Chronological Layers Research Articles

CONNECTING EMBEDDED HISTORY OF THE URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE TO THE CONTEMPORARY CITY: A CASE STUDY OF GWANGHWAMUN WOLDAE RESTORATION

Abstract. The captured 3D digital record of the excavation site represents a momentary state of the city, but also conveys rich evidence and stories as an urban environment created by the interaction of actors, artifacts, and institutions surrounding the place. These digital records combine multiple temporal layers of complex urban scenes and require interpretation by multiple stakeholders for comprehensive decision-making. This study revealed that in the context of Seoul, the Cultural Heritage Administration and the City of Seoul have made significant use of digital records in cultural heritage restoration from the perspective of preservation and utilization. The two organizations collaborated on the Gwanghwamun Woldae excavation survey recently. The site has been dealing with the multi-layered time and space of complex urban sites for over 40 years while carrying out urban planning and cultural heritage preservation. Through a case study of the Gwanghwamun Woldae excavation site, we articulate the nature of governance in digital documentation to extend its application. The goal is to highlight the urban cross-section and historical layers of urban infrastructure captured digitally - LiDAR and photogrammetric scanning - at the Gwanghwamun Woldae excavation site. This involves describing the chronological layers of tram lines, streets and buildings from different eras and linking them to the current urban context of Seoul through analog historical records such as maps and plan diagrams. Ultimately, we discuss the value of digital restoration of technologies, events and landscapes as a record of the process valuing modern urban heritage.

К ВОПРОСУ О ТОПОНИМАХ ИНДОИРАНСКОГО ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИЯ, СВЯЗАННЫХ С ВОДНЫМИ ОБЪЕКТАМИ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ СРЕДНЕГО ПРИИРТЫШЬЯ (по материалам Павлодарской, Восточно-Казахстанской и Абайской областей)

The article is devoted to the systematization and description of toponyms associated with water bodies on the territory of the Middle Irtysh region, the origin of which may be associated with Indo-Iranian languages. Despite the controversial origin of the names of certain geographical names, their analysis contributes to solving problems not only in terms of studying the chronological layers of toponymy of Kazakhstan, but also in the context of studying the history and culture of the population that once lived here. It indicates the historical binding of toponyms that may be associated with native speakers of Indo-Iranian languages who, according to some researchers, lived in the designated area during the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. Before the era of writing and cartography, orientation in deserted mountains was a problem, recognition of an object on the ground occurred by the oral name of the place, the name of which briefly and succinctly indicated one or two noticeable and distinctive features of the object and the surrounding area. Rivers (hydronyms) have the most stable names in time, as well as some tracts and notable mountains located near ancient communications, near historical places of residence and important in the life support and management of people. The names of villages often came from the names of rivers and from the geomorphological assessment of the settlement site, reflecting the space and terrain, taking into account the properties of the object and its degree of significance for people. Sometimes a toponym denoting a local object can expand its meaning, or the name is transferred to neighboring objects, usually the name of the river is transferred to the name of the gorge, but sometimes vice versa, the name. rivers are often transferred to the name. Toponyms appeared as man mastered the mountains, in the form of "toponymic corridors" corresponding to ancient pack trails, passes and valleys and hollows convenient for settling. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the analysis and interpretation of toponyms of Indo-Iranian origin associated with water bodies in the Middle Priirtysh region, based on materials from Pavlodar, East Kazakhstan and Abay regions. The study makes it possible to trace historical connections and the influence of Indo-Iranian peoples on the formation of the toponymic landscape of this territory, as well as to contribute to the understanding of the processes of migration and cultural exchange in the region. The methodological approach may include a comprehensive examination and comparison of different data sources, interdisciplinary analysis, use of the comparative method, etc. It is also important to consider the context of the study, the resources available and the objectives of the study to select the most appropriate methods and methodology. It is also important to consider the research context, available resources and research objectives in order to select the most appropriate methods and methodology.

The source value of early charters of uncertain chronological status in historical linguistics and onomastics

AbstractThis paper explores the problem of the source value of charters from the point of view of research in linguistic history. Charters written in Latin often contain elements of the vulgar language (in this case, Hungarian). Only four authentic Hungarian charters have survived from the 11th century in their original form. Therefore, we have also included the non-authentic and non-original charters of the 11th century in our research over the recent decades.These charters may contain 4–5 chronological layers, and so our task is to separate them. Charters of uncertain status cannot be analysed using the same methodological principles as the authentic and original charters. This paper discusses the methodological principles that may facilitate the identification of the source value of these charters for historical linguistics. Although these principles are defined based on charters from Hungary, due to their universal nature a significant portion of them may also be used successfully in other regions of medieval European charter research.

Historical Toponomastics and the Study of Medieval Hungarian Forged Chartres: Chronological Layers of the Pécsvárad Abbey Founding Charter

Charters written in Latin containing vernacular toponyms represent important sources in the early history of European toponymic system. Besides authentic and original charters, there are numerous forged charters and charters that can be read only in later copies. The umbrella term used for such documents is charters with an uncertain chronological status. From the perspective of historical toponomastics and linguistics, we may suppose the existence of multiple chronological layers in such documents. The author uses the example of the Pécsvárad Abbey Charter to introduce a method for distinguishing these layers using the charter’s toponymic data and the methods of historical toponomastics. Primarily, it takes to identify possible chronological periods that can be reflected in the studied charter, followed by the subsequent linguistic analysis of the language forms attested in the document with a special focus on place names as the key elements of the charter’s content. The author emphasises two techniques of analysing toponymic materials of charters that can help clarify the chronological attribution of specific forms: the comparative analysis of the Latin naming constructions largely used in Hungarian medieval charters and displaying a distinct statistical pattern in their evolution, and the method of toponym reconstruction which consists in establishing the possible evolution of the toponym based on a variety of linguistic, historical and geographical data and language laws. The first method helps isolate parts of the text that can relate to a specific chronological layer, while the application of the second leads to outlining the relative chronology of the toponym change and thus to attributing its form attested in the charter to a particular period of time. Although the analysis relies on one single Hungarian charter, it has wider-ranging consequences and may be applied to other Latin medieval sources that include toponymic units in other “vulgar” languages.

Two groups of place names preserving Hungarian cultural heritage

The Hungarians migrated to the Pannonian Basin at the end of the first millennium, and their society changed relatively quickly from a pagan nomadic society to a settled Christian and feudal society. The peopling of the new homeland and the settlement resulted in creations of a mass of geographical names. Later transformations coincided with a number of language changes. Geographical names can perform their primary function – the clear identification of places – with relative formal stability. This property makes them suitable for preserving reminiscences of times long past. It was an important revelation of Hungarian onomastics that chronological layers can be established on the basis of the morphological features of geographical names. A unique feature of early Hungarian place naming in the region is that elements of certain groups of proper names (for ethnicities, tribes, persons, servants, etc.) could become place names without suffixation or any grammatical transformation. This paper focuses on two groups of names that have a significant cultural heritage: early Hungarian personal names and names of certain occupations. The vast majority of the examples discussed cannot be explained from today's Hungarian language. Both groups also provide significant additions to the interethnic relations and immigrations of the era.

Dating Elements in Icelandic Family Sagas

As part of the problem of identifying (and delimiting) various chronological layers in the texts of Icelandic family sagas that have come down to us, we considered the possibility of using descriptions of everyday details and references to Icelandic flora and fauna as chronomarkers. Based on the saga descriptions, it is not possible to determine to what time the mentioned clothing belongs, 9th—10th or 13th—14th centuries. It is also completely impossible to use references to ships and various weapons that would seem convenient for dating (first of all, swords in view of the variety of their types and the short duration of the popularity of each of them), since the terminology found in family sagas in this area is extremely general and vague. Mentions of fishing, horses, sheep, and dogs are of no help either, since these animals (and related activities) have been active on the farm throughout Icelandic history. However, the descriptions in the family sagas of forests and arable lands, as well as pigs, goats and cows, are the reflections of the realities of the 10th century, which allows us to take a different look at the dating of various layers of sagas. At the same time, it should be taken into account that most of these references refer not so much to everyday details as to plot-forming details; therefore, they could have been preserved from the 10th century unchanged even when passed down through oral tradition.

Variability of Perm Old Believers’ Name System in the Early 20th-Century Middle Prikamye

The article describes the variability of the name system of Perm Old Believers — former peasants of the Stroganov Perm estate living in Middle Prikamye in the early 20th c., that ostensibly belonged to the Chasovennye confession. The research is based on the Perm Old Believers’ metric books of 1908–1917 from the Bogorodskaya, Vasilyevskaya, Stryapuninskaya and Malo-Zagarskaya communities, featuring the naming records made by Old Believers’ mentors. The database under study consists of 1082 names including duplicates and variants of names (as distinct from Believers’ and Orthodox name forms due to phonetic, morphological, and other transformations) that are the main object of the research. The variety of personal name forms is explained by the Old Russian principle of permissible variability of personal names in the Old Believers’ community. Another reason for the variability is the diversity of the Old Believers’ culture as such, embracing many confessions, communities, and traditions. The main research method was stratigraphic analysis, i.e., comparing Old Believers’ names with the names from sources of the earlier periods. This one showcases the consistency of naming tradition with the anthroponymy that was in use before the schism. The age of historical sources and types of transformations in groups of names determine the chronological layers within the name system. It was also established that the variability was reinforced by the preservation of the old “pre-Nikonite” (Menaions, Synaxaria) books which the Perm Old Believers used for naming. The preservation of the ancient name forms, particularly the relict forms with extra-short ъ/ь became possible due to the preserved tradition of special Old Believers’ singing (so-called, Khomovy Chant), in which ъ/ь are sung as syllabic ones, respectively о/е. It has also been revealed that the variability of personal names is partly caused by the peculiarities of the North Russian dialects.

A szövegbe illesztés módjai Szent István Veszprémi püspökségnek írt adománylevelében

Insertions in the Donation Letter to the Archdiocese of Veszprém from Stephen I of Hungary The original copy of Stephen I’s 1009 charter diploma establishing the Archdiocese of Veszprém has not survived; only interpolated versions with later modifications are available for research. As an interpolated charter diploma, the donation letter to the Archdiocese of Veszprém was relegated to the periphery of linguistic interest for a long time. Recently, however, the linguistic investigation of this donation letter has begun. This paper examines the methods of name choice and their insertion into the charter text. The author points out what new perspectives emerge in charter diploma analysis by applying this relatively recent approach and how examining the textual context assists interpretation and sheds light on unresolved issues. An analysis of name insertion methods contributes significantly to the evaluation of interpolated charter diplomas, to the distinction of chronological layers and ultimately, to the integration of new, early name records into the research into the relatively datadeficient initial phase of the Old Hungarian period.

Есть ли жизнь офлайн, или О проблемах номинации невиртуальной действительности

The paper is devoted to analysis of the lexical units used in English and Russian for the purpose of nominating virtual and non-virtual reality. Special attention is paid to the study of ways to designate human life activity outside of computer-mediated technologies. It is proved that the presence of only one form of human life activity for many millennia did not cause a nominative need to assign a specific characteristic to a phenomenon that has no ontological alternative. The emergence of a technologized virtual environment has provoked the need to differentiate two forms of modern life and two chronological layers: the era before the Internet and after it’s invention. As a result, the adjective online, which characterizes the secondary form of existence, was used as a relative onomasiological base for naming genetically and chronologically primary forms of being. The initial technological dichotomy online / offline has undergone semantic widening, acquiring the status of a global ontological dichotomy online-life / offline-life. In the recent period of time, a number of synonymous units have appeared in English and Russian, denoting virtual and real forms of life activity. In addition to borrowings and calques translated from English, Russian widely uses its own language tools and original nominative techniques, among which the processes of neosemantization and univerbalization are most productive.

Пространственная организация и наскальные рисунки большого грота Толеубулак в Мугоджарах

This article introduces the material on the Mugodzhar petroglyphs for scientific discussion. For the first time, full-fledged copies of cave paintings obtained during the continuous fixation of the flat surfaces of the Toleubulak large grotto are published, which allows attracting a wide range of researchers to study and analyze the earliest rock art of Kazakhstan. A comparative and narrative-stylistic study and an analysis of the technique of cave paintings in the Toleubulak large grotto helped to identify three main chronological layers with cave paintings: petroglyphs of the pre-Paleometallic epoch (Neolithic), petroglyphs of the transition period from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age (Eneolithic–Early Bronze) and petroglyphs of the Late Bronze Age. The new interpretation of cave paintings of mushroom-shaped figures of the late Bronze Age is proposed. Thus, parallels are drawn with the images of the labyrinths of Dagestan, the drawings on the Northeastern Caspian sanctuary, the labyrinths of the White Sea and the arrow-shaped structures of Ustyurt.

A hamis oklevelek helynévtörténeti forrásértékének meghatározásáról

On the Determination of the Source Value of Forged Charters for Historical Toponomastics Charters with an uncertain chronological status have multiple chronological layers from a linguistic perspective. Due to the circumstances of their creation and survival, the historical linguistic and historical onomastic source value of names included in them do not necessarily overlap; this means that it may be possible that the same name can be associated with different centuries as a source for studies in historical linguistics and historical onomastics. Therefore, one of the key steps in the linguistic exploration of charters with an uncertain chronological status (including forged charters) involves the examin¬¬ation of the source value of the charter separately for the purposes of historical linguistics and historical toponomastics: we assess the chronological features of the recording of the names (historical linguistic source value) only after the con¬sideration of the date of the inclusion of the names in the charter (i.e., historical onomastic source value). We may determine the historical toponomastic source value of forged charters mostly based on the principles of historical studies and diplomatics. This includes, for example, the consideration of litigations of abbeys or the study of the formulas of charters as well as the word use of the charter. With the growing number of charters of an uncertain status studied linguis¬tically, it has become clear that we need to further specify the assessment of the charters from the perspective of historical toponomastics completed based on these principles. In my paper, I study how we may establish the source value of particular toponyms from the perspective of historical onomastics using four forged charters of Saint Stephen (the charters of Bakonybél, Pécsvárad and two charters from Zalavár), while also relying on considerations rooted in history and diplomatics. In the first part, I show that irrespective of the fact that a name probably had not appeared in the original source of the forged charter, the places and names in question could already exist in the 11th century. In the second part, I provide examples that show that the sections of forged charters that have been designated as belonging to the 11th century mostly using the principles of diplo¬matics and history may also include such names the early use of which is question¬able.

11. századi nyomok az 1019. évi hamis Zalavári oklevélben

The Zalavár charters (1019, 1024) are the least viable sources of information for historical linguistics and historical onomastics regarding the 11th century among the charters of King Saint Stephen forged in the Middle Ages. This is mainly because the Zalavár charters were likely not based on documents from the reign of Saint Stephen. The charters can be classified into three chronological layers through the vernacular elements contained in them. However, the current study aims to prove that the 1019 Zalavár charter does contain information valuable to historical onomastics and linguistics research into the early 11th century, albeit to a lesser degree than than the two other forged chartes of the era (the Pécsvárad and Bakonybél charters). The hypothesis is verified by examining a few place names listed in the census of the forged charter from the end of the 11th century and the Latin context of all the names contained in the document.

Не хлебом единым: мясо и рыба в рационе жителей Киевского Подола при Ярославе Мудром

The article presents the results of the investigation of diet features of the Kyiv Podil population in the first half of the 11th century, based on archaeozoological analysis. The study of meat and fish diet in a separate chronological layer includes the animal bones from the well-stratified cultural horizon 14 at the Spaskyi excavation site, dated back to 1020—1040s years. Archaeological finds from this horizon reflect both the northern and southern vectors of cultural connections. The inhabitants of discovered here estates ate quite varied and actively consumed meat. Among other food, they preferred beef and pork, buying most of the meat in the market, and the cows were kept for milk in the household. Small ruminants principally raised for their milk, meat, and wool were eaten less often. Chickens were also rarely eaten; they were bought, and not bred at home. Finds of eggs from the horizon 14 used for food were not chicken eggs, but goose eggs. Occasionally the diet was enriched with horses, wild-hunted animals, and large fish, incl. Acipenseridae. Dogs were a rare and unusual part of the diet.

Hölderlins Homburger Folioheft in diachroner Darstellung

Abstract Literary compositional drafts and working manuscripts preserve traces of the gradual process of writing and its different stages. In the static medium of print, genetic editions are confronted with the problem of depicting the dynamic evolution of texts. Presenting the variants in line-by-line synoptic display disregards the spatial arrangement on the manuscript pages. On the other hand, giving a topographic representation of the writing in diplomatic transcripts might stratify it into a few chronological layers but is unable to sufficiently reproduce the dynamic process to an elaborate degree. Consequently, the screen is better suited to visualise the writing process. The digital presentation of the ‘Homburg Folio’, the most important manuscript of Friedrich Hölderlin’s late work, offers not only the transcriptional record as known from print media but displays the process of writing and revision on each of the facsimile’s pages itself (https://homburgfolio.wlb-stuttgart.de). Thus, it is possible to visualise writing both as an act in time and its graphic result on the space of a page. It confines itself to the presentation of the genesis without any constitution of a text. The combination of these different operations has often led to errors. Decoupling the genetic analysis from the extrapolation of text reveals its potential.

Planigraphic and Architectural Features of Tell Sabi Abyad (Syria)

Introduction . Tell Sabi Abyad is one of the most important archaeological sites in the Balikh basin, located about 30 km south of the Syrian-Turkish border. It consists of four mounds excavated in different seasons. The excavation was initiated by a Dutch archaeological expedition that started on 1986 and finished in 2010. It was led first by Professor M. Van Loon and then by P. Akkermans. Methods and materials . The research was based on the results of archaeological excavations, published by the excavation team. The historical reconstruction method was used to study the materials of the site. Results . The study of excavation materials of the Tell Sabi Abyad monument made it possible to identify the cultural layers, which revealed religious buildings, dwellings, farm buildings, as well as other traces of the long-term human presence. The paper describes chronological layers and the amount of artefacts at different periods. The research made it possible to acquire new facts that can clarify the existing knowledge about Northern Mesopotamia of the Neolithic era. Conclusion . The study of the monument showed that the houses were built on stable towering platforms, had a regular residential character, and involved bricks, clay, wood, and cane. Most of the houses had a rectangular layout and were connected to each other by small openings (doors). There were also houses with roof entrances. In addition, circular buildings, the tholoi, were found. In the late chronological layers, the era of Halaf culture, the tholoi were widely used not only as places of worship, but also for housing and food storage.

Materia Medica Tocharo-Hvatanica

AbstractThe two languages once spoken in the oases in the North of the Tarim basin, Tocharian A and B, have preserved many Iranian loanwords. These belong to different chronological layers and are of different dialectal origins. Whereas the oldest layers are now most likely seen as belonging to an unattested Old Iranian dialect, more recent layers have not yet been studied in detail. In this respect, the vocabulary of medical texts represents an important field of enquiry. Most terms come from Middle Indian, but a significant number are of Middle Iranian origin. This component, mostly ingredients and technical vocabulary, seems to be largely of Khotanese origin. The article introduces the material and examines possible scenarios for historical transmission and contact between the North and the South of the Tarim Basin.

Към изворите на българските думи в „Български етимологичен речник“

The article deals with the origin of the Bulgarian vocabulary according to the multi-volume Bulgarian etymological dictionary, one of the main nationally significant projects of the Institute for Bulgarian Language at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. In summary, it presents the different chronological and genetic layers of vocabulary that build the Bulgarian language. The two main layers of vocabulary are emphasized - the original Slavic and the later Balkan layer, which characterize the language as both Slavic and Balkan. The classical (literary) Old Church Slavonic source is pointed out, as well as other older and new foreign sources and the different ways of penetration of the lexical units into the literary and colloquial language and in the Bulgarian dialects are revealed.

Juxtaposition of ideology and counter-ideology in the dystopias of Russian cinematography

The object of this research is a separate element of chronotope genre – the time in dystopia in Russian cinematography of the late XX century – early XXI centuries. The subject of this research is the ideological time – a part of screenwriting that reflects the worldview of the characters through verbal constructions. Special attention is given to juxtaposition of ideology (the system proclaimed by the author) and counter-ideology (the opposing system of the public majority), as well as the manifestations of “doublethink”. Detailed analysis is conducted on the characteristic of the author's position on the ideological questions and its correlation with the social and cultural situation in the Soviet and post-Soviet society. Leaning on the theory of “vertical” time, the author explores one of its chronological layers associated with the ideology of dystopia, which defines the scientific novelty of this research. The works of K. Lopushansky, A. Sokurov, and A. German Sr. demonstrate that there can be at least to perspectives on the events, which underlies the dramaturgical conflict. The conclusion is made that various parts of ideology of the characters may be attributed to time that is different from time of the author and the audience. Another conclusion indicates the diversity of humanistic ideologies that film directors resort to, as well as different ways of their expression by the characters. The acquired results can be implemented in the genre dramaturgy, film studies, and film criticism.

Gotyckie malowidło z Ukrzyżowaniem w kościele Wniebowzięcia Najświętszej Marii Panny w Toruniu w świetle najnowszych badań

This paper presents the results of recent studies (stylistic analysis and non-destructive testing) of the painting located in the first Eastern span of the ground floor of the northern aisle (former cloister) in the church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Torun. Regardless of the poor state of preservation of the painting, of which just the general outlines are recognizable, there are two subsequent chronological layers visible, detectable also by the near infrared and UV-induced fluorescence analyses. The younger layer can be dated back to the late 14th century, which is indicated by its typology (the image of the Crucified) and by its general stylistic features rooted in Bohemian art; the older layer can be dated to the first half of 14th century. The painting made a part of decoration of the brothers’ space (with possible access of lay people). Its original function is not known. Surely, it documents the existence of the Passion cult with strong Eucharistic colouring as well as to the Franciscan observances (processional liturgy?). It also makes a proof of actualisation of the interior decor and of the transmission of Bohemian patterns in late 14th century.

СТРАТИГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ НАБЛЮДЕНИЯ НА НЕОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ СТОЯНКЕ ТАРТАС-1 (БАРАБИНСКАЯ ЛЕСОСТЕПЬ). ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ЗАХОРОНЕНИЙ, ПЕРЕРЕЗАЮЩИХ РАННИЙ КУЛЬТУРНЫЙ СЛОЙ ПАМЯТНИКА

Burial complexes dating back from the Neolithic era to the early-developed Bronze Age have been analyzed. The complexes were revealed at the Early Neolithic site of the Tartas-1 area in the Baraba forest-steppe. The site is represented by two housing buildings and a set of special pits intended for fish fermentation. The peculiar dishes, stone and bone tools, as well as the ritual burials of animals (treasure troves/offerings), made it possible to speak about a previously unknown culture of the Neolithic era called the Baraba Neolithic culture. The necropolises of various chronological periods were periodically constructed in the settlement area. The primary aim of the study was to compile the most complete summary of these burials showing the relative chronology of these objects. The Neolithic burial is the earliest. According to the radiocarbon dating, it dates back to the middle of the 5th millennium BC. This date is much later than the set of early dates received at the Neolithic site, the layer of which the burial cuts. The specificity of the burial practice does not allow making direct analogies with the famous Neolithic burial grounds. This may indicate the future identification of a special cultural and chronological layer, which may have occurred in the Neolithic era of this region. One burial is related to the early-developed Bronze Age (the Odinov culture), as evidenced by the specifics of the burial practice and the inventory. The relative chronology of this burial is clearly emphasized by the fact that the grave was cut by the burial of the Andronovo (Fedorovo) culture. The remaining 18 burials belong to the Andronovo (Fedorovo) culture. Two funeral complexes belong to the same period. Two rows of graves are traced; they are located along the edge of the terrace, parallel to each other. Two funeral complexes, in which the grave was surrounded by an intermittent ring-shaped ditch, are integrated in the upper row system. A distinctive feature of this area of the Andronovo cemetery is the presence of children’s and adults’ graves at the same time. Children’s burials are not planographically differentiated. There are both single and collective tombs. The accompanying inventory found in the graves is common to the Andronovo (Fedorovo) complexes; these are ceramic vessels, bronze cast biconical beads, temple rings, sewn plaques, as well as drilled astragali. The investigated funeral complexes include 20 burials and architectural structures (ditches) accompanying individual burials. To varying degrees, these complexes cut the cultural layer of the Neolithic site and have a later chronological position.