Chitosan Nanofibers Research Articles

Preparation and characterization of antibacterial chitosan nanocomposites loaded with cellulose/chitosan nanofibers and essential oils

Multi-component nanocomposites based on chitosan, cellulose/chitosan nanofibers, and essential oils were developed in this study through solution casting technique. Both surface and structural properties of the nanocomposites were characterized. Surface morphology results revealed that the chitosan nanofibers were more localized at the films’ surface than the cellulose nanofibers, leading to enhanced hydrophobicity (contact angle = 95°). Moreover, the essential oils were distributed as micrometer-scale oil domains at the films’ surfaces, making them heterogeneous, leading to a much more hydrophilic character (contact angle = 30–36°). X-ray diffraction results revealed the disrupting role of nanofibers on the crystalline structure of chitosan; however, upon the addition of essential oils, the crystalline network was less affected than the pure chitosan film. The enhanced stiffness of the films in the presence of nanofibers was demonstrated by dynamic mechanical analysis. In contrast, the addition of essential oils highly reduced the stiffness, making the films much more flexible, which could benefit food packaging applications. Antibacterial properties were highly increased in the presence of essential oils, and the barrier properties were also improved, especially by the use of chitosan nanofibers. In conclusion, the developed nanofiber-loaded chitosan films could be considered innovative packaging to promote food conservation.

Preparation of a "Branch-Fruit" structure chitosan nanofiber physical hydrogels with high mechanical strength and pH-responsive controlled drug release properties.

The poor mechanical properties of chitosan physical hydrogels seriously hinder their application in the biomedical field. Inspired by the structure of cell tissues, a novel chitosan nanofiber (CSNF)/Hyaluronic acid (HA)/β-glycerophosphate disodium (β-GP) drug-loaded hydrogel was prepared by micro-dissolution and physical crosslinking. The hydrogel has a “Branch-Fruit” structure and exhibits excellent mechanical properties, good biocompatibility and cell-adhesion properties. Human cancer cells (HeLa) can adhere to the hydrogel surface, which might facilitate tumor site-specific administration of drugs. This material also exhibits high pH sensitivity, with which drug release can be triggered under acidic conditions at pH 4.00. The mechanical strength and drug release behavior of this hydrogel can be easily adjusted by varying the CSNF content.

АНТИМИКРОБНАЯ АКТИВНОСТЬ НАНОВОЛОКОН ХИТОЗАНА И ЕГО МОДИФИКАЦИЙ ПО ОТНОШЕНИЮ К ВОЗБУДИТЕЛЯМ РАНЕВОЙ ИНФЕКЦИИ

The problem of wound management infected and chronic wounds is still relevant in modern surgery. The number of nosocomial multidrug-resistant strains of bacteria is increasing, which reduces the significance of antibiotic therapy. One of the options for solving this problem is the development of new agents and methods of local treatment, in particular, in the creation of new highly effective wound dressings with antibacterial and reparative properties. Chitosan is a natural biopolymer that has its own antimicrobial activity, hemostatic and sorption effects, the ability to biodegrade and biostimulate repair processes. Due to the amino groups, chitosan can act as a carrier for antiseptic agents such as silver and cerium ions. The article presents the results of an experimental study that evaluated the antibacterial properties of chitosan nanofibers directly modified with silver and cerium ions against standard and hospital strains of microorganisms. The results obtained indicate a high antimicrobial activity of the studied samples and the need for their further study on the model of the wound process.

Robust and Highly Stretchable Chitosan Nanofiber/Alumina-Coated Silica/Carboxylated Poly (Vinyl Alcohol)/Borax Composite Hydrogels Constructed by Multiple Crosslinking.

We investigated the mechanical and structural properties of composite hydrogels composed of chitosan nanofiber (ChsNF), positively charged alumina-coated silica (ac-SiO2) nanoparticles, carboxylated poly (vinyl alcohol) (cPVA), and borax. ChsNF/cPVA/borax hydrogels without ac-SiO2 exhibited high Young’s modulus but poor elongation, whereas cPVA/ac-SiO2/borax hydrogels without ChsNF had moderate Young’s modulus but high elongation. ChsNF/ac-SiO2/cPVA/borax hydrogels using both ChsNF and ac-SiO2 as reinforcement agents exhibited high extensibility (930%) and high Young′s modulus beyond 1 MPa at a high ac-SiO2 concentration. The network was formed by multiple crosslinking such as the complexation between borate and cPVA, the ionic complexation between ac-SiO2 and cPVA, and the hydrogen bond between ChsNF and cPVA. Structural analysis by synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering revealed that the nanostructural inhomogeneity in ChsNF/ac-SiO2/cPVA/borax hydrogel was suppressed compared to those of the ChsNF/cPVA/borax and cPVA/ac-SiO2/borax hydrogels.

Electrospinning of Chitosan for Antibacterial Applications—Current Trends

Chitosan is a natural biopolymer that can be suitable for a wide range of applications due to its biocompatibility, rigid structure, and biodegradability. Moreover, it has been proven to have an antibacterial effect against several bacteria strains by incorporating the advantages of the electrospinning technique, with which tailored nanofibrous scaffolds can be produced. A literature search is conducted in this review regarding the antibacterial effectiveness of chitosan-based nanofibers in the filtration, biomedicine, and food protection industries. The results are promising in terms of research into sustainable materials. This review focuses on the electrospinning of chitosan for antibacterial applications and shows current trends in this field. In addition, various aspects such as the parameters affecting the antibacterial properties of chitosan are presented, and the application areas of electrospun chitosan nanofibers in the fields of air and water filtration, food storage, wound treatment, and tissue engineering are discussed in more detail.

Chondrocyte cell adhesion on chitosan supports using single-cell atomic force microscopy

In this work, functional scaffolds based on electrospun chitosan nanofibers are unprecedentedly studied in terms of their force cell adhesion response. To prove cell compatibility of this biomaterial, chondrocyte interactions are investigated using atomic force microscopy in which a single cell is fixed to the cantilever and approached to the chitosan mat for a given contact time. Then, the cantilever is retracted and cell interactions are studied. Force jumps distribution for cell detachment is described and the adhesion energy is determined comparing nanofiber mats with homogeneous films and a BSA coated surface as control. Force adhesion on chitosan films, equals 460 ± 150 pN, is found slightly higher than on porous fiber mats (410 ± 135 pN) indicating that more cell-substrate bonds could be formed on a flat contact surface for a contact time of 60 s. The same trend was observed for a contact of 120 s between the cell and the substrate. The adhesion on hydrophilic chitosan surface at t = 60 s, is much larger than on the control surface (210 ± 90 pN) due to its positive character and ability for H-bond stabilization.

Wound healing activities of polyurethane modified chitosan nanofibers loaded with different concentrations of linezolid in an experimental model of diabetes

Diabetes is associated with impaired wound healing, making patients susceptible to chronic non-healing wounds. Nanofibers have proven to possess potential wound healing properties when nanofibers are loaded with other wound dressing materials. This study aimed to investigate the potential role of nanofibers loaded with the linezolid as a model drug in enhancing wound healing in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Additionally, the current research aimed to increase the effectiveness of the linezolid and increase its absorption through the skin cells by preparing it through the electrospinning technique. Thus, an admixture of polyurethane (TPU) blended with the prepared modified chitosan was utilized for nanofibers formation. The latter mixture solution was incorporated with different concentrations of the linezolid. The prepared nanofibers loaded with linezolid were extensively investigated using advanced tools in terms of morphological features and mechanical properties. The resultant data illustrated that the linezolid had no negative impact on TPU/modified chitosan (CS) morphology. The nanofibers are formed with homogeneous filament and with a small diameter. The research work extended to the use of these prepared materials as a dressing for diabetic wounds. Thus, rats were divided into four wounded skin animal's groups were uniformly dressed with an experimental sterile dressing made of nanofibers based on polyurethane (PU) blended with modified chitosan and different concentrations of linezolid: 1 mg (Group II), 3 mg (Group III) and 5 mg (Group IV) per kg b.w. The negative control group was maintained with only polyurethane modified chitosan nanofibers dressing without any treatment (control group). The data obtained that the linezolid promoted the healing of diabetic wounds and effectively controlled the growth of microorganisms at the wound site. This strategy plays an essential role in the treatment of both acute and chronic wounds. Wound healing was accelerated by the ability to infuse epidermal cells and growth factors. As a result of the investigated properties for the synthesized nanofibers in this research, the electrospun nanofibers are helpful and crucial in wound treatment. From these data above, it can be demonstrated that the nanofibers comprising polyurethane/modified chitosan loaded with linezolid can be considered synergetic material that can heal diabetic wounds and be used instead of traditional gauze.

TiO2 nanostructured coated functionally modified and composite electrospun chitosan nanofibers membrane for efficient photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutant in wastewater

In this study, we prepared chitosan (Cs_P) nanofibers (NFs) membrane by electrospinning. The Cs_P NFs membrane was then chemically functionalized (CsF) by a novel stepwise chemical process. The CsF NFs membrane was electrospray with TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) to prepare the CsF_Coa NFs membrane. A second NFs membrane with embedded TiO2 NPs (Cs_Co) was also prepared by electrospinning. The TiO2 NPs, Cs_P, CsF s, CsF_Coa NFs, and Cs_Co NFs membranes were analyzed by standard spectroscopic, microscopic, X-ray, and thermal methods. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed the incorporation of the new functional group into the Cs structure. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data confirmed the FTIR results and the fabrication of the CsF NFs membrane. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs showed a smooth morphology for the Cs_P NFs membrane and a denser morphology for the CsF NFs membrane (NFs swelled with functionalization). The SEM micrographs also showed a dense cloud of TiO2 NPs on the surface of the Cs_Coa NFs membrane. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) showed that the particle size of TiO2 NPs varied between 20 and 35 nm and tended to be spherical. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern confirmed the existence of the anatase phase of the TiO2 NPs. The presence of TiO2 in the Cs_Coa and Cs_Co NFs membranes was also confirmed by energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Surface profilometry confirmed an increase in the surface roughness of the CsF and Cs_Coa NFs membranes. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis revealed that the isotherms and hystereses for all NFs membranes were of the IV and H3 types, respectively, corresponding to mesopores and slit pores. The higher photocatalytic activity of the Cs_Coa NFs membrane (89%) compared to the Cs_Co NFs membrane (40%) was attributed to a balance between the short band gap, high surface roughness, and lower surface area.

Polydopamine treatment of chitosan nanofibers for the conception of osteoinductive scaffolds for bone reconstruction

We report the influence of treatment time of electrospun chitosan nanofibers (CHT NFs) in dopamine hydrochloride bath (2 mg.mL−1 in 10 mM Tris buffer, pH 8.5) on the extent of the polydopamine (pDA) coating on NFs surface. The reaction was characterized by FTIR and SEM analysis and the cytocompatibility of the scaffolds toward MT3C3-E1 cells was assessed. Biomimetic deposition of hydroxyapatite (HA) in 1.5xSBF batch was investigated by SEM-EDS and XRD. Samples treated in dopamine bath during 2 h promoted the structural stability of NFs in PBS, provided optimal cytocompatibility and induced the in vitro biomineralization from 6 days in 1.5xSBF. The XRD and SEM-EDS investigations confirmed formation of spherical-shaped particles composed of apatitic phase. Finally, this study shows that these NFs-pDA scaffolds prepared in the optimal experimental conditions defined here are promising candidates for application as osteoinductive scaffolds for bone regeneration applied to orthopedic and dental applications.

Production of Trans-Cinnamic Acid by Immobilization of the Bambusa oldhamii BoPAL1 and BoPAL2 Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyases on Electrospun Nanofibers

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) catalyzes the nonoxidative deamination of phenylalanine to yield trans-cinnamic acid and ammonia. Recombinant Bambusa oldhamii BoPAL1/2 proteins were immobilized onto electrospun nanofibers by dextran polyaldehyde as a cross-linking agent. A central composite design (CCD)-response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to optimize the electrospinning parameters. Escherichia coli expressed eBoPAL2 exhibited the highest catalytic efficiency among four enzymes. The optimum conditions for fabricating nanofibers were determined as follows: flow rate of 0.10 mL/h, voltage of 13.8 kV, and distance of 13 cm. The response surface models were used to obtain the smaller the fiber diameters as well as the highest PAL activity in the enzyme immobilization. Compared with free BoPALs, immobilized BoPALs can be reused for at least 6 consecutive cycles. The remained activity of the immobilized BoPAL proteins after storage at 4 °C for 30 days were between 75 and 83%. In addition, the tolerance against denaturants of the immobilized BoPAL proteins were significantly enhanced. As a result, the dextran polyaldehyde natural cross-linking agent can effectively replace traditional chemical cross-linking agents for the immobilization of the BoPAL enzymes. The PAL/nylon 6/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/chitosan (CS) nanofibers made are extremely stable and are practical for industrial applications in the future.

Therapeutic effects of the as-synthesized polylactic acid/chitosan nanofibers decorated with amphotricin B for in vitro treatment of Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis is one of the biggest concerns of the World Health Organization (WHO) due to its severe side effects, the emergence of resistance, and secondary bacterial infections; therefore, it was reported as an epidemic, especially in immunocompromised individuals. The main purpose of this study was to synthesize and characterize the polylactic acid (PLA)/chitosan nanofibers decorated with amphotericin B as a new delivery system for the in vitro treatment of leishmaniasis wounds. The prepared nanofibers were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and in vitro drug release test. The anti-leishmanial effect of nanofibers decorated with amphotericin B against Leishmania major promastigotes and its cytotoxicity to macrophages were determined by the flow cytometry test. The in vitro drug release assay indicated that 84% of the amphotericin B loaded in nanofibers was released after 400 min. The average concentration of the amphotericin B loaded in PLA/chitosan nanofibers and the conventional form of amphotericin B that prevented the growth of 50% of the promastigotes of L. major were 1.29 and 4.34 µg/mL, respectively.

5FU-loaded PCL/Chitosan/Fe3O4 Core-Shell Nanofibers Structure: An Approach to Multi-Mode Anticancer System.

Purpose: 5-Fluorouracil (5FU) and Fe3O4 nanoparticles were encapsulated in core-shell polycaprolactone (PCL)/chitosan (CS) nanofibers as a multi-mode anticancer system to study drug release sustainability. The structure of the core-shell drug delivery system was also optimized according to drug release behavior by artificial intelligence. Methods: The core-shell nanofibers were electrospun by a coaxial syringe. Artificial neural network (ANN) was used for function approximation to estimate release parameters. A genetic algorithm was then used for optimizing the structure. Chemical assay of the optimized sample was performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). vibration sample magnetometer (VSM) test was conducted to measure the real amount of loaded magnetic nanoparticles. HepG2 cell cytotoxicity was studied and the results for the optimized samples with and without Fe3O4 after 72 hours were reported. Results: Feeding ratio of sheath to core and the amount of CS, Fe3O4, and 5FU had a statistical effect on nanofibers diameters, which were 300-450 nm. The drug loading efficiency of these nanofibers was 65-86%. ANN estimated the release parameters with an error of 10%. The temperature increased about 5.6°C in the alternative magnetic field (AMF) of 216 kA.m-1~300 kHz and 4.8°C in the AMF of 154 kA.m-1~400 kHz after 20 minutes. HepG2 cell cytotoxicity for the optimized samples with and without Fe3O4 after 72 hours were 39.7% and 38.8%, respectively. Conclusion: Since this core-shell drug release system was more sustainable compared to the blend structure despite the low half-life of 5FU, it is suggested to utilize it as post-surgical implants for various cancer treatments such as liver or colorectal cancer in the future. This system is capable of providing chemotherapy and hyperthermia simultaneously.

Synthesis and Characterization of 2-Decenoic Acid Modified Chitosan for Infection Prevention and Tissue Engineering.

Chitosan nanofiber membranes are recognized as functional antimicrobial materials, as they can effectively provide a barrier that guides tissue growth and supports healing. Methods to stabilize nanofibers in aqueous solutions include acylation with fatty acids. Modification with fatty acids that also have antimicrobial and biofilm-resistant properties may be particularly beneficial in tissue regeneration applications. This study investigated the ability to customize the fatty acid attachment by acyl chlorides to include antimicrobial 2-decenoic acid. Synthesis of 2-decenoyl chloride was followed by acylation of electrospun chitosan membranes in pyridine. Physicochemical properties were characterized through scanning electron microscopy, FTIR, contact angle, and thermogravimetric analysis. The ability of membranes to resist biofilm formation by S. aureus and P. aeruginosa was evaluated by direct inoculation. Cytocompatibility was evaluated by adding membranes to cultures of NIH3T3 fibroblast cells. Acylation with chlorides stabilized nanofibers in aqueous media without significant swelling of fibers and increased hydrophobicity of the membranes. Acyl-modified membranes reduced both S. aureus and P. aeruginosa bacterial biofilm formation on membrane while also supporting fibroblast growth. Acylated chitosan membranes may be useful as wound dressings, guided regeneration scaffolds, local drug delivery, or filtration.

In situ deposition of nano Cu2O on electrospun chitosan nanofibrous scaffolds and their antimicrobial properties

In order to obtain a synergistic antimicrobial effect of cuprous oxide nanoparticles (Cu2O NPs) and chitosan (CS) nanofibers, the nano Cu2O/CS nanofibrous scaffolds were synthesized in situ via two subsequent steps of chelation and reduction. The Cu2+ were stably chelated on CS nanofibrous scaffolds through the coordination of amino group (−NH2) and hydroxyl group (-OH) on CS with Cu2+, and then the chelated Cu2+ were reduced to nano Cu2O by Vitamin C under alkaline conditions. And by the measurements of XRD, XPS and FTIR-ATR, the results showed that Cu2O NPs were successfully deposited on the CS nanofibrous scaffolds. SEM clarified that the particle size of Cu2O gradually decreased and the shape changed from cubic to irregular with the increase of CuSO4 concentration. With the CuSO4 concentration of 0.02 and 0.04 mol·L−1, the Cu2O/CS nanofibrous scaffolds presented outstanding hydrophilicity and antibacterial activity against Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) comparing to the CS nanofibrous scaffolds, meanwhile, they possessed good biocompatibility. This kind of nanofibrous scaffolds deposited with nano Cu2O would have broad application prospects in the field of antibacterial biomaterials.

Cephradine drug release using electrospun chitosan nanofibers incorporated with halloysite nanoclay

Abstract The chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol/halloysite nanoclay (CS/PVA/HNC) loaded with cephradine drug electrospun nanofibers (NFs) were fabricated and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. FTIR analysis confirmed the hydrogen bonding between the polymer chain and the developed siloxane linkages. SEM analysis revealed the formation of uniform NFs having beads free and smooth surface with an average diameter in 50–200 nm range. The thermal stability of the NFs was increased by increasing the HNC concentration. The antimicrobial activity was examined against Escherichia coli and staphylococcus strains and the NFs revealed auspicious antimicrobial potential. The drug release was studied at pH 7.4 (in PBS) at 37 °C. The drug release analysis showed that 90% of the drug was released from NFs in 2 h and 40 min. Hence, the prepared NFs could be used as a potential drug carrier and release in a control manner for biomedical application.

Preparation of Fe/N Co-Doped Hierarchical Porous Carbon Nanosheets Derived From Chitosan Nanofibers for High-Performance Supercapacitors

Abstract Due to the low specific capacitance and small specific surface area of conventional carbon materials used as electrode materials for double-layer capacitors, the search for more ideal materials and ingenious preparation methods remains a major challenge. In this study, fractional porous carbon nanosheets were prepared by co-doping Fe and N with chitosan as nitrogen source. The advantage of this method is that the carbon nanosheets can have a large number of pore structures and produce a large specific surface area. The presence of Fe catalyzes the graphitization of carbon in the carbon layer during carbonization process and further increases the specific surface area of the electrode material. This structure provides an efficient ion and electron transport pathway, which enables more active sites to participate in the REDOX reaction, thus significantly enhancing the electrochemical performance of SCs. The specific surface area of CS-800 is up to 1587 m2 g−1. When the current density is 1 A g−1, the specific capacitance of CS-800 reaches 319.5 F g−1 and remains 84.61% of the initial value after 10,000 cycles. The Coulomb efficiency of CS-800 is almost 100% after a long cycle, which indicates that CS-800 has more ideal double-layer capacitance and pseudo capacitance.

Chitosan nanofiber biocomposites for potential wound healing applications: Antioxidant activity with synergic antibacterial effect.

Bacterial wound infection is one of the most common nosocomial infections. The unnecessary employment of antibiotics led to raising the growth of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria. Accordingly, alternative armaments capable of accelerating wound healing along with bactericidal effects are urgently needed. Considering this, we fabricated chitosan (CS)/polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanofibers armed with antibacterial silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles. The nanocomposites exhibited a high antioxidant effect and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Besides, based on the results of the cell viability assays, the optimum concentration of ZnONPs and AgNPs in the nanofibrous mats is 0.2% w/v and 0.08% w/v respectively and had no cytotoxicity on fibroblast cells. The scaffold also showed good blood compatibility according to the effects of coagulation time. As well as significant fibroblast migration and proliferation on the wound margin, according to wound‐healing assay. All in all, the developed biocompatible, antioxidant, and antibacterial Ag‐ZnO NPs incorporated CS/PEO nanofibrous mats showed their potential as an effective wound dressing.

Double functionalization of chitosan based nanofibers towards biomaterials for wound healing

The paper reports the preparation and characterization of a series of functionalized chitosan nanofibers designed for tissue engineering. Their functionalization was done by imination with two aldehydes with complementary bioactivity, one possessing antimicrobial activity and the other one having potential to enhance it by improving the cell permeability. The degree of imination of the fibers and the dynamic character of the imine units were investigated by FTIR, 1H NMR and UV–vis spectroscopy, while their morphology was assessed by scanning electron microscopy and polarized light microscopy. The swelling ability and biodegradation were determined in conditions mimicking the physiological environment, i.e. saline buffer and lysozyme medium at 37 °C. Preliminary biocompatibility and antimicrobial properties were evaluated by MTS assay on normal human dermal fibroblasts, and by disk diffusion method against relevant bacterial and fungal reference strains. The fibers showed fast swelling, biodegradation in the presence of lysozyme, biocompatibility and antimicrobial activity. It was concluded that the imination of chitosan nanofibers with two different aldehydes is a promising route towards biomaterials with improved properties for tissue engineering.

High strength antibacterial membranes consisted of nanofibrous chitosan immobilized silver nanoparticles

AbstractChitosan (CS) has biocompatibility and biodegradability, but the bulk CS hydrogel/membranes with its poor strength and limited antibacterial property could not satisfy the practical application. Here green dissolving/regeneration and in situ reduction strategy was combined to construct high strength antibacterial CS membranes. First nanofibrous CS hydrogels were constructed through dissolving CS in LiOH/KOH/urea aqueous system via freezing–thawing process followed regeneration. Then, Ag NPs were immobilized along CS nanofibers through in situ reductions of Ag + by the NH2 group of CS. The obtained NCM‐Ag composite dry membranes are easy for storing and can quick switch to nanofibrous hydrogels as absorbing water. Size of Ag NPs can be controlled to very small until 2 nm by concentration and limited space network. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectrometer indicated the forceful grasp ability of CS nanofibers to Ag NPs for a stable binding, mechanical property was enhanced over 100Mpa as the nanofibrous structure and chain linked by Ag coordination. The NCM‐Ag membranes had excellent antibacterial activities against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Moreover, such nanofibrous CS membrane exhibited good adhesive ability to tissues. Combining all these properties, NCM‐Ag membranes would be potential as antibacterial adhesion barrier to accelerate wound healing.

A Chitosan Nanofiber Sponge for Oyster-Inspired Filtration of Microplastics

A Chitosan Nanofiber Sponge for Oyster-Inspired Filtration of Microplastics