Chinese Dictionary Research Articles

从《太平廣记⋅夢部》看《汉语大词典》的若干疏失

从《太平廣记⋅夢部》看《汉语大词典》的若干疏失

<설문해자>와 한글 워드프로세서 한자사전의 心部 한자 뜻풀이 비교 연구

This paper examines the Chinese characters with Radical 心 in a comparative analysis on definitions in Shuowen Jiezi (Daxuben) and the representative meaning and senses of meaning in the Chinese dictionaries provided by Hangul word processor (HWP) with the aim to fathom the continuity of the definitions of Shuowen Jiezi to the present day. As to Chinese character dictionaries, those provided by HWP and MS Word have been analyzed - HWP’s Chinese character dictionary, in particular, for its relative abundant information on the entry words. For the study, the Chinese characters with radical 心 are divided into two categories: the characters whose definitions in Shuowen Jiezi are ‘handed down’ and ‘not handed down’ in the dictionaries of Hangul word processors. Then the results of a quantitative analysis have been presented with focus on those Chinese character with Radical 心 that have different the representative meaning from the definitions in Shuowen Jiezi. The analysis shows that a considerable definitions of the Chinese characters with Radical 心 contained in Shuowen Jiezi are used as the first definition item in HWP’s Chinese character dictionary and handed down in either perfect or imperfect preservation. There were 161 out of 263 (61.2%) Chinese characters with Radical 心 that have identical definitions of Shuowen Jiezi and HWP Chinese character dictionary’s representative meaning. Including those that are identical with the successive definition items in HWP Chinese character dictionary, the number increased to 187 out of 263 characters (71.2%). And, to include those that have similar definitions of Chinese characters with Radical 心, there were 216 characters or 82%. By this research result, we see a potential in utilizing HWP Chinese character dictionary in translating the definitions of Shuowen Jiezi in Korean.

Individual differences in Cantonese Chinese word recognition: Insights from the Chinese Lexicon Project

The Chinese Lexicon Project is a repository of lexical decision data for 25,286 Cantonese Chinese two-character compound words. To create that repository, 594 participants responded to approximately 1,404 words and 1,404 nonwords over three sessions. Using the data in this repository, the present study examines the variability and reliability of Chinese lexical decision performance, along with the moderating influence of individual differences on lexical processing. We generally found high to very high within- and between-session reliabilities for mean response times, ex-Gaussian parameters, accuracy rates, and a composite proficiency measure tapping lexical processing fluency. Using linear mixed effects models, we also found reliable interactions between fluency and two lexical effects. Specifically, more fluent readers showed larger effects of word frequency and semantic transparency. These results attest to the stability of Chinese word recognition performance, and are most consistent with a flexible lexical processing system that adapts optimally to task demands.

ЛИНГВОКУЛЬТУРНЫЕ ОТЛИЧИЯ РЫНОЧНЫХ ПАРЕМИЙ В РУССКОМ И КИТАЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ

The work under study comprises a comparative analysis of the semantic components of trade paroemias in two languages - Russian and Chinese. The research material is made up by proverbs and phraseological units taken from phraseological and explanatory dictionaries of the Russian and Chinese languages: Dictionary of the Russian language edited by A.P. Evgenieva [4], Dmitriev's explanatory dictionary, explanatory dictionary of the Russian language edited by D.N. Ushakov, 现 代 汉 语 词 典 (Russian dictionary of modern Chinese) (2005), 汉 语 大 词 典 (Rus. Big dictionary of Chinese), 辞 海 (Rus. "Sea of words") (2009). The research methodology is based on the dialectical method of cognition. When writing the work, the author used methods of comparison, analysis, synthesis, analogy, generalization. The phraseological Foundation of the Russian and Chinese languages allows us to objectify various features of the discourse of a trade transaction, which are compared in the work of the software in terms of the value characteristics of the two linguistic cultures. Feature matching zones are found in the values: 1) greed to spend money (Rus. "shake over a penny", "for a penny to strangle yourself", Chinese. 一 yīgè qián liùgèzì (Rus. "count coins and images on them"), 抢 钱 虎 qiǎngqián hǔ (Rus. " tiger grabbing money”); 2) accordance of the price and quality of the product (Rus. "for what I bought, for what I sell", Chinese (Rus. "what is the price, such is the product"); 3) focus on your strengths (Rus. "to fill your price", Chinese. 卖力气 màilìqì "try your best", 好卖功 hǎomài gōng (Rus. "good selling skill"). Some phraseological units contain the opposite attitude to social realities in the compared languages. The Russian phraseological units include regret for the unwise spending of money ("someone's money cried", "spend as much as one kopeck") and the assumption of cheap sales in Chinese ( 贱 卖 不 赊 jiànmài bù shē (Rus. "sell cheap"); the desired price for the buyer in Russian "red price" is contrasted with lobbying the buyer's interests in Chinese (顾客之上 gùkè zhīshàng (Rus. "the buyer is always right"). The analysis of the Russian and Chinese proverbs, sayings, and paroemias with the meaning of ‘a trade deal’ allow us to conclude that Russian paroemias have more imaginary images than the Chinese ones, which are characterized by the borrowed images from the European culture. The figurative components of the Chinese and Russian trade proverbs are the concepts of honesty, decency, foresight, consistency, prudence, which possess positive connotations.

ОСНОВНЫЕ ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ, СВЯЗАННЫЕ С ПОНЯТИЕМ ТОНАЛЬНОСТИ ТЕКСТА

The undertaken research is devoted to the analysis of the concept of text tonality in modern linguistics. The article discusses the definition of the concept of tonality in Russian, English, French and Chinese dictionaries. In studies on the linguistics of the text, the concept of tonality is defined as a category in which the emotional-volitional attitude of the author of the text is reflected. Within the framework of the cognitive approach, it is considered as a complex category in which the determined tonality of the text depends not only on the speaker's personality, his individual understanding of the subject of speech (associations and assessment of the subject), but also on his level of culture, emotional mood. Over the past 20 years, the concept of sentiment has been actively used in the field of computational linguistics, in international research on automatic text analysis. The term «tonality» (or «sentiment») refers to the emotional assessment expressed in the text. The interpretation of this concept is directly related to the emotional component. It is quite logical that the emotive function of language is distinguished in linguistic literature, the purpose of which is to implement a specific form of emotional communication of people. So, the concepts of tonality and emotivity come into close connection with each other, but nevertheless they cannot be considered identical, since tonality as a category of text is a broader concept than emotivity. This is due to the fact that tonality has some polarity, while emotivity is represented by a palette of emotions and can refer the text to either a positive or negative tonality.

The Cognitive Evolution from "Plague" to "Infectious Disease".

According to the Grand Chinese Dictionary, plague is defined to be an acute infectious disease. The Chinese term “infectious disease” is not what it is commonly thought originated from Japanese. The medical nomenclature shift from the traditional “plague” to the modern “infectious disease” is completed by the medical missionaries, Chinese scholars, and the national authority, each utilising different strategies. It is a history of acceptance concerning the concept of “infectious disease” from academia to national level. The conscious use of infectious disease-related thought and terminology by Chinese officials and doctors when studying infectious disease is a scientific modernization towards the understanding of epidemics. In a sense, this evolution of medical knowledge embodies the modernization of infectious disease in China.

A Corpus-based Study on Collocation of Examples in Chinese Dictionaries for Foreign Learners

This paper analyzes the features manifested in the usage of the Chinese synonyms of “Chansheng” (“to emerge”) and “Fasheng” (“to occur”) in language use data corpus and the explanatory information as illustrated in usage examples provided in dictionaries for language learners. A comparison is made of the two types of analyses. The analyses reveal some discrepancies between usage examples and use authenticity in that usage examples provided in dictionaries lack representativeness and sufficiency in connotation meanings. Error analyses of learners’ use of the pair of the synonyms in Chinese suggest that an absence of considering factors concerning the learners might lead to inadequate use of the Chinese synonyms.

Textual Research on Homograph of Grand Chinese Dictionary

Textual Research on Homograph of Grand Chinese Dictionary

日本の近世・近代における中国語の｢喫驚・吃驚｣の受容と展開

This paper examines the acceptance and its usage of “喫(吃)驚” in the early modern times. “喫(吃)驚” was used as the meaning of “Odoroki/Bikkuri”. It was first used in Japanese texts after it was used in the Japanese translation of Chinese literature in the form of “一驚ヲ喫ス・一驚ヲ吃ス”. In addition, it has become the mainstream of Japanese-style white story novels and Chinese literary works. “喫(吃)驚” was used by many writers in modern literature. In particular, it was found that the form of phonetic reading, or Chinese, was quite widespread. This is also praised because it was registered in the Chinese dictionary of the Meiji period. As such the paper considers one of the Chinese slang words, “喫(吃)驚” used through the modern times. The praise of Chinese slang in Japanese literary works suggest that the influence of Chinese studies was immense. It must be remembered that some Kanji characters that look like Ateji are derived from Chinese slangs.

Good and evil in Chinese culture: Personality structure and connotation

<p id="C2">The ideas of good and evil characteristics have a long history in Chinese language and culture, with these characteristics considered to be two aspects of the Chinese personality. Abundant descriptions of good and evil characteristics can be found in human nature. However, the specific structures of good and evil concepts have not yet been delineated clearly and detailed studies on these concepts are limited. A careful definition is important with regard to what comprises a good or evil personality and to understand the psychological structure of the two concepts. A lexical approach was applied to determine constitutes a good or evil personality in Chinese culture. In Study 1, a set of 3, 240 good and evil personality descriptors was selected from The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary and accompanied by daily life expressions. The list was condensed into 62 good and 65 evil items following evaluation and selection by 12 psychology graduates. In Study 2, we explored the dimensions of a good personality using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with Sample 1 (<italic>n</italic> = 313) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with Sample 2 (<italic>n</italic> = 518). Results revealed that good personality contained four dimensions: conscientiousness and integrity, altruism and dedication, benevolence and amicability, and tolerance and magnanimity. We refined the four-dimensions good personality lexical rating scale, which contained 27 items. In Study 3, we used the same method as in Study 2 to explore the structure of an evil personality (EFA: Sample 1, <italic>n</italic> = 367; CFA: Sample 2, <italic>n</italic> = 269). Results showed the evil personality contained four dimensions: atrociousness and mercilessness, mendacity and hypocrisy, calumniation and circumvention, and faithlessness and treacherousness. Thus, we employed a 28-item evil personality lexical rating scale. The internal consistency, reliability, and criterion-related validity of the two scales were verified. The study found four-factor structures of good and evil personalities using the lexical approach and psychometrics methods, which contributes to knowledge on personality. In China, Confucius regarded benevolence as the highest moral principle for a person. Therefore, good and evil traits are embedded naturally in the personality structure of Chinese people. Understanding the structure of good and evil is useful for researchers interested in Chinese culture and for studies in Chinese indigenous psychology.

A New Chinese Financial Sentiment Dictionary for Textual Analysis in Accounting and Finance

Using a multi-stage filtering procedure based on both algorithms and human judgement, we develop a Chinese Financial Sentiment Dictionary (CFSD) with the hope to help advance textual analysis of Chinese documents in accounting and finance. There are 1,489 negative words and 1,108 positive words in the CFSD. We translate all 2,597 words into English. We also briefly discuss two unique settings in which researchers can investigate some important and interesting research questions that are rarely studied due to lack of data.

Knowledge representation of non-literal meanings of Chinese words and its applications

As a parataxis language, Chinese is characterized by its word formation. The meanings of Chinese literal words can somehow be expressed by their word-formation patterns and morphemic concepts, but the meanings of non-literal words are quite deviant and retard a deeper understanding of the language. This paper discusses the knowledge representation of non-literal meanings of Chinese words from the perspective of language cognition. We explored the non-literal meanings of disyllabic words in the Modern Chinese Dictionary, labeled the meanings as specific metaphorical or metonymic types, and annotated their source and target domains in Tongyici Cilin and their synonyms with literal meanings. For the first time at the lexical level, our study systematically reveals the distribution of types and semantic domain mapping of Chinese metaphors and metonymy, as well as significantly improves the performance of word similarity calculations under the same algorithmic frame. These ideas, practices, and language resources construction are expected to promote the in-depth development of humanities and computing applications as well.

In Pursuit of Genuine Chinese Equivalents: The Case of a Nineteenth-Century Dutch-Chinese Dictionary

Abstract Despite the consensus among scholars that it is impossible for equivalence to have the same meaning in linguistics as it does in mathematics – it is impossible to have equivalents in translation – there is still merit in investigating bilingual dictionaries as they can help us understand the different gradation and distinct types of equivalence and thus illustrate the problems that compilers faced. As a case study, this paper examines Gustaaf Schlegel’s Dutch–Chinese dictionary, with occasional comparison to other dictionaries from the nineteenth century, in order to reconstruct Schlegel’s aim of ‘genuine Chinese equivalents’. Findings show that, in many instances, Schlegel is skilful in providing cognitive, explanatory or translational equivalents in terms of meaning and function, while providing useful information about the Chinese language and culture. Yet, in some cases, his attempts to find his so-called genuine equivalent fail, because he would not resort to the coining of new words, as other compilers did in that era.

온라인 중국어 학습사전의 미시구조 평가 - 『네이버 중국어 사전』을 중심으로 -

For the development of Chinese dictionary and the efficiency of Chinese learning, evaluation and study of Chinese dictionary are essential. However, there are no standards and models for Chinese dictionary evaluation in Korea, so it was difficult to conduct systematic evaluation of Chinese dictionary. Accordingly, this paper assessed the microstructure of 『Naver Dictionary』, which is currently used by domestic Chinese learners, for the purpose of improving the quality of domestic online Chinese learner’s dictionaries. Using the evaluation items prepared by Mi-Hyang Lee (2019), and the overall composition of the microstructure was evaluated to see if the 『Naver Dictionary』 appropriately organizes and provides necessary information as an online Chinese learner’s dictionary, and was assessed whether each information item in the microstructure provided the exact information to be provided. As a result of the evaluation, the vocabulary grade and semantic distribution item were the best to be able to answer ‘yes’ to all questions, and the overall composition, definition of a word, and example items of the microstructure were also relatively positive. On the other hand, items of spelling, pronunciation, part-of-speech, grammatical information, and pragmatic information were evaluated as necessary for modification and supplementation. The 『Naver Dictionary』 is an bilingual dictionary, which has items that must be equipped with a microstructure, but found errors in the intonation notation in the pronunciation item, and errors in providing wrong target word with wrong part-of-speech notation were found in the item of definition of a word. 『Naver Dictionary』 is a learning dictionary, which shows the vocabulary grade that users can easily recognize in the headword and provides useful information for Chinese learning. The function as a learning dictionary was prominent in the reference words item. However, it is necessary to supplement the fact that spelling information is not provided, the example is not provided separately by the semantic terms of the headword, the grammar and pragmatic information is not sufficient, and the irregular changes of the intonation and the inconsistency of the special vocabulary. 『Naver Dictionary』 is an online dictionary, which is convenient for viewing microstructures and provides various information through services utilizing online characteristics. In particular, the advantages of online dictionaries have been prominent in the example item. However, It was regrettable that the online dictionary, which has no limit on capacity, did not provide more information as a learning dictionary, such as collocation and syntactic information, precautions on grammar and pragmatic use, discourse usage, and cultural knowledge, etc. This study can be used to evaluate and modify other online foreign language learning dictionaries, and can be used to modify and update online Chinese dictionaries.

Early Mandarin Profanity and Its Middle Mongolian Reflection in the Vocabulary of the Wu Bei Zhi 武備志

Terms of impoliteness, rudeness and profanity are segments of vocabulary which old Chinese dictionaries, glossaries or encyclopaedias are not introducing in their full varieties. For this reason it is a kind of rarity when one finds a bunch of expressions apparently of vernacular origin, and it is even more extraordinary that they are not only listed in Chinese but being a part of a bilingual glossary included in the largest Chinese military compilation, the Wu Bei Zhi (i 武備志), they are provided with their Middle Mongolian translations. The author presents a study introducing the related vocabulary from both sides of the glossary and alongside he analyses the likeliness of their actual use by the time of compilation from the point of view of historical pragmatics.

중국어 신어(新語)의 조어(造語) 형태에 대한 고찰 : 『現代漢語詞典(第7版)』의 신어를 중심으로

This study is about the neologism, which were newly included in Xiandai Hanyu cidian(7th edition)[Modern Chinese Dictionary]. It focuses on grasping the recent tendency of Mandarin new words by analyzing the ways of word-formation. The number of total data is 317, which can be classified into several types of words depending on the standards, such as syllable, part of speech, and combination of morphemes. According to the results of the study, various syllabic Mandarin words have been made from 2 syllables to 9 syllables, but still in Mandarin new words, disyllabic words have been formed most actively. Most of the new words are verbs and nouns. It is very interesting that many separable words, which are so called ‘liheci,’ appear in the data. Based on the ways of combing morphemes in words, the data can be divided into 5 types, such as mono-morphemic word, compound, derivative, abbreviation, and phrase. The most of the data are compounds and phrases, and they usually show modifying structures. It is interesting that there is no mono-syllabic word in the mono-morphemic words. Prefixes are used more often than suffixes in the derivatives. Various types of abbreviations such as acronym, blending, and clipping are shown in the data.

《現代漢語詞典》 제5판과 제6판 비교 - 새로 증가된 어휘를 중심으로

중국의 정치, 경제, 문화, 사회구조 등의 발전과 변화에 따라 국민들의 언어와 생활은 역시 전례 없는 발전을 거듭하고 있다. 《現代漢語詞典》은 또한 이런 추세에 따라 계속해서 수정되고 보완되어 지금까지 일곱 번째 수정판까지 나왔다. 이 사전에 수록된 어휘들의 변화를 주의 있게 살펴보면 중국어 어휘의 전반적인 변화 추세는 물론 중국 사람들의 생활 변화도 읽을 수 있다고 본다. 《現代漢語詞典》 제6판에 신조어를 포함한 어휘 3000여 개와 새로운 의항 400여 개를 새로 수록하였다. 이 중에 언어, 특히 어휘가 끊임없이 발전해 가고 있다. 이에 이 논문은 3000여 개 어휘를 연구대상으로 삼아 어휘학과 사회언어학 각도에서 《現代漢語詞典》 제5판과 《現代漢語詞典》 제6판을 대조해서 이 3000여 개 어휘를 일일이 찾아내어 두 판본에서 수록된 어휘의 변화를 통해 중국어 어휘의 발전 추세를 살펴보고 문제점을 지적하고 해결하는 방안을 모색하자고 한다.

중국학자들의 근대중국어 어휘 풀이 방법 연구와 전망

중국학자들의 근대중국어 어휘 풀이 방법 연구와 전망

『現代漢語詞典(第7版)』신(新) 표제어에 대한 논의

This study is about the headwords, which were newly included in Xiandai Hanyu cidian(7th edition)[Modern Chinese Dictionary], especially focusing on which field the headword belongs to and how the headword got the new meaning. Based on the results of this study, the most of new headwords belongs to the category of ‘Society,’ and the categories of ‘politics’ and ‘economics’ are followed. The headwords, which are the data of this study, can be classified into two groups, according to when they were created. One is called a neologism, and the other is called a non-neologism. Neologism can be classified into three different types, depending on how they obtained the new meanings, as follows: meaning creation, meaning extension, and loanword. In this study, which field each type of neologism was coined in will be discussed. In addition, why non-neologism were newly included in the dictionary will be discussed.

Neural Chinese word segmentation with dictionary

Chinese word segmentation (CWS) is an important task for Chinese NLP. Recently, many neural network based methods have been proposed for Chinese word segmentation. However, these methods require a large number of labeled sentences for model training, and usually cannot utilize the useful information in Chinese dictionary. In this paper, we propose two methods to exploit the dictionary information for CWS. The first one is based on pseudo labeled data generation, and the second one is based on multi-task learning. The experimental results on two benchmark datasets validate that our approach can effectively improve the performance of Chinese word segmentation, especially when training data is insufficient.