Child Law Research Articles

Analysis of Performance Measurement Indicators in Juvenile Care and Rehabilitation Homes in Jordan: A Study on Social Care Homes and Correctional Institutions

Performance indicators in youth protection and rehabilitation centres in Jordan indicate an emphasis on community centers and correctional facilities. The study aims to analyze the application of these indicators and how effective they are in achieving the goals of youth rehabilitation and integrating them into society. The study explores the challenges and opportunities that exist within these institutions, and children's law indicates the Jordanian law, which was issued no. 32 from 2014 and the status of the law is reviewed and updated with all changes until 2024. One of the most noticeable things in this law is the increase in the criminal responsibility of young people from 7 years to 12 years and their focus on establishing a legal system that specializes in juvenile cases and the role of the juvenile police in handling juvenile cases. Complementary justice, non-custodial measures, the need to adjudicate criminal cases within three months and criminal cases within six months, and provide aftercare for released juveniles.

Synergetic engineering of oxidizable, redox, and inert metal decorated copper oxide for non-volatile memory and neuromorphic computing applications

Abstract In the quest for efficient resistive switching (RS) materials for both non-volatile memory and neuromorphic computing applications, a variety of functional materials have been researched in the last few years. Herein, we systematically synthesized Ni, Ag, and Au decorated copper oxide (CuxO) by using an electrochemical approach and investigated their RS performance for both non-volatile memory storage and neuromorphic computing applications. By tuning various electrochemical parameters, we optimized Ni, Ag, and Au decoration over the CuxO switching layers to understand the effect of oxidizable, redox, and inert metal decoration, respectively. Fabricated Ni-CuxO/FTO, Ag-CuxO/FTO, and Au-CuxO/FTO devices show forming-free bipolar and analog properties of RS behavior. The electrical measurements asserted that the electrodeposited Ni-CuxO/FTO RS device shows excellent RS, non-volatile memory, and synaptic learning properties compared to the Ag-CuxO/FTO, and Au-CuxO/FTO devices. Moreover, the statistical and Weibull distribution parameters suggested that the Ni-CuxO/FTO RS device has lower switching variation than the other two devices. The conduction mechanisms of all devices are investigated by fitting the appropriate physics-oriented models. It was found that Ohmic and Child's square law were dominated during the charge transport and the RS process occurred due to the filamentary switching effect. Results suggested the electro-decorated/-deposited Ni-CuxO is a suitable switching layer for memory as well as neuromorphic computing applications.

The role of family on children's education islamic law perspective

The role of family on children's education islamic law perspective

Nymphaea Alba for Resistive Switching Devices: Exploring the Non‐Volatile Memory and Neuromorphic Computing Applications of the Plant Leaves

AbstractBiomaterial‐based resistive switching memory is one promising technology that could significantly impact the current direction of non‐volatile memory and neuromorphic computing. Given this, we report the fabrication of a resistive switching (RS) device based on Nymphaea Alba as an active switching layer and investigate its RS properties for memory and neuromorphic computing applications. The Nymphaea Alba switching layer was deposited by the conventional doctor blade method. Further, this is characterized by various analytical techniques. The fabricated device showed bipolar RS behavior and demonstrated good non‐volatile memory properties. Additionally, the device mimics various synaptic properties of the human brain, such as potentiation‐depression, Excitatory post‐synaptic current (EPSC), and Paired‐pulse facilitation (PPF). The charge‐flux relation reveals the non‐ideal memristor‐type behavior of the device. The Ohmic and Child's square law dominates the conduction of the device and the filamentary process responsible for the RS process of the device. These results show that the Nymphaea Alba is a promising biomaterial for non‐volatile memory applications.

Public Awareness of Anti-Violence against Women and Children Law in Tagum City: Basis for Information Dissemination Plan

Purpose: This quantitative study intended to investigate people's awareness regarding RA 9262, the Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004, and to propose an intervention based on the study results.
 Materials and Methods: There were 384 respondents selected through stratified sampling who answered the standardized survey questionnaires. The respondents were 18 years old and above and randomly picked. Furthermore, the research design in this study was quantitative, non-experimental, and descriptive-correlational. After the collection of data, responses were encoded for data analysis. Mean and Standard Deviation statistics described the respondents' awareness of the protection, liability, physical violence, sexual violence, psychological violence, penalties, and protective measures of RA 9262. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) determined the significance of the difference between variables.
 Findings: The mean and standard deviation showed high respondents' awareness of all the salient provisions of RA 9262: subject of protection, subject to liability, physical violence, sexual violence, psychological violence, economic violence penalties, and protective measures. The ANOVA results revealed significant differences in people's awareness of RA 9262 by age, marital status, educational attainment, employment status, and the number of years living together. Those with better awareness of the said law are the 42 to 49-year-olds, married, with higher educational attainments, with higher employment status, and with a partner for more than ten years.
 Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study offered intervention strategies to increase awareness of the A-VAWC law at the community level. The local government unit of Tagum City may target awareness-raising and education campaigns to reach those groups with lower levels of awareness and understanding. Future researchers may investigate other factors that influence awareness and understanding of RA 9262 among different demographic groups. Policy makers may also include updating of gender and development related laws to improve proposed intervention strategies.

KETERLIBATAN ANAK DALAM TINDAK PIDANA DITINJAU DARI PERSPEKTIF HUKUM PIDANA ANAK DI INDONESIA

Children are the next generation of the nation so they need maximum coaching, guidance and protection so that the child will not commit an act that violates the law. The involvement of children, who in this case are perpetrators of a criminal Children are the next generation of the nation so they need maximum coaching, guidance and protection so that the child will not commit an act that violates the law. The involvement of children, who in this case are perpetrators of a criminal act, must be given the rights and protection of children as vulnerable legal subjects as regulated in the applicable laws and regulations. Through a normative legal approach, this research analyzes legal regulations that regulate the rights and protection of children involved in criminal contexts. The aims of this research are firstly to find out the meaning of children in Indonesian laws and regulations, secondly to find the concept of children's criminal law legislation in Indonesia which regulates children's involvement in criminal acts according to a normative approach, and thirdly to find out the procedures for handling cases of involvement. children in juvenile crimes from the perspective of juvenile criminal law in Indonesia through the principles of child human rights and the principles of the best interests of the child. The results of this research are that the handling of cases of child involvement in juvenile crimes from the perspective of juvenile criminal law in Indonesia is by placing more emphasis on the principles of children's human rights and the best principles for the interests of children because although there has been progress, challenges remain, and improvements Continuous harmonization of policies, consistent implementation, and strengthening the rehabilitation system can optimize the protection and development of children involved in the context of juvenile criminal justice.
 Keywords: Child Involvement, Child Crime, Child Criminal Law

Debugging strategies for parents' educational anxiety in the transition from kindergarten to primary school——Based on the theory of mature forces

Due to the rapid economic and social growth, my country's economic development level is rapidly increasing, and the burden of social security is increasing day by day, which makes it impossible for Chinese people to pay special attention to the training of children. At the same time, early childhood education, as the enlightenment stage of basic education and the beginning stage of lifelong education, is endowed with important significance because of its educational object and its own particularity. Parents pay special attention to education at this stage, so the manifestations, causes and solutions of parental anxiety about education in the transition stage are also different from other education stages. At the same time, the educational process and educational results are characterized by uncertainty, which causes people to have complex emotions such as tension, anxiety, worry and annoyance. Through the use of interview methods and literature methods, we can deeply understand the educational anxiety of parents in the early childhood transition stage, and scientifically explain children's development laws through Gesell's theory of mature forces, so that non-professionals can view and understand their own anxiety from a "professional" perspective.

EVALUATION OF THE CHILD-FRIENDLY CITY (KLA) PROGRAM

The Child-Friendness City Program in Bengkalis Regency has been evaluated using William N. Dunn's 6 criteria: effectiveness, efficiency, adequacy, equity, responsiveness, and accuracy. This evaluation includes policy goals and objectives, financial capabilities and Human Resources (HR), children's safety and needs, distribution of activities, policies, and decrees, and implementation of policy products. This program has two inhibiting factors: community participation and facilities. Children in Law no. 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection was defined as someone not yet 18. Bengkalis Regency implements the Child-Friendly City program and has met several indicators to obtain this title. However, there were still cases of children conflicting with the law even though this program has been implemented. This evaluation aims to resolve these cases.

Effect of Annealing on Resistive Switching Properties of Glancing Angle Deposition‐Assisted WO3 Thin Films

Herein, the impact of postdeposition annealing on resistive switching behavior of radio frequency magnetron sputtered WO3 thin films is reported. Films are deposited under glancing angle deposition (GLAD) configuration of sputtering at varying GLAD angle from 65° to 80°. Structure transition from monoclinic to orthorhombic phase in deposited WO3 films is perceived after ex situ annealing at temperature of 400 °C. Resistive switching properties show shift from bipolar to unipolar switching on postdeposition annealing. WO3 films show unipolar switching behavior after ex situ annealing for all prepared samples. The value of resistance in high resistance state is lowered after ex situ heating treatment and interestingly switching voltage also reduces to 3 V from 7 V after annealing treatment. The ratio of high to low resistance state for annealed WO3 film fabricated at 70° GLAD angle is achieved to be maximum (≈219). A detailed charge transport mechanism shows that ohmic behavior is dominant current conduction mechanism at lower applied voltage, while space charge limited current and Child's law are dominant at higher applied voltages. Obtained results encourage utilization of prepared WO3 thin films toward a wide variety of applications in optoelectronics, microelectronics, and environmental engineering along with advanced electronics such as resistive memory devices.

Prohibition of Child Recruitment as Soldiers: An International Regulatory Discourse

Children are frequently turned into child soldiers or used as human shields in armed conflicts. The use of child soldiers is condemned by all nations and is regarded as a grave breach of both children's rights and international humanitarian law. The paper aims to discuss pertinent provisions of international legal norms, particularly those that relate to child soldiers in the sequence of their adoption. Additionally, it presents the issue of the implementation of several international conventions on the issue of using child soldiers and its atrocities in the international community. As the result, when it comes to addressing the issue of child soldiers, the international legal sources do not present a consistent picture. There has been a various provision in the determination of minimum age of a child that led to major debates among international communities. The situation is further exacerbated by the fact that, while some countries have accepted the convention as binding on themselves, their implementation faces significant challenges, such as the fact that the majority of international treaties lack sanctioning power, limiting their ability to properly accomplish the preventive purpose.

The g-C3N4-TiO2 nanocomposite for non-volatile memory and artificial synaptic device applications

Recently, 2D layered materials like graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) are gaining significant attention due to their excellent structural and electronic properties. Metal oxide and g-C3N4 composite can enhance chemical and electronic properties which can ultimately enhance device performance. Given this, we report the synthesis of g-C3N4–TiO2 nanocomposite by the ex-situ (solid state reaction) method for resistive switching (RS) applications. Initially, the TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were optimized by using annealing them at different temperatures and composited with the g-C3N4. The devices fabricated using g-C3N4–TiO2 nanocomposite shows good RS properties at very low SET and RESET voltages (< 0.5 V), similar to the biological voltage scale. The distribution of switching voltages of all devices was studied using the cumulative probability and Weibull distribution techniques. Moreover, switching voltages were modeled and predicted using the statistical time series analysis method. All fabricated devices demonstrated the double-valued charge flux characteristics, suggesting the presence of a non-ideal memristor effect. The optimized g-C3N4-TiO2 (TiO2 NPs annealed at 450 °C) device shows good endurance and retention memory properties. Moreover, the optimized g-C3N4-TiO2 device can mimic the various bio-synaptic properties such as potentiation-depression, excitatory postsynaptic current, and paired-pulse facilitation. The charge transport results reveal that Ohmic and Child's square law dominated the conduction of the device. Based on electrical and charge transport results, a plausible filamentary RS effect is presented. This study suggested that the g-C3N4-TiO2 is beneficial for both memory and neuromorphic computing applications.

“Can my mother come?” Asylum interviews with unaccompanied and separated children seeking asylum in the Netherlands

IntroductionThe UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) accords children the right to give their views on all important decisions in their life (art.12 CRC). In the past decades increased awareness has risen among professionals who work with children in judicial and administrative proceedings, to hear their voices. The key question guiding this research was whether refugee children have the possibility to meaningfully participate in asylum proceedings, as required by international children's rights law and standards? Asylum application procedures are highly complex administrative procedures, that are often not adapted to the capacities and level of maturity of children. Recent studies suggest that the right to participation and information is insufficiently safeguarded for children involved in asylum procedures. Unaccompanied children seeking asylum as young as 6 years of age have to go through the asylum procedure in the Netherlands. Efforts have been put in making this procedure more child-friendly, by designing a child-friendly interview room and training immigration officers. The aim of this study was to explore to what extent the immigration authority takes into account children's voice, age and development, in line with international children's rights.MethodsObservations have been conducted of first instance asylum application interviews with children held by immigration officers. In total 13 interviews with children aged 7–11 have been observed, that were held between 2012 and 2019.ResultsThe results show that child-friendly conversation techniques and tools are used to some extent, however, immigration officers should be trained more extensively in order to enhance the effective participation of young children.DiscussionIt is concluded that interviews with children could be improved by giving children more information and using techniques to communicate with young children. In order to truly hear the child's voice the interviews should be better adapted to the age and level of development of unaccompanied children.

Bill would ban kids under 13 from joining social media platforms

A new federal bill unveiled last week would establish a national minimum age for social media use and require tech companies to get parents' consent before creating accounts for teens, reflecting a growing trend at all levels of government to restrict how Facebook, Instagram, TikTok and other platforms engage with young users, CNN reported April 26. The proposed legislation by a bipartisan group of U.S. senators aims to address what policymakers, mental health advocates and critics of tech platforms say is a mental health crisis fueled by social media. Under the bill, known as the Protecting Kids on Social Media Act, social media platforms would be barred from letting kids below the age of 13 create accounts or interact with other users, though children would still be permitted to view content without logging into an account, according to draft text of the legislation. Tech platforms covered by the legislation would also have to obtain a parent or guardian's consent before creating new accounts for users under the age of 18. The companies would be banned from using teens' personal information to target them with content or advertising, though they could still provide limited targeted recommendations to teens by relying on other contextual cues. Most major social media companies already bar kids younger than 13 from their platforms, the result of a federal children's privacy law known as COPPA (Children's Online Privacy Protection Act). But enforcing the restriction has been a challenge.

Child Soldier Ban: An International Regulatory Discourse

Children are frequently turned into child soldiers or used as human shields in armed conflicts. The use of child soldiers is condemned by all nations and is regarded as a grave breach of both children's rights and international humanitarian law. The paper aims to discuss pertinent provisions of international legal norms, particularly those that relate to child soldiers in the sequence of their adoption. Additionally, it presents the issue of the implementation of several international conventions on the issue of using child soldiers and its atrocities in the international community. As the result, when it comes to addressing the issue of child soldiers, the international legal sources do not present a consistent picture. There has been a various provision in the determination of minimum age of a child that led to major debates among international communities. The situation is further exacerbated by the fact that, while some countries have accepted the convention as binding on themselves, their implementation faces significant challenges, such as the fact that the majority of international treaties lack sanctioning power, limiting their ability to properly accomplish the preventive purpose.

Impact of laser energy on resistive switching properties of BiFeO3 thin films

In this report, BFO thin film samples were deposited using Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) technique by altering the PLD laser energy from 150 to 250 mJ, to study the role of laser energy on resistance switching property of pure BFO thin film. Efficient resistive switching properties are essentially required for realization of a memristor device. An appreciably high resistance ratio (∼100) between HRS i.e. high resistance state (“OFF” state) and LRS i.e. low resistance state (“ON” state) was obtained for the sample fabricated at 200 mJ PLD laser energy with a stable retention period of 106 s with reproducible endurance cycles of 108. From the study of charge transport mechanism, it has been observed that the Ohmic conduction is the dominating mechanism in the lower applied biased region while space charge limited conduction (SCLC) and Child's law are the dominating mechanisms in the higher applied biased region for all the deposited BFO thin film samples. Current study extends the application of multiferroic BFO thin films for memory devices.

A review of perceptions, challenges and prospects of child adoption in nigeria

Child adoption in Nigeria is still an evolving process .The enactment of the Child's Right Act in Nigeria has legalized child adoption. The Objective of this study include to access the perception of child adoption in Nigeria; to determine the challenges of child adoption in Nigeria, and to investigate the prospects of child adoption in Nigeria. The method used was to explore secondary data, policy documents, existing studies and reviews from scholars, local and international organizations. Perception of child adoption slightly vary across the country, with most Nigerian having fair knowledge of the term “child adoption” which does not translate into its practice .It was also shown that infertility is the main factor that has influenced the rate of willingness and acceptability of child adoption in Nigeria. However, the ideology that biological ties are fundamental to family relations is associated with several stigmatizing beliefs about adoption, which may cause both the adoptee and the adoptive parents to feel socially marginalized and devalued. Just like other part of the world, child adoption in Nigeria is faced with several challenges ranging from stigmatization, unknown parental background, possible inherited or genetic diseases, psychological and religious beliefs, poverty, establishment of illegal adoption and orphanage homes, future claim by the biological parents, disloyalty or abandonment of adoptive parents the child when the child learns that he or she was adopted. The future prospects of child adoption lie in Nigerians taking seriously the principles and standards enunciated in the international adoption law of Nigeria that the best interest of children (which include their survival, development, protection and participation) should be the guiding principle in the whole adoption process. In conclusion , the perception, challenges and prospects of child adoption reviewed in this study shows child adoption in Nigeria is still evolving and requires the government, churches, other religious bodies, NGOs, individuals and the public at large to join hands in welcoming and implementing the right practices of child adoption, as well as ‘Child's Right Laws' .

More than just child's play: Enhancing the class experience through role‐playing in children's law

Issues impacting children, families, and communities involve an array of weighty interests rooted in a variety of consequential historical, legal, and political precedents. For more than 30 years, students in the course Child Rights and Remedies have explored these precedents while honing their critical thinking and advocacy skills through role play. Students are each assigned a role for the duration of the semester—a child advocate/child's attorney, a parent advocate/parent's attorney, a state attorney, among others—from which to analyze cases relevant to children. Students are asked to identify the strongest legal and policy arguments supporting the position of someone in their assigned role and to prepare to raise and defend the position in class. A recent innovation—developed as a result of mandated virtual instruction— expands student exploration of child- and family-related topics through contribution to a current events blog. This article will briefly discuss the benefit of role play in legal education followed by detailed guidance on using the approach to explore four key child rights cases. The article also includes the blog assignment description as well as example blog entries and responses.

The Effectiveness Of Psycoeducation Of Self-Concept In Children In Conflict With The Law At Children's Social Home X

A negative self-concept is a condition in which a person tends to view themselves badly. In general, children in conflict with the law tend to have a negative self-concept. Psychoeducation is one of the effective intervention methods to improve self-concept, through cognitive readiness by providing new understanding and information. The purpose of this study was to improve self-concept in children in conflict with the law by providing psychoeducational interventions. The subjects of this study were children in conflict with the law in Children's Social Home X, with total of 17 boys. The research method used is an experiment with the type of design in the form of a one group pretest-posttest design. Hypothesis testing was carried out on the pre and post tests of the Self Concept Questionnaire using Wilcoxon. The psychoeducational intervention was given in the form of material presentation, group discussions, games, and activities that were carried out in three sessions with a duration of one hundred minutes in each. The results showed an increase in self-concept after being given psychoeducation on subject.

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP ANDIKPAS (ANAK DIDIK PEMASYARAKATAN) DI LPKA KELAS I PALEMBANG

This article aims to describe the nature of children, the protection of children's laws, and the rights of children during the criminal period IN LPKA. This article is also the result of research on the fulfillment of children's rights at LPKA class I Palembang. Although the child is undergoing a criminal in LPKA but the child must be legally protected by knowing what rights they have found during the criminal procedure at LPKA. The legal protection system for children at LPKA contained in LAW No. 11 Th. 2012 on SPPA, LAW No. 12 Th. 1995 on Correctional LAW No. 35 Th. 2014 on child protection. This research is a qualitative study with the type of field research whose main data source is taken from objects directly in the research area. And using a yuridist empirical approach method. After knowing what rights will be found AndikPas (students of correctional) then the implementation to exercise those rights. There are also rights that have not been met because of problems or ba

Awareness of Child Rights Laws among School Principals in Oman and its Impact on their Daily Practices

The study aimed to investigate the degree of awareness of school principals in Oman about the International Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Omani Children's Law and to determine the impact of this awareness on their daily practices towards children. The population of the study consisted of school principals and assistant principals in five provinces: Muscat, Addakhiliyah, Albatinah, Musandam, and Zafar; where child-friendly school’s initiative was launched as part of the collaboration between the Ministry of Education and the UNESCO Office in Oman. The sample of the study consisted of principals and assistant principals in 48 schools in these five provinces. The results of the study showed that the awareness of the child rights laws had a positive impact on the practices of school principals in general and on the legal, cultural, and political rights of children in particular. The results also indicated a statistically significant difference according to gender in favor of females; while there was no effect based on the type of school. The study endorsed the importance of activating the child-friendly school’s initiative and the necessity of developing the tasks of school principals in the light of child rights laws. Keywords: Child’s rights laws, school principals, child friendly schools