Chinese Raw Materials Research Articles

An empirical assessment of the impact and role of the indenting agents in the supply chain of pharmaceutical raw material from China

Even though India ranks third in the world for pharmaceutical output, there is an undue reliance on China for APIs (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients), bulk pharmaceuticals, intermediates, primary raw materials, and fermentation technology. Only Chinese raw materials are used in the nation’s production of pharmaceutical raw materials. The Export Promotion Council for Pharmaceuticals is taking steps to reduce this undue reliance on China. If China elected not to provide those products, it would have problems addressing both domestic health needs and export requests. India must act to create a production process strategy since China’s costs are gradually growing. The Pharmaceuticals Export Promotion Council also represents these issues in the relevant fora, and the Center takes the condition into consideration. To accomplish these goals, the researcher in this paper is attempting to determine the impact of the indenting agent’s position in the supply chain between Chinese manufacturers and end-users during the import of pharmaceutical raw materials. China still has a more important role to play, though. To identify the variables and accomplish the research’s goals, analysis of variance methodologies was employed and 118 end consumers from various regions of India were recruited.

Exploring shock and volatility transmission between oil and Chinese industrial raw materials

Abstract The main objective of this paper is to investigate the volatility spillover between oil prices and the Chinese industrial raw materials stock indices including oil, coal, iron and non-ferrous metals. In order to achieve this task, OPEC and WTI oil prices were used as oil benchmarks and several multivariate GARCH models were applied on daily closing prices of stock indices for the period from 2004 through 2014. Among the models, VAR-GARCH model fits the data best. The findings show significant volatility spillover between oil and the Chinese raw materials stock returns. However, the spillover is unidirectional and it is more apparent from past oil shocks to the Chinese raw materials stock returns. This unidirectional spillover can be attributed to the structure of the Chinese stock market, which is slightly integrating into the global stock markets and yet is detached from its own real economy. Moreover, the findings suggest that the conditional correlations of OPEC oil and the Chinese raw materials stock indices are higher than those of WTI oil and stock indices. Overall, the findings have important implications for both portfolio managers and policy makers in terms of risk management.

Efficiency of the Alkali-Activated Cement Concretes for Sea Construction

There are shown studies on development of the alkali-activated slag cements and concretes using Chinese raw materials. Such cements and concretes are able to provide high performance characteristics of materials and constructions under exposure of sea climate. The tests had been done for compliance with the requirements set in the national standards of P.R.China and were determined characteristics of strength, wet conditions shrinkage, freeze-thaw resistance, corrosion and weather resistance, biodegradability, water permeability, bond strength between concrete and reinforcement. The obtained positive results of tests allowed to recommend them for a pilot-scale production of the developed materials in sea construction for protection of the sea coastal line in the P.R.China.

Influence of Iron Ore Addition on Metallurgical Reaction Behavior of Iron Coke Hot Briquette

Utilization of iron coke hot briquette (ICHB) has been considered to be one effective countermeasure to achieve low-carbon blast furnace. Before its actual application, a series of extensive fundamental investigations on the ICHB are required. In this study, the influence of iron ore addition on the metallurgical reaction behavior of ICHB made from carbonizing coal–iron ore composite agglomeration were investigated based on Chinese raw material conditions, and the corresponding mechanisms were revealed. The results show that the addition of iron ore concentrate leads to the degradation of the compressive strength and drum strength of ICHB, but they are maintained at a relatively high level. Furthermore, by increasing the addition ratio of iron ore from 0 to 20 pct, the density of ICHB is enhanced from 1413 to 1637 kg/m3, and the porosity is increased from 8.03 to 12.84 pct, and the optical texture index (OTI) is reduced from 58.1 to 25.3. The phase composition of ICHB mainly consists of C, Fe, SiO2, Fe3O4, and FeO after the addition of the iron ore concentrate. Moreover, the reactivity of ICHB is accelerated from 46.74 to 69.54 pct due to the catalytic effects of metallic iron and iron oxide, which worked as oxygen transfer carriers, while the post-reaction strength is reduced from 74.08 to 36.81 pct. In addition, the starting temperature of the ICHB gasification reaction is decreased remarkably from 919 °C to 839 °C. The activation energy (Ea) for the gasification reaction under nonisothermal conditions is reduced from 312.78 to 249.83 kJ/mol, and the preexponential factor (A) shows a decreasing trend as well. Simultaneously, Ea and A display the kinetic compensation effect and present a good linear relationship.

Effects of coal and iron ore blending on metallurgical properties of iron coke hot briquette

Abstract Utilization of iron coke hot briquette (ICHB), prepared by carbonizing coal-iron ore composite agglomerate, is considered as an effective countermeasure to achieve low carbon emission blast furnace (BF) ironmaking. ICHB shows high reactivity and thereby presents low post-reaction strength, which could have serious impact on the permeability of BF. In this paper, the effects of coal and iron ore blending on the metallurgical properties of ICHB were experimentally investigated and related mechanism were revealed based on Chinese raw material and fuel conditions. The results showed that with increasing coal B addition ratio, the compressive strength of ICHB is slightly improved. The gasification reaction ratio of ICHB is gradually decreased while the post-reaction strength is increased. Furthermore, with increasing coal C ratio, the compressive strength of ICHB tends to slightly increase firstly and then mildly decrease. The reaction ratio of ICHB is decreased firstly and then increased while the post-reaction strength and the crystallite size (Lc) tend to be enhanced initially and then reduced. Additionally, with increasing the addition ratio of iron ore from 0 to 20%, the compressive strength of ICHB is reduced from 5602 N to 4594 N while the porosity of ICHB is increased. The reaction ratio of ICHB is accelerated from 48.22% to 75.02% while the post-reaction strength is reduced from 74.08% to 26.84%. In terms of coal blending and iron ore blending, the reasonable preparation parameters of ICHB are conducted, namely 55% coal A, 10% coal C, 20% coal D, and 15% iron ore. Under the conditions, the compressive strength, the reaction ratio, and the post-reaction strength of ICHB are 4861 N, 63.00%, and 46.45%, respectively.

Translation and back translation: transcultural reinventions in some Chinese American literary works

This paper attempts to examine a few related cases in which Chinese American literature draws on its cultural material from the “native” Chinese culture in combination with American literary tradition, and it can be argued that such literature is, in a broad sense, the outcome of translation – or rather, of cultural translation. The uprooting and adaptation of Chinese culture and its haunting influence on the writing practice designed for the needs of the American reader are juxtaposed and culminate in acculturation and assimilation as part of a creative process. The retelling of Chinese stories, therefore, involves indirect translation and direct rewriting based on fascinating transnational experiments. In many cases, the author, either a Chinese immigrant or descendent, can be seen as a translator as well, and in this light, the meaning and function of primacy of the original are different as compared with conventional translation. In truth, the seemingly non-existent source text(s) is/are not non-existent. Chinese American literary texts transmigrate Chinese into English, often revealing linguistic and cultural traces of the “original” in all its complexity with cultural Chineseness being retained or reproduced in parallel with the construction of and interaction with literary Americanness. The invisible source text(s) is/are embodied notably by a trove of cultural references to play a central role in the functionality of transcoding ethnicity. The travel of the Chinese culture has led to cultural translation that enriches the original host culture, characterized by negotiation, reconciliation and transformation by moving beyond previous cultural confinement. After Chinese raw material is translated into English, it is integrated into American literature. It is interesting to observe that some Chinese American literary texts are translated into Chinese, exhibiting a peculiar linguistic and cultural displacement. Chinese American transnationalism is demonstrably exemplified in such practices of translation and “back translation”, rewriting and re-rewriting. Translation and re-translation foreground not only defamiliarized Chinese culture but also its creative assimilation into American literature.

Strategic Sovereign Wealth Fund Investment and the New Alliance Capitalism: A Network Mapping Investigation

Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) have grown rapidly in recent years both in value and in number. Despite a great deal of popular debate, very little scholarly attention has centered on the ‘strategic use’ of SWFs by states, that is, as tools to promote national development. Using a ‘network mapping’ approach, I investigate two case studies involving extensive strategic SWF investment: Qatar, Abu Dhabi, and Dubai's use of SWFs to promote the development of their aerospace sectors; and the deployment of the China Investment Corporation as an instrument of Chinese raw materials and energy policy. Strategically oriented SWF investment can be seen as a state-adaptive strategy under contemporary conditions of globalization and financialization. The viability of such a strategy, however, hinges on the manner in which it feeds into the strategies of firms and states at the receiving end of investment.

Contaminant in the Recalled Unfractionated Heparin Preparations: Where is the Problem?

In a recently held press conference, the USFDA (United States Food and Drug Administration) briefed the press that the potential contaminant in the recalled Baxter product is a heparin-like substance. The USFDA commented that heparin-like molecules have been identified using high-tech methods. No specifics regarding these contaminants were given. The manufacturing process of heparin is such that other heparin-like contaminants, such as the dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate are removed effectively. These represent the main contaminants in heparin. However, these contaminants are unlikely to produce any allergic effects, nor the reported adverse reactions, because some of the antithrombotic drugs contain significant amounts of these heparin-like substances. Because of the carbohydrate nature of the contaminants identified by a special method of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), it is quite disturbing to note that such contaminants may have inadvertently been added to the recalled heparin. Heparin-like materials have been isolated from the shellfish, marine plants, bones, or skin of mammalian origin for several therapeutic purposes. Although structurally similar, these heparin-like substances exhibit different biochemical and pharmacologic effects. There are also various protein contaminants that can be expected along with the carbohydrates. Thus, it is likely that besides the carbohydrate contaminants, some unknown protein contaminants may also be present in these products. The statement that a heparin-like material was identified using high-tech methods is ambiguous and misleading. Such statements should be specific and clear regarding the methods used and the nature In late January, Baxter Healthcare Corporation voluntarily recalled the following lots of heparin: 107054, 117085, 047056, 097081, 107024, 107064, 107066, 107074, and 107111. These products were labeled as heparin 1000 U/mL in 10 mL vials and heparin 1000 U/mL in 30 mL vials. The reason for this recall was the reported adverse reactions, which were associated with the use of these heparin batches. These included abdominal pain, hypotension, burning, chest pain, diarrhea, dizziness, dyspepsia, dyspnea, arrhythmia, flushing, headache, hyperthyroidism, hypoesthesia, increased lacrimation, loss of consciousness, malaise, nausea, pallor, palpitation, paresthesia, pharyngeal edema, restlessness, vomiting, stomach discomfort, tachycardia, thirst, trismus, unresponsiveness to stimuli, and drug ineffectiveness. These adverse reactions were reported in hundreds of patients treated with these heparins in the USA. Initially 19 deaths were linked with the use of the recalled heparins. However, this figure has now reached 81, and it is likely that it will go even higher. These multiple adverse reactions were later attributed to heparin manufactured by Baxter’s [Deerfield, IL] suppliers using Chinese raw material from SPL Changzhou, China. Subsequently, Baxter recalled all of the remaining lots and doses of its heparin sodium injection multidose, single dose vials, and Hep-lock heparin flush product.

High-performance liquid chromatographic investigations of stillingia oil

Stillingia oil is a Chinese raw material containing biosynthetically intriguing estolides. Oil extracted from the kernels of the seeds of Sapium sebiferum Roxb. was investigated using various high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) techniques such as reversed-phase HPLC of the oil itself, its triacylglycerol and estolide fractions, both with refractive index and with UV detection at two different wavelengths, and using normal-phase (silica) HPLC of the tocopherols. Qualitative fingerprints and semi-quantitative results on triacylglycerols and estolides and on tocopherols are given. In the tocopherol fraction, stillingia oil contains nearly pure (92%) γ-tocotrienol.

American Policy Toward Sino-Japanese Trade in the Postwar Years: Politics and Prosperity

Trade between American-occupied Japan and Communist China became an issue which both shaped and reflected fundamental currents of American foreign policy in Asia in the late 1940s. Historians have identified these years as a time of growing tensions culminating in the dire warnings of international struggle portrayed in NSC 68. Indeed, the fact that a draft of this document was at hand when war erupted in Korea has been considered evidence that top U.S. officials had become inflexible in their approach to world affairs before that conflict began. Some analysts have even argued that in the spring of 1950 Harry S Truman and Dean Acheson welcomed the Korean crisis to sell their new program of Asian containment and American rearmament.1 American policies on Sino-Japanese trade contradict this rigid image. Although some officials wanted to pursue a hard line, the president, the secretary of state, the National Security Council, and even the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers in Japan (SCAP) refused to build impenetrable barriers around the People's Republic of China. Japan's economic crisis had become so severe that despite the political risk the United States decided to permit a revival of Sino-Japanese commercial ties, thus preserving a degree of flexibility in its Asian policy. U.S. policymakers hoped to stimulate Japanese recovery by providing access to Chinese raw materials and markets, thus sparing American taxpayers from having to support their erstwhile enemy while perhaps encouraging Chinese dependence on Japan, thereby weakening Soviet control over the Chinese Communist party (CCP).2

The Far East and the New Order in Europe

RECENT European changes have accelerated and redirected the underlying forces in the Far East, making it important to understand the interplay of Orient and Occident in the period leading to the crisis of August-September I939. Perhaps the key question is, Why did Germany consent to the crippling of the Berlin-Tokyo alignment? The answer is to be found in the increasing complexity of the post-Munich world situation, the growing inadequacy of Japan as an instrument for the furtherance of German policy, and the conflict inherent in Germany's Far Eastern position. Beginning with the I930S Germany developed close economic relations with China, involving railway loans of Ch. $86 million in I934-I937, an important barter agreement in I936 for Chinese raw materials and German manufactures (including munitions), and a general increase in German-Chinese trade as a whole. Cultural relations were close, and a Reichswehr military mission (organized in I927-I929) was giving instructions to the Chinese army. At the same time, after the National Socialist victory in I933, German diplomacy required ever greater cooperation with Japan, the expanding power in Asia. This led to the German-Japanese AntiComintern Pact of November I936, a pledge for mutual cooperation against Communism, which was soon revealed as touching the interests of many countries besides Soviet Russia. With the outbreak of war between China and Japan in the summer of I937, Germany found it increasingly necessary to decide whether Japan's support in world affairs was more valuable than the Chinese market. The answer was delayed as long as possible. In November I937 a credit of ?2 million was extended to Manchukuo; yet from late October I937 through January I938 Germany attempted to mediate a peace. In February 1938, after mediation had failed, Hitler announced that Germany would recognize Man-