Chitosan Powder Research Articles

Chitosan Plasma Chemical Processing in Beam-Plasma Reactors as a Way of Environmentally Friendly Phytostimulants Production

A novel technique of phytoactive water-soluble chitooligosaccharide (COS) production in low-temperature plasma is described. Design, operation, and control of plasma chemical reactors used to produce COS from the powder of high molecular weight chitosan are presented. The electron beam plasma is strongly non-equilibrium and chemically active; plasma was excited by injecting the scanning electron beam into reaction volume filled with aerosol, containing oxygen and chitosan powder. Plasma chemical processes, responsible for the raw chitosan destruction and techniques of these processes to obtain control of products of optimal molecular weight, are considered. COS, in amounts sufficient for laboratory tests with some plants, were produced. Tests showed that the addition of COS into the liquid growing medium at 0.25 and 1 mg/mL stimulates root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings (Col-0) by up to 40%, with respect to control plants. Foliar application of these COS formulations at 0.25 mg/mL on tomato plants (cv. Micro-Tom) also resulted in increases between 11.9% and 36% in two important plant productivity indicators (flower and fruit numbers) compared to the control plants. Being environmentally friendly (and resource saving) the electron beam plasma technology of renewable natural biopolymer processing can be considered as a competitive way to produce biostimulants for commercial agriculture.

Verification of antibacterial and antifungal effects of thermosetting resin containing chitosan powder

Verification of antibacterial and antifungal effects of thermosetting resin containing chitosan powder

Rapid gram-scale synthesis of Au/chitosan nanoparticles catalysts using solid mortar grinding

Owing to the abundant functional groups present in the chitosan polymer, high density catalytic tiny gold particles with greater dispersion can be anchored on the chitosan powder using simple mortar and pestle.

Biodegradation profiles of chitin, chitosan and titanium reinforced polylactide biocomposites as scaffolds in bone tissue engineering

In this study, chitin (Ct), chitosan (Ch) and titanium powder (Ti) were melt-blended with polylactide (PLA) to produce three composites of PLA. The samples were subjected to multiple characterisations, which includes immersion in a phosphate buffer solution (PBS) for ten weeks. The results showed that the three fillers reduced the hydrophobicity of PLA, making the reinforced samples to be more hydrophilic. In addition, the organic reinforced PLA composites became more amorphous while the PLA/Ti samples became more crystalline when compared with unreinforced PLA. The results of the samples’ immersion in PBS showed that the organic reinforced PLA presented a biodegradation profile that would allow for the required gradual transfer of load to the partially healed fractured bone. Except for the chitin reinforced PLA (PLA/Ct) with 16.67 wt. %, all other composites produced using the organic fillers gave a swelling percentage which was less than 17%. However, titanium-reinforced PLA (PLA/Ti) composites were found to continue to swell after ten weeks of the immersion of the samples. Although all the samples formed apatite on their surfaces (except the unreinforced PLA), the biodegradation profile of PLA/Ti was deemed unsuitable as an implant because of the possibility of postoperative palpability.

Fabrication and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan/moringa-extract hydrogel patch for wound-healing applications

In this study, a wound-healing patch containing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), chitosan (CH) and moringa-oleifera-leaf extract (MOR) blends was prepared. PVA prepolymer (2%) was prepared at 80 °C using a hot-plate magnetic stirrer. Four samples (6 ml-films) of PVA prepolymer with a combination of CH powder (0.5%, PVA+ CH), moringa-leaf extract (2.5%, PVA+ MOR), and both CH and moringa (0.5% and 2.5%, PVA+ CH+ MOR) were prepared using the freeze-thaw method at –40 °C. The tests were conducted with pure PVA as the control group. The physicochemical characteristics were assessed by compound-microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), tensile-strength test using universal testing machine (UTM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The water contact angles measured using ImageJ software proved the hydrophilicity of the fabricated biomaterial, showing watercontact angle 37.55° of PVA+ CH+ MOR. The results of the degradation test using phosphate buffer saline (PBS) also indicate that the CH biopolymer enhances the biodegradability of the hydrogel. On addition of chitosan the degradation temperature increased to 288 °C from 251 °C of pure PVA, while it changed to 302 °C on compounding moringa, proving enhanced strength. The obtained physicochemical properties suggest that the patch combining PVA + CH + MOR can be used as a wound-healing patch.

Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel Using Chitosan as an inhibitor in 3.5% NaCl Medium

Carbon steel is a metal that is widely used for the construction of industrial and marine applications. Hence, seawater is one of the corrosive mediums due to its Natrium Chloride (NaCl) content as a strong electrolyte. One method to control the corrosion rate is by adding the inhibitor. Chitosan has been chosen as inhibitor corrosion because of non-poisonous and green material. Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in chitosan inhibitor presence in 3,5% NaCl medium was studied using potentiodynamic polarization technique. This study aims to understand the effect of temperature and inhibitor concentration on carbon steel's corrosion behavior. This study also determined adsorption constant value of chitosan on the carbon steel surface. The corrosion rate has been analyzed by using potentiodynamic polarization. Firstly, carbon steel is prepared by cutting them in cuboid shape by dimensions 4cmx 1cm x 3mm. Secondly, a 3.5 % sodium chloride solution is prepared by dilute NaCl crystal into demineralized water. The next step is inhibitor preparation by dissolve chitosan powder in the acid solution. The corrosion rate is analyzed in different temperatures, various from 30-70oC, and chitosan concentration varied from 0 to 250mg/l. The results showed that chitosan is a promising corrosion inhibitor in sodium chloride medium. The inhibition efficiency at 30oC reaches 84.92% with a chitosan concentration of 250 mg/L.

Ra-226 and Ra-228 adsorption by chitosan bead for industrial scales treatment

This work aims at the application of chitosan-based materials in the treatment of oil incrustations containing Ra-226 and Ra-228 after an initial extraction process. Acid digestion in ultrasound and microwave of oil resulted in radium extraction. In this way, adsorption assay with chitosan powder (without modification) and chitosan bead (chemical modification) were performed using high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry. The adsorption test revealed that chitosan beads were more efficient in the capture of Ra-226 and Ra-228 than chitosan control. Thus, the chitosan beads as a biomaterial may be utilized as a green alternative in the management of oil incrustation.

Batch and column adsorption of reactive dye by eggshell powder–chitosan gel core-shell material

In this study, eggshell powder-chitosan gel (EPCG) material was synthesized and tested as an adsorbent for two commercial reactive dyes in batch and dynamic modes. The EPCG material was a novel core-shell material in which the eggshell core particles were coated by a thin layer of chitosan. SEM images of dried EPCG powder showed a porous structure of the surface. In adsorption batch tests, Langmuir and Freundlich equations well described the adsorption isotherms with a maximum capacity of 2.3 mg/g at pH 4 and equilibrium time of 60 min (r 2 > 0.98). The adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. Adsorption behaviour of EPCG toward the reactive dyes in fixed-bed adsorber was better described by the Clark model (r 2 > 0.92) than by the Bohart – Adam model (r 2 > 0.82). These results suggest that EPCG, as an environment-friendly material produced from waste eggshell, is very promising for wastewater treatment applications.

Reinforcing antibacterial hydrogels through electrospun nanofiber layers for soft tissue engineering

Hydrogels are polymeric substances with hydrophilic features, which make them capable of holding large volume of liquids in their three-dimensional network structures. Hydrogels are finding wide ranges of applications in several biomedical, industrial, and environmental fields. In this study, hydrogels were prepared using chitosan powders, and reinforced with electrospun poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly vinyl chloride (PVC) nanofibers. The chitosan hydrogels were produced by dissolving chitosan in 1% acetic acid solution and mixing thoroughly. Gentamycin, an antibacterial agent, was also added to further increase the effectiveness of hydrogels for biomedical purposes. The prepared hydrogels were subjected to swelling, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and compression tests. The test results showed that hydrogel provided very high-water absorption capacity (10–11 folds). FTIR studies conducted on the hydrogel samples with different percentages of inclusions revealed that some of the compounds were covalently bonded in the structures, which directly affect the mechanical strength and liquid absorption capacity. The compression tests performed at different loads indicated that PVC and PMMA nanofibers reinforced hydrogels provided up to 75% much higher compression strengths when compared to the base-case (without any reinforcement).

The preparation and validation of chitosan tablets that rapidly disperse and disintegrate as an oral adsorbent in the treatment of lifestyle-related diseases

A carrier and an oral absorbent for the treatment of chronic diseases in the form of a tablet was prepared from granulated chitosan (G-CS) particles. The resulting tablet was highly dispersible and disintegrated rapidly (< 30 s) in aqueous media. The non-granulated chitosan (N-CS) powder partially crystallized (2θ = 12−15° and 20°) during wet granulation to give G-CS crystalline particles. The rate of penetration of water into G-CS aggregates was markedly faster than that for N-CS aggregates, as evidenced by the ease of disintegration of the tablets. The rapid disintegration and dispersion of the tablets in vivo was confirmed by MRI measurements after the oral administration of the both tablets to rats. Some ureic toxins were adsorbed more strongly to G-CS tablets than on N-CS tablets. The results suggest that G-CS tablets have great potential for use as a fast disintegrating carrier and as an oral adsorbent in lifestyle-related diseases.

Structural Characterization and Antioxidant Potential of Chitosan by γ-Irradiation from the Carapace of Horseshoe Crab.

Natural product extraction is ingenuity that permits the mass manufacturing of specific products in a cost-effective manner. With the aim of obtaining an alternative chitosan supply, the carapace of dead horseshoe crabs seemed feasible. This sparked an investigation of the structural changes and antioxidant capacity of horseshoe crab chitosan (HCH) by γ-irradiation using 60Co source. Chitosan was extracted from the horseshoe crab (Tachypleus gigas; Müller) carapace using heterogeneous chemical N-deacetylation of chitin, followed by the irradiation of HCH using 60Co at a dose-dependent rate of 10 kGy/hour. The average molecular weight was determined by the viscosimetric method. Regarding the chemical properties, the crystal-like structures obtained from γ-irradiated chitosan powders were determined using Fourier transfer infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The change in chitosan structure was evident with dose-dependent rates between 10 and 20 kGy/hour. The antioxidant properties of horseshoe crab-derived chitosan were evaluated in vitro. The 20 kGy γ-irradiation applied to chitosan changed the structure and reduced the molecular weight, providing sufficient degradation for an increase in antioxidant activity. Our findings indicate that horseshoe crab chitosan can be employed for both scald-wound healing and long-term food preservation due to its buffer-like and radical ion scavenging ability.

Analysis of the effectiveness of active paper use by adding garlic extract in inhibiting bacterial growth

Active paper is a component with antibacterial properties, often used as a microorganism resistance regulator, alongside ensure quality maintenance, and provide safety for packaged products. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to evaluate the effectiveness of active paper added with garlic extract in inhibiting bacterial growth. This involved the addition of 20% garlic extract, 30% tapioca starch (w / w), 100 mL of 1% acetic acid and chitosan powder into whatman paper pulp, followed by testing on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. The results showed a zone of bacterial inhibition with respective diameter of 3.68 mm, 3.98 mm and 1.98. However, active paper alone does not possess these inhibitory properties.

To evaluate and compare the efficacy of glycine and chitosan powder to regain the osseo‐conductivity of contaminated titanium surfaces: an in‐vitro study

To evaluate and compare the efficacy of glycine and chitosan powder to regain the osseo‐conductivity of contaminated titanium surfaces: an in‐vitro study

REVIEW OF CURRENT RESEARCH ON CHITOSAN AS A RAW MATERIAL IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL PRINTING TECHNOLOGY IN BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS

Three-dimensional (3D) biomaterial manufacturing strategies show an extraordinary driving force for the development of innovative solutions in the biomedical sector, including drug delivery systems, disease modelling and tissue and organ engineering. Due to its remarkable and promising biological and structural properties, chitosan has been widely studied for decades in several potential applications in the biomedical field. However, tools in the form of 3D printers have created new possibilities for the production of chitosan models, implants and scaffolds for cell cultures that are much more precise than existing ones. The article presents current achievements related to the possibility of using chitosan to create new materials for 3D printing in the form of chitosan bioinks, filaments, resins and powders dedicated for bioprinting, fused deposition modelling, stereolithography/digital light processing and selective laser sintering methods, respectively

Preparation of Chitosan/Polyvinyl Alcohol Electrospinning Nano-Membranes Using the Green Solvent, Plasma Acid

In this paper, a green solvent for chitosan, plasma acid, was made and chitosan/plasma-acid solutions were prepared. An environmentally friendly chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nano-membrane was prepared via electrospinning due to the difficulty of electrospinning of pure chitosan/plasma-acid solutions. Two blending methods of chitosan with PVA were investigated. One way was to mix a chitosan/plasma-acid solution (1%) and a PVA/water solution (10%) with the volume ratios of 2:8, 3:7, 4:6, 5:5, 6:4, 7:3 and 8:2, respectively. The results showed that fibrous nano-membranes could start to be formed at a chitosan/PVA mixing ratio of 7:3 up to the ratio of 2:8 with increasing PVA. The average fiber diameters increased with increased adding of PVA, ranging from 74.7 nm for the 7:3 ratio to 280.7 nm for the 2:8 ratio. The other way to prepare the chitosan/PVA solutions was to put PVA and chitosan powders into the plasma acid together. Fibrous nano-membranes could also be formed at 6% PVA and 10% PVA solution, both with 1% chitosan compositions. The average diameters of the resulting nano-fibers were 144.67 nm and 300.7 nm, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy results showed that the chitosan was bonded to the PVA by hydrogen bonds in the nano-membranes (6% PVA, 1% chitosan). It is noted that both of the two blending methods permitted obtaining chitosan/PVA nano-membranes. As indicated, the PVA in the solution had a large effect on the diameters of the nano-fibers. The first method permitted obtaining nano-fibers with smaller diameter. The maximum concentration of chitosan in the solution was 0.7% (7:3 ratio). The second method was simpler and permitted increasing the chitosan concentration in the solution to 1% for both the 6% and 10% concentrations of PVA.

High-Capacity Reusable Chitosan Absorbent with a Hydrogel-Coated/Aerogel-Core Structure and Superhydrophilicity under Oil for Water Removal from Oil.

In this work, inspired by the self-cleaning surfaces of fish scales, we prepared a porous chitosan aerogel (CSA) through a simple freeze-drying process. With the three-dimensional interconnected microstructure, the aerogel was highly porous (porosity > 98.16%) and ultralight with a density ranging from 10.19 to 36.05 mg/cm3. The core/shell structure of the CS-hydrogel-coated/CS-aerogel core (CSHA) was fabricated through a simple spray process. The aerogel with low-adhesion CS-hydrogel-coating exhibited superoleophobicity (θoil ∼ 162°) under water and superhydrophilicity (θwater ∼ 0°) in oil. The hydrogel coating as a switch of the absorbent resists the oil phase and induces permeation of the water phase into the aerogel easily and quickly. The dry aerogel core with a porous structure has become a huge storage space. Taking advantage of this structure, an absorption capacity of 147 times could be obtained for water. The unique water absorption process along with switching between the aerogel and hydrogel gives the CSHA incredible potential for oil purification applications on site. Using the CSHA for oil purification, the purity of the obtained oil can be as high as 99.8%. Importantly, two facile approaches, including redissolving and drying, were applied to recycle the aerogels. The natural hydrophilic aerogels are made from dissolution and regeneration of chitosan powder, which is green, low-cost, simple and easy to scale-up. Using the as-obtained high-capacity recyclable CSA for oil/water separation, the mixture can be separated with high efficiency, making it a favorable candidate for applications in large-scale separation of oil-water mixtures in the future.

Assessment of Cytocompatibility and Anti-Inflammatory (Inter)Actions of Genipin-Crosslinked Chitosan Powders.

Chitosan is a polysaccharide commonly used, together with its derivatives, in the preparation of hydrogel formulations, scaffolds and films for tissue engineering applications. Chitosan can be used as such, but it is commonly stabilized by means of chemical crosslinkers. Genipin is one of the crosslinkers that has been considered that is a crystalline powder extracted from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides and processed to obtain an aglycon compound. Genipin is gaining interest in biological applications because of its natural origin and anti-inflammatory actions. In this paper, the ability of chitosan-based materials crosslinked with genipin to exert anti-inflammation properties in applications such as bone regeneration was studied. Powders obtained from chitosan–genipin scaffolds have been tested in order to mimic the natural degradation processes occurring during biomaterials implantation in vivo. The results from osteoblast-like cells showed that specific combinations of chitosan and genipin stimulate high permissiveness towards cells, with higher performance than the pure chitosan. In parallel, evidences from monocyte-like cells showed that the crosslinker, genipin, seems to promote slowing of the monocyte-macrophage transition at morphological level. This suggests a sort of modularity of pro-inflammatory versus anti-inflammatory behavior of our chitosan-based biomaterials. Being both the cell types exposed to microscale powders, as an added value our results bring information on the cell–material interactions in the degradative dynamics of chitosan scaffold structures during the physiological resorption processes.

Effect of Celox® Powder on Initial Hemostasis After Cardiac Catheterization in Pediatric Patients with Congenital Heart Disease: A Prospective Study

Background: Ordinary pressure dressing for hemostasis after cardiac catheterization is time consuming and might cause some problems, such as pain or loss of blood, which has to be controlled, particularly in pediatric patient. Using Celox® (chitosan) powder dressing might cause quicker initial hemostasis. Methods: In this prospective study, we assessed Celox® powder among patients in hospitals affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, from November 2017 to February 2018. The patients were stratified in two groups. The case group included patients for whom Celox® powder was used along with sterile gauze pressure at the puncture site to achieve hemostasis, and the control group those in whom hemostasis was achieved by standard sterile gauze pressure method. Results: Sixty patients under 16 years of age with congenital heart diseases were evaluated and underwent cardiac catheterization. We stratified the patients in two groups called case (30 patients) and control group (30 patients). Considering both arterial and venous initial hemostasis, in the case group, the minimum and maximum, median and mean coagulation time were less than those in the control group; however, the initial hemostasis was statistically significant only in venipuncture site. Also, the venous coagulation time was shorter among the patients weighing less than 10 kilograms in comparison to those with higher weight. In the case group, using Celox® stirred hemostasis toward the lower percentiles, but based on 50th percentile, the distribution in each group was identical. Conclusions: Celox® powder dressing in children led to reduced coagulation time in venipuncture site, and we might recommend utilizing this type of dressing for venous hemostasis in children after venipuncture.

Cytotoxicity Assay of Chitosan-Collagen Wound Dressing using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test Methods

Wound dressing has a function to protect the wound area from external exposure and provide a moist state around the wound area for accelerating wound healing process. Collagen and chitosan are known as appropriate biomaterials to synthesise of wound dressing because they have anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, biodegradable and biocompatible properties. One of biocompatibility assay for a material is cytotoxicity assay using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) that could be applied before in Vivo assay. The aim of the research was to know the cytotoxicity level of collagen-chitosan wound dressing with variance of concentration such as K0 as control used pure chitosan, K1 used collagen 25% and chitosan 75%, K2 used collagen 50% and chitosan 50%, K3 used collagen 75% and Chitosan 25%. Skin and scales of Gabus fish (Channa striata) were extracted using 2% HCl solvent to obtain collagen and chitosan powder dissolved in 1% acetic acid. Furthermore, wound dressing is made by a combination of collagen-chitosan concentration according to each group (K0, K1, K2 and K3. Citotoxicity assay used Brine Shrimp Level Test (BSLT) method with concentration each sample group were 10, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm. The results showed that each wound dressing group such as K0, K1, K2 and K3 had LC50> 1000ppm that indicated wound dressing was non-toxic.

Formaldehyde adsorption capacity of chitosan derivatives as bio-adsorbents for wood-based panels

Chitosan and its derivatives (grafted chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles) were used as bio-based adsorbents in urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins, and accordingly, their effects on the curing behavior, resin structure, crystalline structure, and formaldehyde emission (FE) of final resin has been investigated. Synthesis of grafted chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. Characteristics of UF resins were monitored by 13C NMR and X-ray diffraction. This analysis showed that the free formaldehyde and crystallinity of UF resin having chitosan-based adsorbents were substantially reduced. The FE was largely decreased in the medium density fiberboard (MDF) containing chitosan nanoparticles (60%), followed by grafted chitosan (34%) and chitosan powder (22%). A FE class of F**** (<0.3 mg/mL) was obtained by addition of only 1% chitosan nanoparticles (0.21 mg/L). Unexpectedly, increasing the amount of chitosan nanoparticles conversely raised the formaldehyde emission from MDF. The mechanical and physical properties of panels were not significantly changed with the addition of chitosan-based adsorbents.