Chinese Grammar Research Articles

My Husband! Look on the Bright Side! (Eo-mo Zeo-leon!) (Tcheonzamun 161st-176th)

French Missionary Dallet (1874) introduced Tcheonzamun (‘the thousand character essay’ in English) to the Western world. It is firmly believed that Tcheonzamun was the work of Chinese people (Han, 1583). Recently, several researchers found that Tcheonzamun poems were well translated on the basis of Korean pronunciation of Chinese character on Tcheonzamun (Kim, 2023) and through the meaning of Chinese character on Tcheonzamun (Park et al., 2021). Chinese people and Korean people commonly use Chinese character. However, there is a big difference between Chinese language and Korean language (Dallet, 1874). The grammar is really different. Korean grammar is SOV style, while Chinese grammar is SVO style like English language. Here, S indicates subject, and O does object, and V does verb. Therefore, both the translation through Korean grammar and through Chinese grammar must be quite different. Somewhat old Tcheonzamun book (Han, 1583) was utilized as the material of this work. And the range of this study is (Tcheonzamun 161st-176th). This work concerns the study on Tcheonzamun translation of a poem. The title of this study is ‘My husband! Look on the bright side! (Eo-mo Zeo-leon!) (Tcheonzamun 161st-176th)’. The theme of this research is as follows. 161-164 女(Yeo) 慕(Mo) 貞(Zeong) 烈(Lyeol). “어머 저런!” Eo-mo Zeo-leon! My husband! Look on the bright side! (Eo-mo Zeo-leon!).

Thank you very much for your Vital Advice for me, Suora Anna-Maria! (Tcheonzamun 113th-128th)

French Missionary Dallet (1874) introduced Tcheonzamun (in English it is called as ‘The thousand character essay’). In Korea, it is firmly believed that Tcheonzamun is written by Chinese people (Han, 1583). However, several researchers found that Tcheonzamun can be translated through Korean pronunciation (Kim, 2023) and on the basis of the meaning of Chinese character on Tcheonzamun (Park et al., 2021). In this work, the researchers tried to translate on Korean grammar method (Park et al., 2021). In this study, Tcheonzamun poem was translated on the meaning of Chinese characters on Tcheonzamun (Park et al., 2021). The Chinese grammar is on the following order; B A D C. But Korean grammar is D C B A (Park et al., 2021) for the translation of Chinese character ABCD. The researchers tried to translate on the method of Korean grammar (Park et al., 2021). This study concerns (Tcheonzamun113th-128th). The title of this study is ‘Thank you very much for your vital advice for me, Suora Anna-Maria! (Tcheonzamun 113th-128th)’. The theme of this research is as follows. 121-124 遐(Ha) 邇(i) 壹(il) 體(Tche). My husband! Even though the distance is far (遐) from here or near (邇), it does not matter. My husband! The body (體) is one (壹), when the two persons have the close and intimate relationship.

The Study on Sentence Difficulty of the Chinese Components

In recent years, reading comprehension has gradually become a proficiency indicator of interest in lexical and grammar. As sentences are the basic units of discourse structure, sentence difficulty is often applied to the study of text difficulty. Although there have been a number of studies on sentence difficulty, the lack of consistency in the indicators chosen or the discussion of specific grammatical issues have limited the research on sentence difficulty. Therefore, this study adopts a corpus-based approach, using a corpus as an objective and scientific data source. The study utilizes the Digital Platform for Chinese Grammar and the 8000 Chinese Words as important reference sources. Additionally, the CRIE 3.0 is employed to validate the texts and establish sentence difficulty indicators. However, due to the incomplete development of certain indicators in the "Chinese Grammar Digital Platform", the study refers to the Chinese Proficiency Grading Standards for International Chinese Language Education and Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi to establish comprehensive sentence structure and sentence component difficulty indicators. Subsequently, the established difficulty indicators are validated by conducting comparative analyses using corpora as the basis. Native speaker corpora are used as benchmarks, while Mandarin learner corpora are used for comparison, and then validate objectively through the machine learning model. These validation aims to examine the validity and reliability of the selected indicators and establish a calculation method involving " level of grammar * point distribution ratio of grammar " to determine the difficulty indicators for Chinese sentences, Additionally, expert reliability is accessed to ensure the credibility of indicators.

现代汉语介词“给”与印尼语 “untuk、kepada、oleh” 的比较

<p>The preposition word "给" is a hypothetical word widely used in modern Chinese. In Chinese grammar, the preposition word "给" has many meanings and the functions of using this word vary. Preposition words Indonesian, such as "for", "to", and "by" are similar to the preposition word "给" in modern Chinese. In this paper, we will analyze the Chinese preposition word "给" and the Indonesian preposition word "for", "to", and "by" to find out each of the functions of the word, so that we can also know the similarities and differences between them. And this can cause, Indonesian students who are learning Mandarin are confused and use it incorrectly. Indonesian students have been using their mother tongue since childhood before they learned Mandarin as their second language, so their mother tongue will definitely have an impact on learning Mandarin as the target language. For example, the order of words in sentences between the two is different, so Indonesian students in the process of learning the preposition word "给", they use it incorrectly. Therefore, for Chinese teachers, we should think about the following points in our teaching: First, as qualified Chinese teachers, we must first understand the difference between Chinese grammar system and Indonesian, so as to remind students to avoid bias at any time in teaching. Secondly, as a teacher, you must be clear about the difficulties and key points in teaching, and repeatedly explain these two points to strengthen students' impressions of these key points and the difficulties to avoid bias in the future. Of course, we must also choose comprehensive textbooks, and for the shortcomings in textbooks, teachers must try their best to make up for these shortcomings.</p>

The Evolutional Development of Nouns in Middle Chinese Grammar

Middle Chinese witnessed the existence of a large number of new grammatical constituents, some of which had already been developed in the mid and late Old Chinese language before thriving in middle ancient times. Among these, the syntactic functions of nouns in Middle Chinese were in the process of evolutional development. The paper aims to investigate the nature of noun evolution by analyzing the exemplified data. It is found that nouns in Middle Chinese grammar mainly serve as subjects, objects, and attributes, though their direct link with predicates became less frequent due to the extensive usage of the copula of shì是 (be). The development of nouns mainly consisted of prefixes and suffixes, such as the prefix ā阿, which emerged with its crucial evolutional features.

The Role of Lăo老in the Noun Evolution in Middle Chinese Grammar

The paper is to examine Chinese noun evolution by means of Lăo老in Middle Chinese Grammar. In this context, Lăo老 is introduced firstly which constitutes notional words instead of prefixes. Then, related examples are given and analyzed in accordance with their constituent role. It is found that lăo老 became a prefix after the Six Dynasties, which is articulated with five concrete contexts of its usage. The roles of lăo老 act as evolutional features of noun in Middle Chinese grammar.

Teaching Chinese grammar through International Chinese Language Education micro-lectures: negotiating mass and presence through multimodal pedagogic discourse

Abstract Micro-lectures have become a prevailing resource for teaching Chinese grammar in International Chinese Language Education (ICLE). One crucial feature of these lectures is that they are inherently multimodal and the design of multimodal pedagogic discourse in these lectures is vital for the teaching of Chinese grammar. Based on this background, this paper investigates teaching Chinese grammar through multimodal pedagogic discourse in ICLE micro-lectures, focusing on the organization of complexity and abstraction of meaning for knowledge-building. Drawing on Systemic Functional Linguistics’ genre theory and ideational mass and presence, this paper views the organization as a dynamic negotiation of mass and presence across generic stages. Analyzing a representative ICLE micro-lecture on grammar, it scrutinizes the distribution of mass and presence across stages, along with multimodal pedagogic discourse features. The findings show that Presenting Scenarios, Example Extraction, and Grammar Explanation are pivotal stages for grammar instruction, each characterized by distinct mass and presence. Presenting Scenarios, featuring relatively weak mass and strong presence, employs non-technical and concrete multimodal texts to depict everyday scenarios, while Example Extraction with similar mass but weaker presence recontextualizes these scenarios into linguistic phenomena through non-technical linguistic text. Grammar Explanation characterized by relatively strong mass and weak presence distills grammatical knowledge from example sentences through technical and abstract linguistic text. Overall, the weakening of presence across the stages allows for recontextualizing scenario-based sentences as linguistic phenomena and generalizing these sentences into abstract grammatical concepts, while the strengthening of mass enables distilling meaning from example sentences and builds the complexity of grammatical concepts. The findings hold potential implications for the design of ICLE micro-lectures on Chinese grammar, which aims to facilitate the teaching of Chinese grammar through multimodal pedagogical discourse.

An Investigation of English-Majored Students’ Perspectives on Improving the Learning of Chinese as A Second Foreign Language

This study focuses on surveying the opinions of specialized language students on improving the quality of second foreign language learning, Chinese. Based on the perspectives of 133 students through responses to questionnaires about their knowledge, skills, and attitudes, the results show that students have a clear understanding of their level and learning attitude, but are less confident in their Chinese ability due to the differences between their mother tongue and specialized languages. They also have difficulty learning two languages at the same time. However, students have a positive attitude and passion for learning Chinese, largely because they have been exposed to it from an early age through movies and music. At the same time, the study also explores the factors that affect learning Chinese, including external factors such as the phonology, grammar and characters of Chinese, training time, and teaching methods; along with internal factors such as students' ability to absorb new knowledge, level of concentration and motivation to learn. Finally, the students and the authors also suggest some ways to improve the quality of Chinese learning as a second foreign language for students. This is an important basis for improving and optimizing the current Chinese language teaching program.

Элементы китайской грамматики в современном японском языке

For centuries, Japan existed on the periphery of Chinese civilization, acquiring a substantial arsenal of linguistic tools from Chinese grammar in the process of using of Kambun (漢文) and Sorobun (候文). This article examines the intrinsic properties of Kango (漢語), connecting them to Chinese grammar, the grammatical structure of Kango, their functional-semantic classes, and certain features of proto-Chinese phraseological compounds (成語・四字熟語), which are intimately linked not only with Chinese characters and grammar but also with Chinese aesthetics, history, and culture. In the Japanese language, the constituent elements of Kango retain their original functional-semantic properties; their functioning in modern Japanese generally adheres to the rules of Chinese grammar.

Second Language Learning Difficulty of Chinese Grammar: A Rasch Analysis of Teachers’ Perceptions

Abstract This study examined second language (L2) learning difficulty of 13 Chinese grammatical constructions on the basis of teachers’ perceptions and associated the L2 learning difficulty of Chinese grammatical constructions with teacher-perceived learner grammatical competence and with the instructional levels. A total of 77 experienced teachers were invited to rate the learning difficulty of 13 Chinese grammatical constructions with reference to L2 learners at four instructional levels at college. Utilizing the Rasch rating scale model, this study established an L2 Chinese grammar learning difficulty hierarchy and revealed that the learning difficulty hierarchy mostly overlapped with the acquisitional order of Chinese grammar found in L2 Chinese research and with the instructional order in a widely used Chinese textbook. This study enriches our understanding of the multifaceted nature of L2 learning difficulty and the idiosyncratic learning difficulty and pattern associated with each Chinese grammatical construction in L2 development. Implications for Chinese instruction, material development, and assessment are provided.

Chinese Natural Language Processing: From Text Categorization to Machine Translation

Abstract The level and volume of automatic computerized processing of linguistic information has become one of the most important criteria for measuring whether a country has entered the information society. The study begins with statistical linguistics and aims to process complicated Chinese information. In this paper, after establishing the word database of the Chinese language, the language model is smoothed and compressed, the Chinese character information and Chinese language information are extracted, and the processing of Chinese grammar and Chinese semantic information is emphasized. Among them, Chinese grammar processing includes Chinese word analysis and basic phrase analysis based on the maximum entropy model, and Chinese semantic processing includes Bayesian-based word sense disambiguation, semantic role labeling based on the conditional random field model, and thesaurus-based semantic similarity calculation method. In addition, SECTILE-based Chinese text categorization and statistical linguistics-based machine translation methods are explored and tested for their effectiveness in Chinese natural language processing. The results show that the total average check accuracy and check the completeness of Chinese text are 78.65% and 72.24%, respectively, and the BLEU values of the translation methods are improved by [1.62,3.73] and [0.93,5.01] compared with the Baseline method, which is able to process the Chinese information accurately. The research plays an important role in the process of information processing based on Chinese language processing.

Explicit expression of unconditionality using conjunctions in Chinese

This article discusses unconditionals in Chinese. Conjunctions with unconditional meaning, which serve for the explicit transmission of meaning in a sentence, are chosen as a subject of research. The purpose of the study is to find the conjunctions with explicit expression of unconditionality in the Chinese language. In addition to Chinese, the Russian language is also considered for a comparative analysis of conjunctions in different languages. A comparative analysis is carried out for all types of unconditionality after the description of each section. In this article not only conjunctions with unconditional meaning, but also correlates (words which clarify the meaning of the condition in the first part of the sentence) and the order of two clauses (main and dependent) are compared. The research methods include the search for conjunctions and correlatives from Chinese dictionaries and grammars for a further distribution of them in groups, consideration of conjunctions’ semantic, combination and stylistic features through dictionaries. As Chinese unconditional sentences have been little studied among Russian typologists, this article contains a certain scientific novelty. As a result, three types of unconditionals have been identified in total: absolute, irreal and real. Due to the differentiation of conjunctions in sentences with the absence of a condition, it was found out that a variety of similar words in the Chinese language is as rich as in the Russian one. At the end there are two tables with all the conjunctions both in Russian and in Chinese. In this article Russian is less emphasized because it has been researched earlier by other typologists. This material can be useful not only for sinologists, but also for the specialists in general linguistics.

高麗·朝鮮時期漢語教材《忠義直言》的研究現狀與討論

First, regarding the study of “Zhong Yi Zhi Yan”(忠义直言) there are 14 articles on the grammar, 6 on versions, 2 on vocabulary, and 1 on education. It can be observed that currently, there is the most research on the grammar of “Zhong Yi Zhi Yan”, while research on vocabulary and education is still relatively insufficient. Second, before the discovery of “Zhong Yi Zhi Yan”, there was very little colloquial Chinese language data from the early Ming Dynasty. Therefore, the discovery of “Zhong Yi Zhi Yan” addresses the issue of insufficient linguistic materials in the diachronic study of Chinese grammar and vocabulary. Third, the written title “Zhong Yi Zhi Yan SHANG, ZHONG XIA”(忠义直言上中下) in “Zhong Yi Zhi Yan” was added by later generations during restoration. Fourth, according to the judgment of Wu Yong(吴庸), the author of “Zhong Yi Zhi Yan”，the composition time of this book can be estimated to be between 1370 and 1410. Fifth, the appearance of Classical Chinese grammar and vocabulary in “Zhong Yi Zhi Yan” is due to the residue from the process of translating from literary Chinese to spoken language. Sixth, “Zhong Yi Zhi Yan” is the closest to the spoken Mandarin of that time, serving as a unique educational material with functions in both Chinese language education and humanities education during the Goryeo and Joseon periods.

Comparison of Four Types of Interrogative Sentences in Chinese and Arabic Language (A Grammatical Study) Grammar

An interrogative sentence is a common sentence used in daily life and communication. The main purpose of an interrogative sentence is to ask questions that the inquirer does not yet know and expects to be answered. There are many types of interrogative sentences in Chinese, mainly categorized into four types, namely general interrogative sentences, special interrogative sentences, selective interrogative sentences, and repeated interrogative sentences. While each type of interrogative sentence has its unique grammatical form and way of answering, there exist similarities among them. Question marks should be added at the end of interrogative sentences, and the tone at the end of the sentence should also go high in pitch. The topic of Arabic and Chinese interrogative sentences has been discussed and studied by many linguistic experts and researchers with many rare research results achieved. Based on previous articles on interrogative sentences, as well as the researchers’ in-depth study of Arabic and Chinese interrogative sentences, but there are very few comparative studies on Chinese and Arabic interrogative sentences. Therefore, to analyze and compare interrogative sentences in these two different languages more comprehensively, researchers will summarize, compare and analyze interrogative sentences in Chinese and Arabic. This paper first adopts a descriptive method to collect information and articles about Chinese and Arabic interrogative sentences, thus laying the quantitative foundation for the research content. The information collected in this article is mainly from grammar textbooks and books written by prominent linguists in Chinese and Arabic, journals published by linguists and researchers, and doctoral and master's theses. The paper then studies various types of interrogative sentences in Chinese and Arabic as the focus, with special attention paid to the similarities and differences presented by the two languages. Keywords: Arabic interrogative sentence, Chinese interrogative sentence, interrogative tool, comparative interrogative sentence, question type.

The Standard of Corpus Selection in the Study of Spring and Autumn Chinese Grammar

The Standard of Corpus Selection in the Study of Spring and Autumn Chinese Grammar

Current Problems in the Unification of Chinese Linguistic Terms, the Translation of Industry Terms into Other Languages, and the Issue of their Regulation

Objectives: The primary objectives of this study revolve around understanding the intricacies of Chinese linguistics and its historical development over three thousand years. The focus is on delineating the unique system of field terms within Chinese linguistics, distinct from other global languages. The objectives include examining how this system reflects classical Chinese linguistic traditions, incorporates Western linguistic perspectives, and balances both influences. Additionally, the study aims to identify and address negative aspects within the Chinese linguistic term system, such as variability, doublet, and synonymy.
 
 Methods: To achieve the stated objectives, the study employs a comprehensive approach. It involves analyzing historical sources to trace the evolution of Chinese linguistics and its system of field terms. The methods also include an examination of contemporary challenges within the terminological lexicon, considering factors like variability and synonymy. Furthermore, the research delves into the translation issues associated with Chinese linguistic terms, particularly focusing on the work of Uzbek Chinese scholars. The methods encompass a thorough analysis of existing problems in translation and propose potential solutions.
 
 Results: The findings of the study reveal significant factors and reasons necessitating the unification of linguistic terms in Chinese language grammars. The results highlight the impact of historical traditions, Western influences, and contemporary challenges on the terminological lexicon. Additionally, the study sheds light on the state of translation of industry terms into Uzbek language, identifying problems and shortcomings in the process. The results contribute to a better understanding of the current landscape of Chinese linguistic terms and the challenges associated with their translation.
 
 Conclusion: In conclusion, the study underscores the relevance of addressing issues within the Chinese linguistic term system, particularly in the context of modern challenges such as the recent pandemic and the surge in online education. The conclusion emphasizes the significance of unifying field terms in Chinese language grammars and proposes actionable suggestions for overcoming the identified problems. Furthermore, the study concludes that the scientific exploration of this issue is crucial for contemporary Chinese studies, especially in the realms of linguistics and language education.

The Error Analysis of De Structures: A Corpus-based Research

This article analyzes the errors in de structures produced by learners studying Chinese as a second language based on the Global Chinese Interlanguage Corpus. The research is hoped to open up a new vision for error analysis of de structures with methods of corpus linguistics and provide some empirical evidence that can be used to adjust the teaching of Chinese grammar to make it more problem-oriented. The article begins with a brief review of relevant studies and an explicit definition of the de structure. Data used in the article all come from the Global Chinese Interlanguage Corpus, which has been sifted carefully to make them better adapted to the research objective. Errors in de structures are categorized into five different types based on the ways surface structures are altered. The characteristics of each error type are given by the description and correction of example sentences. Two mechanisms are given as the possible explanation for the roots of errors in de structures: L1 transfer and overgeneralization. The contrastive analysis between Korean, English and Chinese explains the occurrence of serval types of errors, and some erroneous sentences created by CSL learners also confirm the existence of overgeneralization.

Development of a Text Processing Automation Method for Using Modern Korean-Chinese Mixed Text in General Education

This study aims to develop an automated text processing method for the use of modern Korean-Chinese mixed newspaper materials in liberal arts education. This article describes the process, its results, and additional tasks. In particular, the focus was placed on the batch processing of texts downloaded in large quantities. The problem with the existing computerized and serviced Korean-Chinese mixed texts is that most of the old Korean texts were computerized with PUA codes, which are not currently in Unicode standards. To process or analyze texts in computer language, it is necessary to convert these characters into standard code methods. Based on the standardized data brought in, the work of replacing the old form of words with the current Korean notation was carried out. Finally, in the text, phonological and Korean notation of Chinese characters are added in parentheses. Reviewing the results shows a significant improvement in readability. If you want to use modern Korean and Chinese newspaper materials for liberal arts education, it may be difficult unless a separate feed process is premised. When trying to use modern Korean-Chinese newspaper materials for liberal arts education, it can be difficult due to the problem of notations. Furthermore, this automated form of processing allows instructors to extract articles related to specific topics and to read articles with students that increase their readability. But as things stand, there are limits. For example, if a Chinese character has multiple consonants, there may be cases in which a Chinese character has a reading sound that does not fit the Chinese character word and rather interferes with the reading of it. These should be used for education purposes after correction. In addition, even if it is a Korean-Chinese mixed text and pronunciation is provided here, it is difficult for a student without knowledge of classical Chinese grammar to read that text if a lot of classical Chinese expressions are mixed in. This case ultimately becomes a problem that can be solved by the development of a classical Chinese morpheme analyzer. If progress is made on such things as the construction of the classic Chinese Corpus, it will be of great help in the development of history and liberal arts teaching tools.

Quest for the essence of Chinese grammar

ABSTRACT: Some key issues in the analysis of Chinese grammars in the past five decades are identified and discussed from typological perspectives. They include 1) the wordhood in「字」and 「詞」, and word formation; 2) parts of speech; 3) syntactic pivots (topic, subject, and object); 4) active vs. passive voice; 5) cognitive principles of word order; 6) SOV vs. SVO. Typological characterizations of Chinese are also summarized, pointing to the importance of understanding Chinese from perspectives of creole and sign language. Mental lexicon of「字」,「詞」and four-character idioms should be constructed with syntactic structures for the processing of reading Chinese. 摘要: 摘要本文綜觀過去 50 年來漢語語法研究的重要議題，並點出爭議所在。這些議題包含 1)「字」與「詞」的糾結；2)詞類的區分；3)「主題」、「主語」與「賓語」的角色；4)主動句與被動句；5)認知原則與詞序；6)基本詞序的爭議：「主語-賓語-動詞」，還是「主語-動詞-賓語」。本文也從語言類型學的角度來檢視這些爭議，同時建議更進一步從克里奧語與手語的特徵詮釋漢語語法，並使用以漢字為基礎的心理詞典探討中文閱讀，俾對閱讀理論有重大的啟示。

The de-construction in Wenzhounese: how it differs from the bǎ-construction in Mandarin

The canonical word order in Mandarin is SVO, but it becomes “S bǎ O V” in the bǎ-construction, where bǎ vaguely expresses the affectedness of the object. How to analyze the bǎ-construction is one of the most controversial topics in Chinese grammar. This paper approaches the issue from a fresh perspective by presenting new data from Wenzhounese, where the de-construction is parallel to the bǎ-construction. Although these constructions share a considerable degree of similarity, they differ in the following key respects. First, they differ in the strategies used to topicalize the post-de/bǎ noun phrase (NP). Second, the quantifier taking scope over the post-de/bǎ NP has distinct distributions. Third, Wenzhounese has a double-de construction unattested in Mandarin. Based on these observations, I offer a formal analysis of the de-construction within the framework of Lexical Functional Grammar. This encompasses the lexical entries, constituent-structure, and functional-structure for de, which will capture the differences between de and bǎ and shed new light on the bǎ-construction in Mandarin.