Hf and Zr isotope measurements because of its slight heterogeneity. The U‐Pb, Hf and Zr isotopic compositions of the SLZB and SLZC megacrysts were homogeneous. The O isotopic compositions in the SLZA and SLZB zircon were slightly dispersed, indicating that these two megacrysts can only serve as secondary reference materials for microbeam O isotope measurements.

REFINING CERAMIC CHRONOLOGY AND EPICLASSIC REOCCUPATION AT LA VENTILLA, TEOTIHUACAN USING TRAPEZOIDAL BAYESIAN MODELING

ABSTRACTAccelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon (AMS 14C) dates (n = 78) from human bone collagen were analyzed in the largest high-resolution chronology study to date at the ancient city of Teotihuacan in central Mexico (ca. AD 1–550). Samples originate from the residential neighborhood of La Ventilla, located in the heart of this major urban center. Here, a trapezoidal model using Bayesian statistics is built from 14C dates combined with data derived from the stylistic analysis of ceramics from burial contexts. Based on this model, we suggest possible refinements to Teotihuacan’s ceramic chronology, at least within the La Ventilla neighborhood. We also explore the abandonment and reoccupation of La Ventilla after the political collapse of Teotihuacan in the Metepec and Coyotlatelco phases. Findings suggest that these ceramic phases began earlier than is currently projected and that the well-documented abandonment period of La Ventilla may have occurred more abruptly than originally estimated.

Sedimentation rates on the floodplains of lowland rivers in the center of the European Part of Russia according to the study of soil-alluvial chronosequences

The floodplain deposition rates for the Istra, Oka and Seim rivers valleys were estimated based on a combination of dating methods (radiocarbon, radiocesium and historical-archaeological) for various time windows of the Holocene. In addition, a new method to estimated sedimentation rate, based on the assessment of the degree of soil profile development of paleosols buried in alluvium was applied. Spatio-temporal differences in the rates of floodplain sedimentation have been established based on chronological and soil-geomorphological studies. It was found that sedimentation rates on the young floodplain of Seim and Istra rivers is 1.823 mm year1), 215 mm year1, respectively. While on the ancient floodplains of Oka and Seim rivers during different periods, the floodplain deposition rate varied within the range of 0.010.7 mm year1. The periods of increased sedimentation rates were short in time. Based on the study of a young, rapidly growing Istra River floodplain, the deposits of which are dated on the basis of historical and archaeological materials, new sedimentation rates that characterize the floodplains of the center part of the East European Plain were obtained: alluvium without signs of pedogenesis is formed at a sedimentation rate of more than 15 mm year1, with signs of pedogenesis at a rate of 215 mm year1, cumulative soils at a rate of 0.52 mm year1. Cyclic fluctuations in the sedimentation rate in the Holocene were established on the basis of14C and archaeological dates for to the Nikitino section located on the Oka River floodplain, where a large series of well-developed paleosols were distinguished. It was found that during periods with active accumulation of alluvium layers, sedimentation rate was about 2 mm year1, which is 20 times higher than in longer periods soil formation, when sedimentation rates were 0.070.14 mm yr1.

The petrogenesis and mineralization of Zhaojinggou Nb–Ta deposit, Inner Mongolia: Evidence from geochronology, rock, and mineral geochemistry

The Zhaojinggou Nb–Ta deposit is one of large rare metal deposits newly discovered in the northern margin of the North China Craton in recent years. This paper reports petrography, petrochemistry, columbite‐group minerals U–Pb chronology study of the amazonite granitic pegmatite (AGP) exposed in this deposit, and composition of columbite‐group minerals and biotite are obtained by electron probe microanalyzer and LA‐ICP‐MS. Eighteen analyses of columbite‐group minerals yielded weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 116.9 ± 1.4 Ma. The crystallization temperature of biotite is 630–650°C, and the oxygen fugacity is 10−17–10−18 bars. The biotite has low MgO contents and high Rb, Rb/Sr, and FeOT/(FeOT + MgO) ratios. The AGP has extremely low MgO, Cr, Co and Ni contents, with Nb/Ta ratios range from 1.63 to 9.05 and Rb/Sr ratios range from 303.30 to 648.90, and obvious ‘M’ type tetrad effect of rare earth element indicating that the formation of the AGP is related to crust‐derived magma. The contents of Nb2O5 and FeO decrease, while the Ta2O5 and WO3 contents, Mn# and Ta# values increase gradually from the core to the rim of columbite‐group minerals. Some columbite‐group minerals have unobvious oscillatory zoning, and some have a clear bright zoing with high Ta contents on the rim, indicating that the genesis of Zhaojinggou Nb–Ta deposit is mainly magmatic crystallization differentiation, accompanied by hydrothermal autometasomatism in the late stage.

A new compositional, mineralogical and chronological study of the Leibnitz crater within the SPA basin

Leibnitz is an impact crater 237 ​km in diameter located on the lunar farside within the South Pole–Aitken (SPA) basin. It shares much of its southern rim with the Von Kármán crater (186 ​km in diameter), which is currently the focus of in situ exploration by the Yutu-2 rover, part of the Chang'e−4 mission. This complementary study analyzes Leibnitz's surface materials mineralogy and age using remote sensing data. We focused on the spectral information from 95 fresh craters within Leibnitz to minimize the effects of weathering on the exposed materials. Subsequently, we employed the Modified Gaussian Model to derive a distribution map for the high to low Ca pyroxene ratio values. Finally, we derived absolute model age estimations of the mare basalts using the lunar crater chronology method. A new geologic map of the Leibnitz crater summarizes the results of this study. The results show that the interiors of Von Kármán and Leibnitz share a degree of similarity in mineral composition, with strong absorption features around the 1 ​μm and 2 ​μm bandcenters, due to the spectral dominance of mafic minerals. The ejecta from the adjacent Finsen crater have higher Ca/Fe and HCP/LCP ratios than the exposed materials of the Leibnitz crater. This study also finds evidence to support an older age of formation of the crater than age estimates to date from previous studies of the Leibnitz crater.

A preliminary approach to Early Iron Age demography. Testing paleodemographic methodologies on a microspatial scale: The case of Punta de Muros (NW Iberia)

This paper presents an approach to the paleodemography of the Iron Age in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, choosing a microspatial study focused on the settlement of Punta de Muros. This settlement provides an excellent context for paleodemographic analysis, given the extent of its archaeological record, the chronological studies of its occupational dynamics and its condition as a fully excavated settlement. This work aims to review several demographic techniques in order to assess their weaknesses and strengths and their applicability to the case of study. Thus, the data obtained will be analysed from the point of view of their appropriateness and precision for Early Iron Age societies of the northwest, relating the results by means of several demographic markers and the archaeological data known for the settlement.

A portable feedback-controlled pump for monitoring eye outflow facility in conscious rats.

Intraocular pressure (IOP) is heavily influenced by the resistance of trabecular outflow pathways through which most of the aqueous humor produced by the eye continuously drains. The standard method of quantifying outflow resistance and other aspects of ocular fluid dynamics is eye cannulation, which allows for direct measurement and manipulation of IOP and flow in animal models. Since the method is invasive, indirect techniques that are slower and less accurate must be used for chronological studies. A novel technology is introduced that can autonomously measure outflow facility in conscious rats multiple times a day. A smart portable micropump infuses fluid into the eye through a permanently-implanted cannula and dynamically adjusts flow rate using a unique proportional feedback algorithm that sets IOP to a target level, even though IOP fluctuates erratically in awake free-moving animals. Pressure-flow data collected by the system from anesthetized rats were validated against intraocular recordings with commercial pressure and flow sensors. System and sensor estimates of outflow facility were indistinguishable, averaging 23 ± 3 nl·min-1·mmHg-1 across animals (n = 11). Pressure-flow data were then collected round-the-clock for several days from conscious rats, while outflow facility was measured every few hours. A significant diurnal facility rhythm was observed in every animal (n = 4), with mean daytime level of 22 ± 10 nl·min-1·mmHg-1 and mean nighttime level of 15 ± 7 nl·min-1·mmHg-1. The rhythm correlated with diurnal changes in IOP and likely contributed prominently to those changes based on the day-night swing in facility magnitude. Hence, the portable smart pump offers a unique tool for repeated long-term monitoring of outflow facility and other possible parameters of ocular health. It could also be useful in animal glaucoma studies for reversibly inducing acute or chronic ocular hypertension without explicitly damaging trabecular outflow pathways.

The role of temple institutions in Wari imperial expansion at Pakaytambo, Peru

During the Andean Middle Horizon (CE 600–1000), the highland Wari emerged as an expansive power that formed the largest pre-Inka imperial project in the Andes. Although territorially discontinuous, the introduction of Wari state institutions to disparate regions of Peru knit together far-flung and diverse social groups. Recent excavations at Pakaytambo in southern Peru have uncovered a Wari ritual complex replete with a d-shaped temple, patio-group architecture, and monumental platform construction. The complex was established in the upper Majes-Chuquibamba drainage of Arequipa at ∼ 1700 masl and was strategically placed along a major pre-Inka road at the nexus of highland-coastal populations and socio-ecological zones. In this article, excavations at Pakaytambo are presented and discussed in terms of architectural canons, site chronology, and material studies in consideration to broader changes during the late Middle Horizon. d-shaped temples represent the most ubiquitous form of civic-ceremonial architecture related to Wari religious institutions and imperial ideology. Thus, Pakaytambo provides invaluable insights into the production of state authority through public ritual and performance in regions beyond a state heartland. A focus on institutions, their group members, norms, shared objectives, and archaeological patterning provides a middle-level unit of social analysis complimentary to high theory of the state.

« Tenue correcte exigée ! », quand l’apparence vestimentaire interroge

Appearances, although deceptive, are a major focus of young people’s attention, especially during puberty. Body image is nowadays an ideal and is over-valued. As part of an effort to raise awareness of beauty standards and their impact on self-esteem, 13-14 years old students studied the dress codes of a contemporary era rooted in the fast-paced urbanism of the early industrial era. During a history lesson of 3 x 45’, the pupils pose to recreate a painting from the beginning of the industrial age. In history, the study of sources, chronology and representations of time are the focus of learning. Permanences and changes are studied through society and the economy. The students question social norms and their influence on their own personal development.

Chronological and geochemical studies of the Middle Neoproterozoic mafic rock and turbidite in the Dahongshan orogenic belt on the northern margin of the Yangtze Block: Implications for the evolution of the back-arc basin

扬子北缘~820Ma可能记录了从挤压环境向伸展环境的重要转换,是解决扬子新元古代演化争议的关键时间节点。本研究在扬子北缘大洪山造山带圆潭地区识别出一套基性岩和浊积岩组合。其中基性岩全岩Sm-Nd等时线年龄为845Ma±81Ma(MSWD=1.5),浊积岩碎屑锆石年龄谱包括四个主要峰值年龄(~835Ma、~1597Ma、~2002Ma、~2482Ma)和两个次要峰值年龄(~2680Ma、~2934Ma),综合前人研究成果将浊积岩的形成时代约束在835~820Ma。浊积岩与花山群的形成时代一致,应代表花山群的北向延伸。浊积岩的物源来自扬子北缘桐柏-大别地区,不同于前人对花山群的分析结果,指示花山群可能具有多个物源。以上地层碎屑锆石年龄谱和地层层序特征与弧后盆地相似。本研究基性岩样品具有低的SiO₂(45.41%~50.29%)、K₂O(0.03%~1.49%),高的TiO₂(1.42%~3.03%),和低的U/Th(0.15~0.29)、Th/Zr(0.003~0.011)和Nb/Y(0.059~0.147)以及正的<em>ε</em>_Nd(<em>t</em>)(+1.18~+1.57),类似N-MORB地球化学特征。基性岩来自于软流圈,经历&lt;3%部分熔融而生成,并在上升过程中受到了一定程度的地壳混染。综合以上分析,本文认为这些基性岩和浊积岩共同构成一套弧后背景环境岩石组合。

The Euphemism Comparison Between English and Chinese

There are many lexical studies on euphemisms and general studies, and there is currently a lack of research on euphemisms in context. There is a lack of relevant articles based on euphemisms for chronological studies. This article examines English euphemisms through chronological comparisons and focuses on the influence of different cultures of different generations on euphemisms. The article explains the fundamental logic of the change and development of euphemisms. The culture of Western countries emphasizes personality development, while Chinese culture emphasizes restraint. Under the influence of Western cultures, Western euphemisms are relatively simple and mostly used to express politeness. It is relatively complex and emphasizes the human understanding that Chinese culture influences Chinese euphemisms. Along with the Europeanization of Chinese, Chinese euphemisms have also been influenced to some extent by English euphemisms. However, as time passed, Chinese and English euphemisms developed in a more concise direction, but both languages retained the polite function of euphemisms. Euphemisms are meant to show politeness and avoid conflict. Therefore, it is important to use the right euphemisms in intercultural communication and inter-age communication.

Thirty years in the making: A critical overview of the Kura-Araxes periodization from a radiocarbon perspective

The chronology of the Kura-Araxes culture has long been a matter of debate, particularly as regards its internal periodization. To date, two main periodization systems have been proposed, which argue, respectively, for a three-part and two-part scheme. Despite the acquisition of new 14C and archaeological datasets, universal consent on this issue still hasn’t been reached. This paper reviews the state of the art in chronological studies on the Kura-Araxes culture and provides a critical assessment of the two periodization systems since the introduction of radiocarbon dating in the South Caucasus. The discussion demonstrates that the understanding of the Kura-Araxes chronology exceeds mere questions of ‘objective’ chronometric agreement, as seen in the way that different archaeological agendas have influenced the interpretation of ambiguous calibrated data, and vice versa. Finally, the paper highlights the potential of Bayesian chronological modeling to disambiguate chronometric evidence and exploit archaeological knowledge to the benefit of regionalized periodization frameworks.