Chinese Philosophy Research Articles

The Legacy of Traditional Chinese Taiji Philosophy as a Factor in Harmonizing the Contradictions of Socio-cultural Reality (using the example of Chinese Neorealist Art)

The article is devoted to the analysis of the influence of the ancient Chinese philosophy of Taiji on artistic creativity and the development of the internal evolution of artistic culture. Taoist philosophy of nature and Confucian ethics synthesized the philosophical core of the traditional Chinese worldview with its emphasis on the simplicity and naturalness of the world order, and formed the fundamental principles of Taiji. Fundamental to Taiji, the concept of Yin and Yang emphasizes the dual nature of the existence of movement and variability as a balance of opposing forces of development. The Taiji philosophy of dialectical development is supplemented by the idea of ​​the genesis of renewal energy - Qi. The main research method is the method of revitalizing traditional systems on a new intellectual basis. The method of diachronic analysis of the social situation that influenced the development of Chinese neorealism in art was used. As a result of the study, the functional significance of the influence of the principles and philosophical ideas of taiji on the evolution of neorealism is described. Using the example of the work of Chinese neorealist artists Xin Dongwan and Zheng Yi, the authors come to the conclusion that there are three driving factors of artistic motivation for creativity: internal, external and subjective. The basic principles of Taiji philosophy and ethics, such as: the naturalness of change without the use of force (Wu Wei), change as the only constant in the existence of the world and its stability, gentleness - help develop the creative power of renewal. The idea is shown that in the ancient Chinese philosophical heritage, Confucianism and Taoism became two full-fledged directions, functionally complementing each other in explaining differences in cultural, political, philosophical and social environments.

Perceived Determinants of Health-Related Behaviors Among Patients with Coronary Heart Disease After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Longitudinal Qualitative Study.

Studies had reported some influencing factors of health behavior among patients with coronary heart disease(CHD) after percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI). However, considering that human perceptions are complex, unrestricted and dynamically changing. A longitudinal qualitative study was conducted to explore the determinants of health-related behaviors of patients after PCI and dynamic changes of these determinants at the 1st, 3rd, and 6th months. Using purposive sampling, 18 patients undergoing PCI were interviewed. The conventional content analysis method was used to identify categories and subcategories. Semi-structured, face-to-face or telephone in-depth interviews were conducted at the cardiology unit of a tertiary referral hospital in Yunnan Province, China from March 2022 to January 2023. Seven categories with some subcategories were constructed from the data, categorized into three domains. Firstly, individual factors include (i) Personal coping with healthy lifestyle requirements (tried but failed; I can do it), (ii) individual perception and feeling toward disease (knowing about the disease; belief of cure; fearsofrelapse), and (iii) personal benefits (improved health; meaning of life). Secondly, social factors include (i) social facilitators (family resources; healthcare support), (ii) social barriers (inconvenient medical care service; conflicting information). Finally, cultural factors include (i) way of living (dietary habits; key roles of yan (cigarette) and jiu (alcohol) in Chinese society), (ii) way of thinking (fatalism and Confucian familism). The determinants of health-related behaviors of patients after PCI are multifaceted and dynamic. Different interventions should be formulated to promote patients' adherence to health behaviors. Moreover, priority should be given to the impact of traditional Chinese philosophy on the health behaviors of patients after PCI, and the health promotion program for these patients should be culturally sensitive. In addition, future research should further explore the determinants of health behaviors among diverse ethnic minorities after PCI, which has not been fully inquired in this study.

Assimilation of Tung Chung Shu’s Philosophy and the Development of Multiculturalism

The purpose of this article is to explore the thoughts of the philosopher Tung Chung Shu who is a figure in Chinese philosophy. Tung Chung Shu managed to compile several aspects of philosophy and culture that developed in China during the Han dynasty. Tung Chung Shu's thought has relevance to the development of multiculturalism, especially in Indonesia amid globalization today. The condition of the Chinese nation has a different cultural background and has succeeded in reformulating the unifying ideology of the country so that it can improve the condition of a society that is experiencing chaos. The philosophy and culture of the Chinese nation that developed when in this condition was the Han Dynasty which was dominated by Taoism, Legalism, and Confucianism. A Chinese philosopher, Tung Chung Shu, combined the three schools with the core teachings of jen, yi, l, chi, and hsin with the main goal of realizing a happy, prosperous, and safe society. The situation of differences that exist in people's lives gave birth to multiculturalism which offers a cultural paradigm to understand and interpret the differences that develop in people's lives. This research uses the abstraction analysis method and then analyzes it through a comparative interpretative approach that begins with description and historical continuity. The results showed that (1) the condition of differences in society can be avoided from conflict if the government can implement multiculturalism policies in regulating the order of government as in Tung Chung Shu's thinking about good governance (2) the condition of a country depends on the attitude of the country's leaders so that the condition of multicultural society can be safe, harmonious, peaceful, prosperous cannot be separated from the role of state leaders (3) in addressing differences need the attitude of wisdom, humanity, courage, wisdom and virtue as the philosophical thought of Tung Chung Shu. In line with the conditions of the multicultural Indonesian nation, Tung Chung Shu's thoughts can be a reference in efforts to develop multiculturalism in Indonesia. This argument is supported by the situation and conditions of the Indonesian nation which has a diversity of ethnicities, cultures, religions, regions, and different cultural traditions.

Enhancing China’s Soft Powers with Traditional Chinese Medicine and Global Healthcare Integration

During a time where global influence is increasingly shaped by cultural engagement and soft power, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a pivotal element in elevating China’s global standing and soft powers. Beyond its role as an alternate medical practice, TCM’s deep roots in Chinese culture and philosophy serve as its strengths to enhance China’s global stature. This study looks at TCM’s potential as a catalyst for bolstering China’s soft powers by examining the historical context, contribution to cultural diplomacy, challenges in global integration and strategic importance with the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). It discusses the significant market share of TCM and its potential as a key economic driver, alongside the scientific scrutiny it faces under Western medical standards. The role of TCM in Chinese healthcare and its increasing scientific credibility in the Western world are analyzed, emphasizing the need for a nuanced approach to integrate TCM in global healthcare. In conclusion, the study evaluates the potential of TCM as a tool for cultural exchange, understanding, and influence, proposing strategies for its international promotion and integration into global healthcare practices. It emphasizes the opportunity for China to bolster its soft power and demonstrate its commitment to global healthcare innovation through TCM. The paper suggests that TCM, with its unique health and wellness approach, can contribute significantly to global health improvements and position China as a key player in the international healthcare domain.

Философские основы научного знания и межкультурной коммуникации: понятие китайской философии 中 (чжун) и синкретизм в общелингвистической теории В.В. Бабайцевой

rom the perspective of intercultural communication and offers a comparative analysis between the ancient Chinese concept of 中 (zhong) and the theory of transitivity of V.V. Babaytseva, in whose grammatical teaching one of the most important concepts is syncretism. An attempt is made to reveal the similarities and differences between the two concepts and to prove the mental preparedness of the Chinese to perceive the theory of transitivity and the concept syncretism of V.V. Babaytseva. In the process of analysis, etymological and comparative methods are used to clarify the similarities and differences between the philosophical tradition of Chinese culture and the content of the concept representing the essence of grammatical theory. The term “syncretism” in linguistics has a special meaning, is an important concept in the theory of transitivity and reflects its main content. The concept of 中 (zhong) reflects the mental characteristic of the Chinese, for whom the intermediate part is often more important than the extreme points. We assume that in Chinese culture and communication is provided the basis for Chinese to perceive this Russian linguistic theory. The principles of Chinese philosophy lay the mental foundation for the Chinese perception of the theory of transitivity and syncretism and confirm the possibility of their application in the practice of teaching Russian in China

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RELATIONSHIP PSYCHOLOGY BETWEEN TEACHERS AND STUDENTS IN THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

The following article is devoted to the exploration of the relationship between teachers and students of China, whereas the typical traits of communication between Chinese teachers and students are not sufficiently explored to date. The aim of the research consists in consideration of the “teacher – student” relationships originality in comprehensive schools of the PRC. The tasks of the study are to analyze the influence of the Chinese philosophy in formation of the educational relations in China, to consider the place of a teacher and a student in the Chinese educational process, and to describe the level of communication between teachers and students of the PRC. The meta-analysis of the historical, philosophical, and psychological-pedagogical scientific works was served as the main method of the research. Results of the study. The analysis of the fundamental Chinese philosophical traditions and the official documents of PRC about the roles of the teacher and the students showed the social importance of the teacher`s role as a mentor, a leader, and an elder brother of the student, due to which we can observe the high level of respect among the students, what can also be followed by some degree of the fearfulness to teacher. The consideration of psychological-pedagogical scientific works of the foreign specialists had approved the following statements because the physical distance between a teacher and his students, and the structure of a classroom can create the certain differences between the subjects of education activity. Meanwhile modern Chinese educators endeavour to reduce the level of students` tension, building the academic and educational activities, which are based on the individual characteristics of students, and showing them the high level of attention and empathy.

Exploring the Facets of Shared Leadership within the Intricate Frameworks of Chinese Ideologies: A Modern Perspective on Traditional Values

Shared leadership as a modern management approach provides the structure and framework for innovational thinking within creative working places. China's swift ascent as one of the foremost global players, coupled with its aspirations to become an innovation leader, makes a reevaluation of traditional organizational structures and leadership paradigms necessary. Research on the application of modern management approaches such as shared leadership, within the context of Chinese culture is notably underrepresented and needs to be further focused on. Using a literature review methodology, this study delves into the book "A Short History of Chinese Philosophy" to check on relevant text passages and aspects derived from various original schools of thought within traditional Chinese ideologies. Subsequently, these aspects are categorized as either pro or con arguments and reinterpreted through the lens of shared leadership readiness. Seven affirmative arguments and seven opposing arguments judge the application of shared leadership ideas embedded in Chinese traditional values and philosophies. Taoism, particularly in its third phase and Neo-Taoism stand as representative examples favoring shared leadership. Conversely, Realistic Confucianism and the Mohist School serve as representatives against the adoption of shared leadership. One limitation of the re-interpretation lies in the potential for misunderstanding the original Chinese traditional values which may not have been intended for application within the context of modern management approaches, potentially resulting in wrong conclusions. Additionally, relying solely on one source to depict the history of Chinese philosophy constitutes another limitation, as it simplifies the complexity of Chinese traditions. Follow-up studies could focus on constructing a robust theoretical framework. Another significant contribution could involve the development of a survey aimed at assessing the extent of influence exerted by the original schools of thought on traditional Chinese individuals.

Tai-Chi hydrogel with Chinese philosophy and photothermal properties for accelerated diabetic wound healing

Tai-Chi hydrogel with Chinese philosophy and photothermal properties for accelerated diabetic wound healing

Mohism as Confucianism Critique: Examining the Multifaceted Relationship of Christianity and Confucianism in China

The interaction between Christianity and Confucianism has been marked by both conflict and accommodation. In the 19th century, the discovery of the works of Mozi, a pre-Qin Chinese philosopher who was critical of Confucianism, led to a change in the approach of some missionaries. This commentary examines how 19th century missionaries strategically utilized Mohist philosophy to undermine Confucianism and promote Christianity. The implications of this commentary for religious research are significant in terms of providing context and guiding future investigations as this commentary offers new insights into the complex relationship between Christianity and Confucianism in China by highlighting the strategic use of Mohist philosophy as a tool for evangelism and the implications it had for the larger discourse on Christianity and Confucianism in the region.

Философские основания современного китайского неореализма

Chinese new realism painting is formed under the interaction of western philosophy and Chinese native phi-losophy. Philosophical and cultural theories have had a significant impact on artists’ understanding of real-world problems and the way they conceive art. For some contemporary Chinese artists, philosophical and cul-tural theories have become an integral part of their professional outlook. Neorealist artists depict objective reali-ty according to their feelings, emotions and spiritual values. This paper points out three philosophical concepts that influence Neo-Realism philosophy: symbol philosophy, value philosophy and life philosophy. These philo-sophical schools have influenced the most important conceptual attributes of creation and reflected the particu-larity of neo-realists’ cognition of the world. The particularity of the philosophical and cultural interpretation of the new realist artist’s creation lies in the artist’s high subjectivity, criticism and individualization. It is this philo-sophical premise that opens up a broad space for free creation, showing the subjective understanding of reali-ty, reflecting the inner world of the individual and the interpretation of reality in the works.

Exploring Transformation in Flux-Like Pattern – A Review of The Chinese Biantong in Yijing

One of the central features of the _Yijing_ is its use of 陰陽 _yin-yang_ correlative cosmology, a fundamental concept in traditional Chinese philosophy. This cosmology involves the idea that all things in the universe are interconnected and interdependent, each possessing _yin_ (negative, feminine) and _yang_ (positive, masculine) energies. Moreover, these energies are constantly in flux and transformation, with their balance continually shifting. Bohm's wholeness, also known as Bohm's holomovement, is a concept developed by physicist David Bohm as part of his interpretation of quantum mechanics. According to Bohm, the universe is fundamentally interconnected and interdependent, with all aspects of the universe influencing and being influenced by one another. This interconnectedness is reflected in the behaviour of subatomic particles, which can exhibit non-local correlations that classical physics cannot explain. Bohm's wholeness is similar to other physics and philosophy theories that emphasise the universe's interconnectedness. For example, one such theory is non-dualism, which posits that there is no fundamental separation between the self and the universe and that the self is an expression of the underlying unity of all things. Finally, the concept of entanglement in quantum mechanics also suggests a fundamental interconnectedness between particles, with changes in the state of one particle instantaneously affecting the state of another particle, regardless of their spatial separation. The significance of 變通 _biantong_ in Chinese philosophy is explored in relation to _yin_ and _yang_ energies constantly transforming and balancing each other in a continuous cycle. Similarly, Bohm's holomovement concept highlights the universe's interconnectedness and constant flux. The flux-like variables provide insights into the system's macroscopic and microscopic details, where transformation and change are fundamental aspects of reality. The probabilistic nature of human affairs and subatomic particles implies that their properties continually change and transform in response to the surrounding environment, reflecting the integral interdependence of all things. This paper emphasizes the significance of transformation and changes in comprehending reality by examining the concepts of yin and yang energies, Bohm's wholeness, and flux-like variables. The dynamic and interconnected nature of the universe necessitates an understanding of this constant state of flux, whether on a macroscopic or microscopic scale. This knowledge is vital for understanding the behaviour of subatomic particles and the natural world.

Perception, Reason, and Intuition in the Development Of Expertise: Reflections on Zhuangzi and Contemporary Western Theory

AbstractIn this paper, Leonard Waks investigates connections between listening and expertise or mastery, contrasting approaches from Eastern and Western philosophy. The first section accounts for listening in the Daoist classic Zhuangzi, a work addressing themes in Chinese philosophy through metaphor and story narratives. In one story a character named “Confucius” advises a student to fast the mind and listen recklessly. The affinity between reckless and what has been called “apophatic” listening is demonstrated by the shared feature of mental emptiness — listening without the imposition of conceptual categories. The second section demonstrates close affinities between the account of listening and expertise or mastery in the Zhuangzi and in the account of expert perception in contemporary Western philosophy and psychology, as exemplified by phenomenologist Hubert Dreyfus.

A Brief Analysis of the Role of Architectural Aesthetics in Chinese Architectural Education from the Perspective of Mental Health

With the progress of the times, Chinese education must enable students to understand that architecture is not only a tool for life, but also an artistic creation. Architectural aesthetics also involves historical, cultural, and social factors, as well as psychological health. To cultivate architects with good artistic cultivation, it is necessary to increase education in art, aesthetics, psychology, and humanities such as traditional architectural theory, Chinese traditional philosophy, Chinese and Western architectural aesthetics, aesthetic principles, Chinese and foreign art history, mental health, architectural geomantic omen, literature, calligraphy and painting appreciation, sculpture, photography, etc. In recent years, some art colleges in China, such as the Central Academy of Fine Arts and the Academy of Fine Arts of Shanghai University, have successively introduced the subject of architecture, which is a great experiment and makes up for the shortcomings of traditional engineering and architecture colleges that focus on technology and light art. In terms of architecture education, it is necessary to cultivate students' creative thinking and enhance their artistic cultivation, and closely unite architectural aesthetics with mental health. In this regard, we are continuously discussing teaching methods, summing up teaching experience, and introducing new ideas to keep pace with the times.

«I Ching» in Chinese music: composition method of Chung Yiu Kwang

The subject of the study is the original author's method of composition, developed by the modern Chinese composer Chung Yiu Kwang based on the 64 hexagrams of the “I-Ching”. The ancient Chinese philosophy of taiji attracted many composers of the second half of the twentieth century. Chung Yiu Kwang developed a quasi-serial writing technique: four 12-tone fundamental series are built on the tritone relationship of two hexachords - yin and yang. The purpose of the research is to study the implementation of the basic principles of the “I-Ching” in the composition system of Chung, using the example of the composer’s only serial piece “Under The Red Eaves”. For the first time in Russian musicology, the composition method of Chung Yiu Kwang was considered; a creative portrait of the composer and an overview of his main works are presented; the path of formation of his original technique is traced; аn analysis of the first hexagrams in the orchestral play “Under The Red Eaves” was carried out. The formation of the original composition method was due to the creative interests of Chung, his studies in New York, his acquaintance with Chou Wen-Chung and his students - representatives of the Chinese New Wave - Tan Dun, Zhou Long, Chen Yi. This predetermined the musician's turn to the synthesis of the ancient Chinese philosophy “I-Ching” with Western serial methods of organizing musical texture. Based on the symbolism of hexagrams and the ancient Chinese lü scale, the author builds a three-level system of interaction of pitch relations: the level of fundamental series, the level of complementarity of yin and yang segments that give rise to 12-tone rows, and the level of alternation of yin and yang tones in accordance with the change of dotted and solid lines in hexagrams..

The Chinese View on Time – A Reflection on The Concept of Time in Dao/Yijing And Modern Science

This paper investigates the intricate relationship between consciousness, time, and free will action by human agents intermediated between the construct of Heaven and Earth. By conducting a comprehensive literature review across different disciplines, such as Chinese philosophy, and reflecting on time and related ideas in _Yijing_, the time perspective in the arrow of time in modern science, insights into the nature of time and its implications can be gained. While the second law of thermodynamics supports a one-directional time arrow, microscopic fluctuations complicate this understanding. In addition, cultural and historical factors have influenced our understanding of time, highlighting the need for interdisciplinary inquiry. The research challenges causality principles and introduces a Co-Occurrence Time Model, raising questions about the independence of time from an observer. The study emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive approach to understanding human experience and calls for further investigation into these concepts. The paper underscores the need to explore the multifaceted aspects of time, consciousness, and free will to broaden our understanding of the world and our place within the 天人地 _tian ren di _framework.

Traditional ecological culture of China and Kyrgyzstan as a fundamental basis for the development of modern ecological civilization

Relevance. The relevance of this study is due to the deteriorating environmental situation both globally and in Kyrgyzstan and China.Purpose. This article aims to examine the traditional ecological cultures of these countries and compare them in order to identify the most sustainable and harmonious way of coexistence between society and nature.Methodology. Comparison was chosen as the leading method of research of this problem, which allowed for a comprehensive comparison of all key elements of the traditional ecological cultures of Kyrgyzstan and China. The following were also used: analysis, historical method, synthesis, method of systematization, deduction, and classification.Results. The study revealed the essence of the traditional ecological cultures of China and Kyrgyzstan, their historical roots and sources of formation, analysed the contribution of classical Chinese philosophers to the development of the philosophy of reverence for nature, and cited quotes from their works reflecting the desire for balance and harmony in the use of natural resources. The study also revealed the historical background and symbols embodying respect for nature among the Kyrgyz, revealing the influence of shamanism and animism on the ecological culture of this people. The paper described the symbolic aspects related to animals and revealed their significance for the ancient Kyrgyz. A detailed comparison of the traditional ecological cultures of China and Kyrgyzstan included analyses of historical, natural, religious and social factors, which made it possible to identify the key features and principles underlying the harmonious relationship between man and nature in these countries.Conclusions. The research materials can be integrated into contemporary environmental policy and practice, as they reveal valuable knowledge for promoting a sustainable ecological future of society.

Ecological thinking in regenerative architecture: Relevance of abduction in ecoLogic Studio’s Deep Green research project

This article explores the connotations of regenerative architecture in the context of the Anthropocene, emphasizing the role of abduction on human cognition and its potential impact on innovation, especially when applied to a bio-cybernetic design method. The DeepGreen research project, developed by ecoLogicStudio in collaboration with the University of Innsbruck and the Bartlett UCL, serves as an exemplification of this method. The project combines biological and artificial intelligence to create an urban ecological infrastructure that integrates architectural and ecological systems. Centering on the DeepGreen project, this study discusses the creative potential and ecological embodiment of bio-cybernetic design protocols. It focuses on the mechanism of abduction in triggering innovative design solutions from a logical perspective, aligning with the principles of mind ecology at a cognitive level. The analysis suggests an innovative and ecological design thinking mode, asserting that regenerative architecture can encompass not only material aspects but also informational and spiritual dimensions. This approach ultimately promotes a holistic and harmonious urban environment. Furthermore, this research posits that the bio-cybernetic stance and the morphogenetic approach share commonalities with the holistic conception of nature and the ecological view in ancient Chinese Daoist philosophy. This contribution can potentially offer a contemporary interpretation of the Daoist principles of “Nature and Humans in One Unity (天人合一)” and “The Dao Imitates the Laws of Nature (道法自然).” Such an interpretation is deemed beneficial for addressing today’s concerns related to holistic, balanced, and harmonious urbanism. Henceforth, the study endeavors to facilitate discourse between Eastern and Western trends of thought, culminating in a cohesive yet heterogeneous regenerative approach.

How to “Do Chinese Philosophy”

“Doing Chinese philosophy” as a method proposed by Chen Shaoming offers a perspective that shifts from the study of the history of Chinese philosophy to the innovation or creation of the significance of Chinese philosophy. Chen defines the “Chinese philosophy” as a philosophy that embodies the cultural spirit or experiences of China. This approach calls for an expansion of resource beyond the traditional study of the history of Chinese philosophy and seeks to bridge classical thoughts with modern life experiences. It does not advocate a metaphysical presupposition for research but accepts methodological diversity while promoting the cultivation and use of imagination. This approach also aims at envisioning a philosophy field that is rich in thought and broad in scope.

Zhang Dongsun’s Encounters with “Logicism”

The article surveys the early work of Zhang Dongsun on topics like logicism of Bertrand Russell and scientific philosophy, which aimed to criticise its foundations and replace them with a Neo-Kantian alternative. It tries to show how a series of Zhang’s articles from early 1920s, in which he sought to create a new “neutral” variety of logicism, can be used to better understand the intellectual foundations of the neovitalist “philosophy of life” of Zhang Junmai. By delving deeper into the underlying ideas and possible motivations behind Zhang’s philosophical endeavours from the early 1920s, the article argues for a different kind of understanding of the historical basis of humanism in modern Chinese philosophy. Moreover, it strives to show how the “science and the view on life” controverse as initiated by Zhang Junmai in 1923 might be rooted or at least related directly to a syncretistic ideal, to conjoin science and the view of life in a new kind of harmonistic outlook. Most importantly, the article will try to show how Zhang Dongsun’s critical engagement with Russell’s philosophy, modern logic and physical science could be understood as the theoretical nucleus of the so-called “view on life” philosophy, not only in the context of the 1923 controverse but possibly the entire Republican Period. Due to the limited space, the article does not offer a concise introduction Zhang’s life and philosophy, but instead provides a focused discussion of particular fragments of his work from the early 1920s.

An Introduction to Zoeontology

Zoeontology, or the study of living, is a philosophical system the author is constructing in the spirit of traditional Chinese philosophy. We see living as the central philosophical inquiry in the Chinese tradition, rather than being as in Western philosophy. Being is supposed to be eternal and death is a negation of being, but living consists of birth, growing, aging, and death. Hence in zoeontology, we see time as the rhythm of living, and space as the orientation in a living community. As a time-space system, a living subject interacts with the world from the perspective of the ego. Zoeontology is also a kind of subjective philosophy. Different living subjects interact with each other if their living rhythms parallel or overlap with each other. A child’s living process is internal to the parents’ living process, and hence there must be intimate and profound interactions between them. This is the beginning of a civil community. There is a dialectical relationship between civilization and nature. The purpose of human civilization is to civilize a natural living community, but it must obey the rules of nature. Human civilization is not meant to change nature, but to fulfil it.