Chitosan Nanofibers Research Articles

Vancomycin coupled chitosan/PEO nanofibrous scaffold with the desired antibacterial activity as a potential for biomedical application

This study aims to evaluate the Vancomycin (VCM) combination with Chitosan (CS)/ Polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanofibers’ intrinsic antibacterial properties causing a synergistic effect against possible serious bacterial infections (PSBI). VCM/CS nanofiber scaffold was fabricated using the electrospinning method. Characterizations are performed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) to examine the functional groups of each compound, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transient electron microscopy (TEM) to evaluate nanofiber diameter and structure. Antibacterial activities of the nanofibrous scaffold were assessed against bacterial strains, including standard Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus), VCM-sensitive Enterococcus (VSE), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), VCM-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), and Streptococcus group A by microdilution broth methods. The FT-IR, SEM, and TEM examination results confirm the CS/PEO nanofiber scaffold fabrication. The antibacterial examination results showed no significant difference between the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of VCM and with MIC of VCM/CS nanofibers. Still, there were significant differences between the MIC of CS and VCM/CS nanofibers in S. aureus, but this is not more significant than VCM. This study illustrated that VCM coupled to CS nanofibers had acceptable antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacterium. This work motivated researchers’ insight into nanostructures’ potential accompanied by antibacterial polymer and antibiotics synergistic effects against PSBI.

Development of nanocomposite chitosan films with antimicrobial activity from agave bagasse and shrimp shells

In this study, the nanocomposite chitosan films with antimicrobial activity from agave bagasse and shrimp shells were developed. Chitosan was successfully extracted from shrimp shells waste and cellulose nanofibers were obtained from bagasse agave. To improve the antimicrobial activity, different silver nanoparticle concentrations (2.5, 5, and 10% v/v) were added in the formulation. The films were prepared using the solvent casting technique and the film samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The functional properties were also evaluated, including transparency, antibacterial activity (against Escherichia coli), water-solubility, swelling, and mechanical properties. The moisture content and water solubility decreased when the silver nanoparticles and nanofiber were added to the films. An increase in strength and modulus was determined when the nanofibers were added to the film. and with the addition of silver nanoparticles a decrease of the mechanical properties proportional to the nanoparticle content was observed. Therefore, there was an increase in the mechanical properties of chitin films with the incorporation of nanofibers and the addition of 2.5% and 5% of silver nanoparticles. Chitosan/nanofiber-based films displayed a total antibacterial activity against E.coli compared to chitosan-based films, with a synergistic effect between chitosan and cellulose nanofibers. This work highlights the potential of chitosan films reinforced with nanofibers and silver nanoparticles to act as green alternative for food preservation and packaging.

PEGylated curcumin-loaded poly(vinyl alcohol)/Zwitterionic poly(sulfobetaine vinylimidazole)-grafted chitosan nanofiber as a second-degree burn wound dressing

Burn injuries damage skin function and increased the risk of infection. Using natural-inspired antibiotic-free nanofibrous in wound healing has attracted increasing attention. Here, mPEG-Curcumin (mPEG-CUR) was synthesized through a novel, cheap, and high-efficiency method, and incorporated onto poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/zwitterionic poly(sulfobetaine vinylimidazole)-grafted chitosan (CS-g-PNVIS) nanofiber. Due to the lack of electrospinning capability of CS-g-PNVIS and its brittleness, to obtain nanofibers with uniform and bead-free morphology, PVA was used as an electrospinning aid polymer, so that the prepared nanofibers have suitable mechanical properties with an average diameter between 115 ± 18–157 ± 39 nm. The heat-treated nanofibers have adequate swelling and dimensional stability. Time-killing assay proved the antibacterial activity of the mPEG-CUR-loaded nanofibers towards Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterium. The MTT investigation illustrated the non-cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of the nanofibers. In vivo studies exhibited significant improvement in the mean wound area closure by applying mPEG-CUR nanofibers. The mPEG-CUR-loaded nanofibers showed the highest antioxidant (86 %) power after 40 min. Moreover, nanofibers possess a desirable WVT rate (3.4 ± 0.24–5.5 ± 0.3 kg/m2.d) and good breathability and had the potential to supply a suitable moist environment in the wounded area. This approach can be the beginning of a new path in designing a new generation of nanofiber mats for wound healing applications.

Metal–organic framework- and graphene quantum dot-incorporated nanofibers as dual stimuli-responsive platforms for day/night antibacterial bio-protection

Development of advanced antibacterial nanomaterials is important to prevent pathogenic microbial contamination and achieve bioprotection. Herein, we developed dual-stimuli-responsive nanoplatforms with efficient antibacterial activity based on electrospun polycaprolactone/hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride chitosan (PQ) nanofiber membranes (NFMs) incorporated with naringenin-loaded zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (NAR@ZIF-8) and graphene quantum dots (GQDs). These NFM nanoplatforms could simultaneously be used as “smart” pH-responsive controlled-release and photocatalytic systems. NAR was encapsulated in the microporous structure of the ZIF-8 channel, with a loading capacity of 22.57%. NAR@ZIF-8- and GQD-incorporated PQ (PQZG) nanofibers exhibited enhanced thermal stability and mechanical properties. The release kinetics and microstructure of the nanocarriers demonstrated that the acid-sensitive cleavable crystal structure of ZIF-8 resulted in the pH-responsive release of NAR from PQZG NFMs. Moreover, the presence of GQDs significantly enhanced the photoinduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by NFMs. pH-triggered NAR release and photoinduced ROS generation improved the antibacterial efficacy of PQZG NFMs, forming the synergetic chemical-photodynamic strategies of the dual stimuli-responsive nanoplatforms. Additionally, cytotoxicity experiments revealed that the PQZG NFMs were non-toxic and had good biocompatibility. Therefore, the designed composite nanomaterials combined with the two antibacterial strategies can aid in the development of biosafe nanofibrous membranes for antibacterial or multifunctional bio-protection.

Curcumin-loaded polycaprolactone/carboxymethyl chitosan nanofibers with photodynamic inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus developed by solution blow spinning

The purpose of the present study was to utilize solution blow spinning to fabricate curcumin (CUR)-loaded polycaprolactone (PCL)/carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCH) nanofibers with photodynamic inactivation activity for inactivation of S. aureus. The results of ATR-FTIR and XRD spectra demonstrated the successful encapsulation of CUR without disrupting the structure of the nanofibers and increasing the crystallinity of the nanofibers. After the encapsulation of CUR, the thermal stability, tensile strength, and hydrophobicity of the PCL/CMCH nanofibers were improved. Besides, the CUR-loaded PCL/CMCH nanofibers possessed good biocompatibility and low toxicity, and could release CUR sustainably over 120 h. Moreover, the obtained nanofibers showed better inhibition of S. aureus under blue light irradiation at a wavelength of 450 nm compared to the no-light condition. The above results suggested that the developed nanofibers with photodynamic inactivation can be applied as food packaging materials to reduce the impact of S. aureus on human wellness.

A comprehensive study on a novel chitosan/Ag-MOFs nanocomposite coatings for bone implants: Physico-chemical, biological and electrochemical properties

The present study developed new multi-functional coatings made of novel silver-based metal-organic frameworks (SOF) distributed within chitosan (CS) nanofibers network for bone implants. The SOFs were synthesized using environmental-friendly materials via a green process. The CS-SOF nanocomposites were deposited on novel hierarchical etched (HE) layers synthesized through a dual surface treatment. In vitro biological evaluation revealed appropriate biocompatibility for the prepared surfaces. Antimicrobial tests exhibited 100-200% effective antibacterial activities along with significant reduction of bacterial colonies. Electron microscopy illustrated proper cell attachment and growth on the multilayer HE/CS-SOF coatings. The designed surfaces exhibited great apatite formation capability and superior bone bioactivity. Electrochemical studies demonstrated that all surface treatments, shifted the corrosion potential of the titanium substrate to the nobler potentials. The HE/CS-0.50SOF coating showed the noblest corrosion potential of ∼62.4 mV (vs. SCE). Passivation current density of the titanium surface decreased more than 99% using the HE/CS-0.50SOF coating. The corrosion resistance of the HE/CS-SOF nanocomposite coatings improved more than 99% by increasing the SOFs concentration. Charge transfer resistance of the HE/CS-SOF nanocomposites improved more than 630% by increasing the SOFs concentration. The results proved that the produced coatings can be promising candidates for biomedical applications.

Biodegradable trimethyl chitosan nanofiber mats by electrospinning as bioabsorbable dressings for wound closure and healing

The paper aimed to prepare quaternary chitosan-based nanofibers as bioabsorbable wound dressings. To this aim, fully biodegradable chitosan/N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) nanofibers were designed and prepared via electrospinning, using poly(ethylene glycol) as sacrificial additive. The new biomaterials were structurally and morphologically characterized by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, and their properties required for wound dressings application were investigated and discussed in detail. Thus, the nanofiber behavior was investigated by swelling, dynamic vapor sorption, and in vitro biodegradation in media mimicking the wound exudate. The mechanical properties were analysed from the stress-strain curves, the bioadhesivity from the texture analysis and the mucoadhesivity from the Zeta potential and transmittance measurements. The antimicrobial activity was assessed against S. aureus and E. coli strains, and the biocompatibility was tested in vitro on normal human dermal fibroblasts, and in vivo on rats. The application of the fiber mats with the best balance of properties as dressings on deep burn wound models in rats showed wound closure and active healing, with fully restoration of epithelia. It was concluded that the combination of chitosan with TMC into nanofibers provides new potential bioabsorbable wound dressing, opening new perspectives in regenerative medicine.

Chitosan Nanofibers Modified with Cerium and Silver as a Promising Antimicrobial Agent

Chitosan Nanofibers Modified with Cerium and Silver as a Promising Antimicrobial Agent

Fabrication of Chitosan‐β‐cyclodextrin‐Fe nanofibers for the adsorption of As‐III from aqueous solution using a lab‐scale filtration system

AbstractArsenate species are hazardous, toxic, and carcinogenic, they pose a significant risk to human health. In this finding, we have fabricated the Chitosan, β‐cyclodextrin and Fe2O3 (CS‐βCD‐Fe2O3) composite nanofibers through electrospinning for arsenic (As‐III) adsorption in a lab‐scale designed continuous filtration system. The SEM images have shown the bead free morphology of the prepared nanofibers and chemical composition was characterized by Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The experimental data supported monolayer adsorptions by having a good fit to the Langmuir model. Further, kinetic studies have been conducted to illustrate the adsorption of As‐III onto CS‐βCD‐Fe2O3. The CS‐βCD‐Fe2O3 nanofibers at neutral pH have shown 83% adsorption efficiency of As‐III in the batch experiments and 72% in continuous filtration system with a flow rate of 660 mL/h. Additionally, the reusability of the nanofibers was performed, and 60% adsorption efficiency was achieved up to the 5th cycle for batch adsorption. Our prepared composite CS‐βCD‐Fe2O3 nanofibers could be used in both batch adsorption and continuous filtration system for removal of As‐III from aqueous solution.

Fabrication of blended chitosan nanofibers by the free surface wire electrospinning

Nanofibers are fibers with diameters in the nanometer range. They are characterized by their high surface area to volume ratio, flexible surface functionalities, and superior mechanical properties. Chitosan is a polycationic polymer which is abundant in nature. Chitosan nanofibers have been widely explored for different potential applications such as wound dressing, tissue engineering, and drug delivery systems. It is difficult to directly spin pure chitosan, due to its high molecular weight, low solubility, and high viscosity. To produce nanofibers, chitosan is commonly blended with other polymers that possess fiber forming capabilities such as polyvinyl alcohol, polycaprolactone, and Polylactic acid. In this study chitosan oligomers of an average molecular weight 15 kDa was blended with the three copolymers at different weight ratios. The fibers were prepared by the free surface wire electrospinning process, and the formed Chitosan nanofibers were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). SEM results showed that blending chitosan with PLA enhances its spinnability and facilitates uniform and smooth morphology. Blending chitosan with PLA produced nanofibers with better quality, compared to PVA, and PCL.

Effects of Chitosan and Cellulose Derivatives on Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Based Films: A Study of Rheological Properties of Film-Forming Solutions.

Bio-based packaging materials and efficient drug delivery systems have garnered attention in recent years. Among the soluble cellulose derivatives, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) stands out as a promising candidate due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and wide resources. However, CMC-based films have limited mechanical properties, which hinders their widespread application. This paper aims to address this issue by exploring the molecular interactions between CMC and various additives with different molecular structures, using the rheological method. The additives include O-carboxymethylated chitosan (O-CMCh), N-2-hydroxypropyl-3-trimethylammonium-O-carboxymethyl chitosan (HTCMCh), hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (HACC), cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), and cellulose nanofibers (CNF). By investigating the rheological properties of film-forming solutions, we aimed to elucidate the influencing mechanisms of the additives on CMC-based films at the molecular level. Various factors affecting rheological properties, such as molecular structure, additive concentration, and temperature, were examined. The results revealed that the interactions between CMC and the additives were dependent on the charge of the additives. Electrostatic interactions were observed for HACC and HTCMCh, while O-CMCh, CNC, and CNF primarily interacted through hydrogen bonds. Based on these rheological properties, several systems were selected to prepare the films, which exhibited excellent transparency, wettability, mechanical properties, biodegradability, and absence of cytotoxicity. The desirable characteristics of these selected films demonstrated the strong biocompatibility between CMC and chitosan and cellulose derivatives. This study offers insights into the preparation of CMC-based food packaging materials with specific properties.

A Review of Chitosan and Chitosan Nanofiber: Preparation, Characterization, and Its Potential Applications

Chitosan is produced by deacetylating the abundant natural chitin polymer. It has been employed in a variety of applications due to its unique solubility as well as its chemical and biological properties. In addition to being biodegradable and biocompatible, it also possesses a lot of reactive amino side groups that allow for chemical modification and the creation of a wide range of useful derivatives. The physical and chemical characteristics of chitosan, as well as how it is used in the food, environmental, and medical industries, have all been covered in a number of academic publications. Chitosan offers a wide range of possibilities in environmentally friendly textile processes because of its superior absorption and biological characteristics. Chitosan has the ability to give textile fibers and fabrics antibacterial, antiviral, anti-odor, and other biological functions. One of the most well-known and frequently used methods to create nanofibers is electrospinning. This technique is adaptable and effective for creating continuous nanofibers. In the field of biomaterials, new materials include nanofibers made of chitosan. Numerous medications, including antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents, proteins, and analgesics for inflammatory pain, have been successfully loaded onto electro-spun nanofibers, according to recent investigations. Chitosan nanofibers have several exceptional qualities that make them ideal for use in important pharmaceutical applications, such as tissue engineering, drug delivery systems, wound dressing, and enzyme immobilization. The preparation of chitosan nanofibers, followed by a discussion of the biocompatibility and degradation of chitosan nanofibers, followed by a description of how to load the drug into the nanofibers, are the first issues highlighted by this review of chitosan nanofibers in drug delivery applications. The main uses of chitosan nanofibers in drug delivery systems will be discussed last.

Mesoporous chitosan nanofibers loaded with norfloxacin and coated with phenylboronic acid perform as bioabsorbable active dressings to accelerate the healing of burn wounds

The paper reports new chitosan-based nanofibers, designed to address the healing of burn wounds. To this aim, mesoporous chitosan fiber mats were prepared by electrospinning using poly(ethylene oxide) as sacrificial additive, followed by loading with norfloxacin and coating with an antifungal agent via dynamic imine bonds. Dynamic vapor sorption experiment proved intra-fiber mesopores around 2.7 nm, and UV–vis, FTIR, and NMR spectroscopy confirmed the norfloxacin embedding and the imination reaction. SEM, AFM and POM techniques displayed semicrystalline nanofibers with average diameter around 170 nm entangled into a non-woven mat. Their mesoporous nature favored a rapid adsorption of fluids up to 17 g/g, and a biodegradation rate fitting the wound healing rate, i.e. up to 30 % mass loss in media of pH characteristic to wound exudate and total degradation in that characteristic to normal dermis. The composite fibers released the NFX and 2FPBA in a controlled manner, and showed antimicrobial activity against gram positive, gram negative and fungal strains. They had no cytotoxic effect on normal human dermal fibroblasts, and showed biocompatibility on experimental rats. The investigation of wound healing ability on second/third-degree burn model in rats revealed wound closure and total restoration of the fully functional dermis and epidermis.

Preparation and characterization of β-cyclodextrin grafted chitosan nanofibers via electrospinning for dye removal

Preparation and characterization of β-cyclodextrin grafted chitosan nanofibers via electrospinning for dye removal

Influence of mechanical defibration and chemical interaction of chitosan nanofibers on epoxy resin reinforcement

Influence of mechanical defibration and chemical interaction of chitosan nanofibers on epoxy resin reinforcement

Electrospun chitosan-based nanofibers loading tea tree oil for fresh salmon fillet shelf-life extension.

Bioactive packaging can improve the shelf-life of food products and enhance consumer health. It can also alleviate environmental stress on the planet by reducing food waste. Here, the electrospinning of tea tree oil-loaded 2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan nanofibers was investigated. The fabricated nanofiber films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and contact angle meter analysis. The prepared nanofibers have a well-defined diameter of about 200nm and a smooth shape. They have good antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in vitro. Tea tree oil-loaded chitosan-based nanofibers were found to be effective in delaying spoilage and extending the shelf life of salmon by sensory evaluation, texture analysis, color, total viable counts, thiobarbituric acid, and total volatile basic nitrogen during storage in the freshness experiments, thus indicating their health benefits in bioactive packaging.

Injectable cell-laden hydrogels fabricated with cellulose and chitosan nanofibers for bioprinted liver tissues

Bio-based hydrogels as three-dimensional (3D) constructs have attracted attention in advanced tissue engineering. Compared with conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture, cells grown in 3D scaffolds are expected to demonstrate the inherent behavior of living organisms of cellular spheroids. Herein, we constructed cell-laden nanofiber-based hydrogels in combination with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl-oxidized cellulose nanofiber (TOCNF) and chitosan nanofiber (CsNF) for bioadaptive liver tissue engineering. The carboxylates of TOCNF and amines of CsNF were directly crosslinked via EDC/NHS chemistry. The rheological properties of the solutions for the nanofibers and hydrogels revealed sufficient physical properties for the injection, printing, and plotting process, as well as significant encapsulation of living cells. As-designed hydrogels exhibited excellent viscoelastic properties with typical shear-thinning behavior, and had a storage modulus of 1234 Pa ± 68 Pa, suitable for cell culture. Non-cytotoxicity was confirmed using a live/dead assay with mouse-derived fibroblast NIH/3T3 cells. Human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells could be cultured on a gel surface (2D environment) and encapsulated in the gel structure (3D environment), which enabled 10 d growth with high gene expression level of albumin of HepG2 spheroids in the 3D gels. The biodegradable cell-laden hydrogels are expected to mimic the cellular microenvironment and provide potential for bioadaptive 3D cell cultures in biomedical applications.

Development of Cissus quadrangularis-Loaded POSS-Reinforced Chitosan-Based Bilayer Sponges for Wound Healing Applications: Drug Release and In Vitro Bioactivity.

Nowadays, antibiotic-loaded biomaterials have been widely used in wound healing applications. However, the use of natural extracts has come into prominence as an alternative to these antimicrobial agents in the recent period. Among natural sources, Cissus quadrangularis (CQ) herbal extract is used for treatment of bone and skin diseases in ayurvedic medicine due to its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, chitosan-based bilayer wound dressings were fabricated with electrospinning and freeze-drying techniques. CQ extract-loaded chitosan nanofibers were coated on chitosan/POSS nanocomposite sponges using an electrospinning method. The bilayer sponge is designed to treat exudate wounds while mimicking the layered structure of skin tissue. Bilayer wound dressings were investigated with regard to the morphology and physical and mechanical properties. In addition, CQ release from bilayer wound dressings and in vitro bioactivity studies were performed to determine the effect of POSS nanoparticles and CQ extract loading on NIH/3T3 and HS2 cells. The morphology of nanofibers was investigated with SEM analysis. Physical characteristics of bilayer wound dressings were determined with FT-IR analysis, swelling study, open porosity determination, and mechanical test. The antimicrobial activity of CQ extract released from bilayer sponges was investigated with a disc diffusion method. Bilayer wound dressings' in vitro bioactivity was examined using cytotoxicity determination, wound healing assay, proliferation, and the secretion of biomarkers for skin tissue regeneration. The nanofiber layer diameter was obtained in the range of 77.9-97.4 nm. The water vapor permeability of the bilayer dressing was obtained as 4021 to 4609 g/m2day, as it is in the ideal range for wound repair. The release of the CQ extract over 4 days reached 78-80% cumulative release. The release media were found to be antibacterial against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. In vitro studies showed that both CQ extract and POSS incorporation induced cell proliferation as well as wound healing activity and collagen deposition. As a result, CQ-loaded bilayer CHI-POSS nanocomposites were found as a potential candidate for wound healing applications.

Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) anthocyanin loaded-pectin and chitosan nanofiber matrices for real-time monitoring of shrimp freshness

In this study, pectin (PC)/chitosan nanofiber (ChNF) films containing a novel anthocyanin from sumac extract were successfully developed for freshness monitoring and shelf-life extension of shrimp. The physical, barrier, morphological, color, and antibacterial properties of biodegradable films were evaluated. The addition of sumac anthocyanins to the films caused intramolecular interactions (such as hydrogen bonds) in the film structure, as confirmed by using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) analysis, suggesting good compatibility of film ingredients. Also, intelligent films showed significant sensitivity to ammonia vapors and changed color from reddish to olive color at the first 5 min. Moreover, the results showed that PC/ChNF and PC/ChNF/sumac films have significant antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria. In addition to the good functional characteristics of the smart film, the resulting films showed acceptable physicomechanical properties. So, PC/ChNF/sumac smart film exhibited the strength = 60 MPa with the flexibility = 23.3 %. Likewise, water vapor barrier reduced from 2.5 (×10−11 g. m/m2. s. Pa) to 2.3 (×10−11 g. m/m2. s. Pa) after adding anthocyanin. The results of the application of intelligent film containing anthocyanins of sumac extract for shrimp freshness monitoring showed that the color of the intelligent film changed from reddish to greenish color after 48 h of storage, which shows the high potential of the produced film for monitoring the spoilage of seafood products.

Recent Advancements in Electrospun Chitin and Chitosan Nanofibers for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications

Treatment of large segmental bone loss caused by fractures, osteomyelitis, and non-union results in expenses of around USD 300,000 per case. Moreover, the worst-case scenario results in amputation in 10% to 14.5% of cases. Biomaterials, cells, and regulatory elements are employed in bone tissue engineering (BTE) to create biosynthetic bone grafts with effective functionalization that can aid in the restoration of such fractured bones, preventing amputation and alleviating expenses. Chitin (CT) and chitosan (CS) are two of the most prevalent natural biopolymers utilized in the fields of biomaterials and BTE. To offer the structural and biochemical cues for augmenting bone formation, CT and CS can be employed alone or in combination with other biomaterials in the form of nanofibers (NFs). When compared with several fabrication methods available to produce scaffolds, electrospinning is regarded as superior since it enables the development of nanostructured scaffolds utilizing biopolymers. Electrospun nanofibers (ENFs) offer unique characteristics, including morphological resemblance to the extracellular matrix, high surface-area-to-volume ratio, permeability, porosity, and stability. This review elaborates on the recent strategies employed utilizing CT and CS ENFs and their biocomposites in BTE. We also summarize their implementation in supporting and delivering an osteogenic response to treat critical bone defects and their perspectives on rejuvenation. The CT- and CS-based ENF composite biomaterials show promise as potential constructions for bone tissue creation.