Childhood Programs Research Articles

Social Network Analysis as a Tool to Inform a Children's Hospital's Efforts to Improve Population Health.

A children's hospital explored the feasibility and utility of social network analysis as a tool for system building in community child health, to identify gaps and opportunities in community partnerships, and to assess its role as a contributor to collective impact. We employed social network analysis with the PARTNER survey to assess relationships among community-based organizations and a children's hospital's community-oriented programs. We utilized a two-stage, snowball sampling strategy to identify community partners. We analyzed social capital, network density, degree centralization, perceived trust, and perceived value. Network mapping depicted the hospital programs' relationships with community partners. Of the 153 contacted potential respondents, 76 responded for a response rate of 50%. Respondents reported a total of 1116 ties, ranging in strength from awareness and cooperation to coordination and integration. Approximately 60% of network members could reach 100 or more members in 2 steps or less. The overall network trust score was 74%. Network mapping indicated that hospital programs enhance bonding relationships within sectors, bridge gaps between partners from different sectors, and provide linkages to resources such as funders. Deficits in bonding, bridging, and access to funding are evident when the hospital's programs are omitted from network maps. Findings support the feasibility and utility of social network analysis as a tool for system building in community child health. The study demonstrates the potential of a children's hospital's programs to provide social capital in the form of bonding, bridging, and linking relationships.

Pelatihan Parenting bagi Masyarakat dalam Mengembangkan Karakter Anak di Kabupaten Mempawah

Abstract: Community service aims to describe parental guidance towards children while at home. This activity is in the form of counseling on how participants can develop parenting, especially in managing children's schedules in learning according to changing times, so that tasks as parents can play an active and effective role, participants can increase children's enthusiasm in learning, participants can set schedules for learning activities at home, children's habits in behaving towards their elders and helping them when doing work at home. This service activity was carried out at the Kontor Hall of Sungai Bundung Laut Village, Mempawah Regency, this activity was carried out smoothly and there was an increase in parents in carrying out parenting for children, it was evidenced by the increase in children's learning achievements, accustomed to independent living and the formation of children's learning programs. This training encourages participants to follow it and get the job done faster and more efficiently.

Patterns of Early Childhood Media Consumption in the Digital Television Era

This study aims to analyze consumption patterns of children's programs on digital media in Indonesia. The research uses a qualitative approach with the uses and gratification theory as a theoretical framework—collecting research data through in-depth interviews with respondents. The research respondents were ten informants aged at least 21 years with children ranging in age from 2 to 6 years. The respondents were interviewed in-depth to get answers regarding the pattern of watching children's entertainment media shows in their respective homes. The study results reveal that parents choose television and YouTube as entertainment media for their early childhood. Parents give these two media because YouTube has three elements: interactivity, demassification, and asynchronous, while television is considered a counterbalance to smartphone addiction in children. The media consumption patterns of each family are remarkably diverse but have identical motives. The primary reason parents provide children's entertainment. Digital television has not been popular as an entertainment media option for early childhood.

Incidence of cervical precancerous lesions and cervical cancer in Denmark from 2000 to 2019: Population impact of multi-cohort vaccination against human papillomavirus infection.

In Denmark, vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) has been implemented in the children's vaccination program (January 2009) and in multiple catch-up cohorts (October 2008 in girls 13-15 years and in August 2012 in women up to 27 years). In the present study we estimate incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN3), adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (AC) during 2000-2019. All cases of CIN3 and AIS were identified from the nationwide Pathology Data Bank, while SCC and AC were identified from the Danish Cancer Registry. We calculated age-standardized incidence rates and estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) for the periods before vaccination implementation (2000-2005), early after implementation of childhood HPV vaccination and the first catch-up vaccination program (2006-2012), and after implementation of the second catch-up program (2013-2019). For CIN3 and AIS, age-specific incidence rates and EAPCs were calculated. An increasing age-standardized incidence was observed before introduction of HPV vaccination (2000-2005) for CIN3 [EAPCCIN3 : 3.0 (95% CI 1.7 to 4.3)] and AIS [EAPCAIS : 3.5 (95% CI 0.7 to 6.4)]. In the most recent period (2013-2019), following implementation of the second catch-up program, a decrease was observed for both CIN3 [EAPCCIN3 : -6.5 (95% CI -8.3 to -4.8)], AIS [EAPCAIS : -8.7 (95% CI -12.3 to -5.1)] and for SCC [EAPCSCC : -3.9 (95% CI -7.5 to -0.2)]. In this study we document a decrease in the incidence of CIN3, AIS and SCC in the period after implementation of multi-cohort HPV vaccination in Denmark.

Caregiver factors influencing nutritional status of preschool children in Mwingi West, Kitui County Kenya

Children are at an increased risk of malnutrition, with many undernourished children being highly susceptible to preventable premature death and morbidity. Insufficient dietary intake, infections, food insecurity, and inadequate care are the main causes of child malnutrition. These factors are sequentially influenced by caregivers’ characteristics. Despite this, the effect of a caregiver’s characteristics on a child's nutrition status has not been exhaustively studied in rural areas of Kenya. It is important to continuously examine the trends in the prevalence of malnutrition for effective interventions. Regular updates on the prevalence of malnutrition are crucial for appropriate interventions. In this study, the nutritional status of children was evaluated alongside their association with caregivers’ characteristics. The study was based in Migwani ward, Mwingi West Sub-County in Kitui County. The study was conducted between October and December 2020 and involved 106 caregivers with their 106 children aged 36–42 months. The characteristics of the caregivers were determined by the use of a pretested study questionnaire. To evaluate the nutritional status of children, the height and weight measures, age, and sex of the child were taken and transferred into the WHO Anthro software, and z-scores were derived. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to carry out additional data analysis. Children's nutritional status and caregivers’ characteristics were bivariate tested to determine the association.
 In the present study, the prevalence of stunting was 33.0%, wasting was 15.1%, and underweight was 20.8%. In this study, the caregivers that had lower income had more children that were underweight (χ2 = 9.2 p = 0.02), stunted (χ2 = 10.4 p = 0.015) and wasted (χ2 = 16.9, p<0.001) compared to those with higher incomes. More so, the caregivers that were younger had more children that were wasted (χ2 = 20.04, p<0.001), stunted (χ2 = 9.65, p = 0.032) and underweight (χ2 = 8.26, p = 0.041). Households that were headed by women had more children that were stunted (p = 0.022), wasted (p = 0.041) and underweight (p = 0.003). Similarly, respondents with lower education levels had more children that were stunted (χ2 = 14.02, p = 0.003), wasted (χ2 = 4.85, p = 0.037) and underweight (χ2 = 4.76, p = 0.045). In this study, the caregiver’s occupation was significantly associated with children's stunting (χ2 = 12.23, p = 0.007) and underweight levels (χ2 = 6.12, p = 0.034). The caregiver’s occupation had no influence on the children's wasting levels. The present study found that the marital status of a caregiver did not influence a child's nutritional status. These study results affirm that nutritional problems of stunting, wasting, and underweight among preschool children in Kitui County require public health actions. That caregivers’ characteristics play a role in the nutritional status of preschool children in Kitui County. Based on these study findings, priority should be given to children's nutrition programs that incorporate the dynamics of caregivers' characteristics. By doing this, such programs will be more effective.

Engaging, Explicit, and Elaborated: An Initial Trial of Media-Enhanced Preschool Vocabulary Instruction.

Children from backgrounds of poverty often lag behind more advantaged peers in early language skills, including breadth and depth of vocabulary knowledge. We report the results of a pilot study of an explicit and elaborated vocabulary intervention in preschool classrooms serving children from lower-income backgrounds. The intervention used multimodal instruction, including segments from public television children's programs and interactive games, to build children's knowledge of and semantic connections for 128 words across 18 weeks of daily lessons. Within 39 classrooms representing childcare, Head Start, and public prekindergarten settings, 192 preschool-age children (M = 52.10 months) participated in structured lessons and extension activities delivered by teachers and aides. Within-child comparisons of growth for taught target words versus matched untaught words revealed that children grew on all words but demonstrated significantly greater growth for taught words. Results support the value of elaborated and explicit vocabulary instruction and the role of visual media as contexts for preschooler's word learning.

Strategi Pemasaran Jasa Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini Untuk Membangun Kepercayaan Target Pasar

The pandemic has indeed changed almost all aspects of life and activities in society. Early childhood is one of the groups experiencing the impact of these changes. One of them is the inhibition of the learning process in early childhood. On the other hand, parents are also busy and often run out of ideas to play with their children. Seeing this opportunity, Kelas Main Harmoni offers a children's play class program online via a zoom meeting. Uniquely, Kelas Main Harmoni is still new, and is not a formal educational institution, but Kelas Main Harmoni can build the trust of parents to register their children and play together in Kelas Main Harmoni program. This study used descriptive qualitative method. This study involved informants who are founders, as well as parents of Kelas Main Harmoni participants to conduct interviews to find out the marketing strategy carried out by Kelas Main Harmoni. The results of this study indicate that the strategy taken to build the trust of parents is to continue to develop and focus on aspects of the product in the form of services, as well as people, or the quality of teachers in Kelas Main Harmoni.

Reimagining a children's palliative care educational programme for registered nurses in response to the COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundChildren with life-limiting conditions are a unique population with multiple health and social care needs. Key literature indicates the need for education to support registered nurses providing care, including palliative care, to these children. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, a palliative care programme was converted to an online programme, adopting a blended approach between national and regional facilitators. ObjectivesTo assess nurses' satisfaction with a re-designed palliative care programme centred around the care of children with life-limiting conditions, including their perceptions of the online format. Design and methodsA descriptive correlational design and online survey was used to explore the participants' perception of the content and online delivery of the Care of the Child with a Life-Limiting Condition programme. Nine sessions, comprised of five national and four regional webinars, were delivered. ResultsAttendees registered (n = 169) from throughout the Republic of Ireland, with 130 attending all webinars. Attendees stated online delivery of education increased their accessibility to highly qualified experts. The short, concise nature of sessions was well received. Online delivery and recorded sessions contributed to convenience with the ability to access and process information in attendees' own time being welcomed. However, the negative impact of losing face-to-face interactions was noted, including the opportunity to build relationships with colleagues caring for children with life-limiting conditions. ConclusionsResults suggest that the redesigned online programme contributed to participants' knowledge, encouraged participation and increased accessibility. An e-Learning model enables specialised education to be more equitable and accessible, ensuring regional areas are not disadvantaged due to geographical remoteness from tertiary educational centres. However, the lack of face-to-face contact was acknowledged as a hindrance to socialisation and networking. When developing future programmes, focus should be put on creating opportunities for networking and social development to compensate for the lack of face-to-face contact.

Palliative Care Programs in Children's Hospitals.

This study determined the prevalence of PPC programs in the United States and compared the environment of children's hospitals with and without PPC programs. Analyses of the multicenter Children's Hospital Association Annual Benchmark Report 2020 survey for prevalence of PPC programs and association with operational, missional, educational, and financial domains. Two hundred thirty-one hospitals received Annual Benchmark Report survey requests with 148 submitted (64% response rate) inclusive of 50 states. One hundred nineteen (80%) reported having a PPC program and 29 (20%) reported not having a PPC program. Free-standing children's hospitals (n = 42 of 148, 28%) were more likely to report the presence of PPC (P = .004). For settings with PPC programs, the median number of staffed beds was 185 (25th quartile 119, 75th quartile 303) compared with 49 median number of staffed beds for those without PPC (25th quartile 30, 75th quartile 81). Facilities with higher ratio of trauma, intensive care, or acuity level were more likely to offer PPC. Although palliative care was associated with hospice (P <.001) and respite (P = .0098), over half of facilities reported not having access to hospice for children (n = 82 of 148, 55%) and 79% reported not having access to respite care (n = 117 of 148). PPC, hospice, and respite services remain unrealized for many children and families in the United States. Programmatic focus and advocacy efforts must emphasize creation and sustainability of quality PPC programs in smaller, lower resourced hospitals.

Sally Lucas Jean, R.N. (1878-1971): Her historical legacy and lessons for contemporary public health nursing education.

Sally Lucas Jean, RN (1878-1971) pioneered health education in the United States and globally. At the time of her death in 1971, aged 93, her legacy included serving on boards of leading American health associations, spearheading public health projects worldwide and transforming thinking on contemporary public health education. Sally Lucas Jean's influence continues today, from her input on educational children's television programs, policies on child health and her involvement in developing the early foundations of health communication. In this historical reflection, we examine her role in defining health education and communication, alongside influencing and applying strategies to improve public health nursing.

Evaluating the Long-Term Effectiveness of an Intensive OT Sensory Integration (OT-SI) Program for Children With Challenges in Sensory Processing and Integration

Abstract Date Presented 04/02/2022 Children experiencing challenges with sensory processing and integration often receive OT services to improve functional performance. However, information about the long-term effectiveness of OT intervention for children with sensory challenges is limited. The purpose of this study was to explore whether children were able to maintain improvements after OT services ended and to understand parent perspectives of OT using a sensory integration approach. Primary Author and Speaker: Victoria Ann McQuiddy Additional Authors and Speakers: Marissa Hosp, Sabella Smith, Madison Vines, Hannah Osterfeld Contributing Authors: Angela Bates, Shannon Teeters, Sara Ruth Strain-Riggs, Aurora Hoobler, Anna R. Ramstetter

Advancing health equity in pediatric cancer through implementation of universal family psychosocial risk screening.

Unaddressed psychosocial risks may contribute to disparities in cancer care outcomes and may be addressed by early psychosocial risk screening. In a study implementing universal family psychosocial risk screening in 18 children's cancer programs in the United States, parents, clinicians, and organizational leaders described the importance of universal screening to health equity. The purposes of this study were to (1) describe the perspectives of parents, clinicians, and organizational leaders regarding the importance of universal family psychosocial risk screening in childhood cancer care and (2) identify barriers and facilitators to improving health equity and decreasing health disparities in childhood cancer through universal family psychosocial screening. Nineteen participants (parent advocates, clinicians, leaders in professional organizations and healthcare policy) were interviewed. Directed content analysis was used to identify thematic descriptions. Theme 1: Personal (individual child and family) and systemic barriers to health care contribute to health disparities and can be identified by universal family psychosocial risk screening in pediatric cancer. Theme 2: Universal family psychosocial risk screening in pediatric cancer creates the opportunity for health equity through personalized psychosocial care. Theme 3: Recognition of health inequities and guidance from the Standards of Psychosocial Care for Children with Cancer and their Families suggest that clinicians and healthcare systems are ethically obligated to screen, provide resources, and advocate for services to meet identified needs. Universal family psychosocial risk screening in pediatric oncology creates the opportunity to support efforts for health equity by guiding delivery of personalized psychosocial care. NCT04446728 23 June 2020.

INTO CLASSROOM: TEACHERS AS REFLECTIVE PRACTITIONERS

This is an interactive paper which deliberates the changes brought about in a community-based children's programme through the teachers. The teachers adopted action-based research to identify and solve their pedagogic concerns. It was through reflective teaching and learning praxis that oriented the (para)teachers to classify, identify and strategize their major classroom problems and solve them. The paper attempts to describe these strategies and processes of teaching-learning that are reviewed and modified by the teachers. These enabled teachers to become empowered ‘practitioners’ within their social context. The paper examines “sustainability” in terms of the transformation in the status of the teachers within their own classrooms. It also examines how empowering teacher; who has a grassroots position in the community programme could bring up and promote sustainable development for the entire educational programme. The paper presented is a culmination of field-based research study tittled Elementary Education Teachers Research Network (EETRN) undertaken at a nodal agency by the authors. The study presented the ethnographic accounts of classroom interactions. This paper intends to unfold and navigate through the intricacies of how the teachers engaged in the process of reflective teaching and research

A content analysis of 'junk food' content in children's TV programmes: a comparison of UK broadcast TV and video-on-demand services.

Exposure to high in fat, sugar or salt (HFSS) food imagery is associated with unhealthy consumption, and subsequently obesity, among young people. We report and compare the results of two content analyses, one of popular children's television channels in the UK and the other of a selection of children's programmes available on video-on-demand (VOD) services. Content analysis of 3days' worth of programmes on two popular children's television channels broadcast on UK television (CBeebies and Milkshake as well as a sample of children's programmes available on the VOD platforms (Netflix and Amazon Prime) using 1-min interval coding. In children's television channels, HFSS content was seen in 181 episodes (36%) and in 417 intervals (13%) on terrestrial television, 'Milkshake' had a significantly higher proportion of broadcasts, which contained HFSS content than 'CBeebies'. In VOD platforms, HFSS content was seen in 82 episodes (72% of the total number of episodes), across 459 intervals (19% of the total number of intervals), with no significant difference in the proportion of programmes containing HFSS content between Netflix and Amazon Prime. HFSS content is common in both popular UK children's television channels and children programmes on VOD services and is likely having an effect on HFSS consumption in children. Legislative opportunities to prevent this exposure are being missed.

Sure I can code (but do I want to?). Why boys' and girls’ programming beliefs differ and the effects of mandatory programming education

In our increasingly digitalized society, it is important to have a grasp of basic programming and therefore, programming was recently made mandatory in Swedish schools. We investigated how the mandatory programming education affects self-efficacy and interest in programming in a sample of 12-year-old children (N = 373). Data was collected at the start of the school year, directly after the education (mainly consisting of block programming), and the end of the school year. Boys had higher self-efficacy and interest than girls at all these three timepoints. Interestingly, as opposed to girls with Swedish background, girls with foreign background did not differ from the boys in programming self-efficacy. The gender difference in programming self-efficacy was completely mediated by gender differences in the children's previous mastery experience, social persuasion, and vicarious experience of computer use. Self-efficacy was strongly related to interest, but despite increasing the children's self-efficacy, programming education surprisingly reduced their interest in programming. The results regarding predictors of self-efficacy lend support to Bandura's social cognitive theory. The intersectional (gender x background) differences could be interpreted in terms of the gender-equality paradox. Possible ways of encouraging children's programming efforts and boosting the effects of interventions are discussed.

Individual and community-level impacts of the unarmed all-women Black Mamba Anti-Poaching Unit.

In a conservation setting where escalating tension has been the norm, the unarmed primarily female-composed Black Mambas Anti-Poaching Unit (BMAPU) in South Africa are a successful counterpoint in that they have decimated poaching using only diplomacy and patrols. We sought to understand if the BMAPU is achieving its secondary goal of influencing support for conservation and wildlife among the nearby populace via community-based conservation actions including outreach and environmental education. We also determined the impact that the program has on the Mambas themselves. Using a mixed-methods survey we conducted structured in-person interviews with 120 community members from four communities where the women of the BMAPU live, and among all the women that were on active duty in the BMAPU at the time of the surveys. We found that all participants in the BMAPU program reported improved self and community perception of their societal role as financial providers, as well as their sense of agency and self-efficacy, relative to before becoming rangers. We also found that having BMAPU rangers living in the communities by itself did not contribute to community-level support for wildlife conservation or protected areas. However, one community with both a large-scale children's conservation education program and an equitable distribution of financial benefits paid by the nearby conservation concessionaires was significantly more supportive of wildlife conservation and protected areas than the other three. Further research to parse the relative contributions of the two contributing factors of education and financial benefit would help clarify their relative contributions. From this study, we conclude that a combination of child-focused conservation education programs and equitable distribution of financial benefits leads to increased community support for wildlife, conservation, and protected natural areas, and decreases support for poaching.

Nutrition Services and Resources for Families in the First 1000 Days: A Needs Assessment in the State of California

ObjectivesTo identify the current status of and gaps within nutrition services and resources provided to California families during the first 1000 days of life (from conception to age 2 years). MethodsA semi-structured online survey was developed by a task-force group at the University of California, Irvine, and Dairy Council of California. The survey addressed five pillars of nutrition service provision in the first 1000 days: accessibility of services, delivery of nutrition education, content of nutrition messages, breastfeeding support, and professional development on nutrition. The survey was disseminated across California to health professionals and providers from agencies that provide services to pregnant women and families with infants and young children up to 2 years of age. Results148 survey responses were obtained with representation across the state and organization types (37% healthcare, 23% childcare/preschools, 20% Government agencies, and 20% community organizations). Almost 60% of respondents estimated that at least 75% of the clients they serve are Medi-Cal eligible. Although most organizations provide referrals to the Women Infants and Children program, only 46% of clinical and 69% of community-based respondents reported referring clients to the CalFresh benefits program. Several needs were identified to better support optimal health, growth and development including improved access to nutritious food and educational resources for low-income families, improved cultural appropriateness in the delivery and content of nutrition education, messaging around key micronutrients for fetal and early child development, enhanced social support and guidance regarding breastfeeding, and further professional development opportunities on early life nutrition. Notably, technology as a means of outreach and communicating nutritional messages to families during the first 1000 days was reportedly underutilized. ConclusionsThe accessibility, content, and delivery of nutritious food, nutrition-related resources, and breastfeeding support for families in the first 1000 days can be improved. A comprehensive and coordinated approach to improve social support, nutrition security and education is needed to support health outcomes during the first 1000 days of life. Funding SourcesNIH National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences.

0186 Post-Birth Feeding Experiences are Associated with Actigraphy-Assessed Sleep Patterns among Newborns

Abstract Introduction Exclusively breastfed (EBF) newborns wake more often at night than partially breastfed, or exclusively formula fed (EFF) newborns. Contextual factors during the first weeks of life related to these associations are understudied. We examined relationships among post-birth experiences, objectively-estimated sleep-wake patterns, and feeding practices through three weeks post-delivery. Methods English or Spanish speaking mothers (n=20) and their full-term (≥37wk), singleton infants were recruited from Phoenix, Arizona. Mothers were 32.7±5.1y, 30.0% identified as Hispanic, 20.0% with &amp;lt; high school degree, and 15.0% were enrolled in the federal Women, Infants, and Children program. Infants were born normal weight (2500-4000g) and without major complications. At three weeks post-delivery, infants wore a Micro Motionlogger (Ambulatory Monitoring Inc.) on their left ankle for five 24hr periods at three weeks of age. Mothers completed an accompanying sleep diary and an adapted Infant Feeding Practices Study-II questionnaire. Pearson correlations and t-tests examined relationships between nocturnal sleep-wake patterns and feeding practices at birth and 3-weeks post-delivery. Results At birth, all mothers attempted breastfeeding, 40.0% of infants received formula, and mean time for milk to come in was 2.7 days (range: 1-4). At three weeks, one mother was EFF, 55.5% (n=11) were EBF, and 40.0% (n=8) were mixed feeding. Infant sleep-wake patterns included midpoint of 2:40±1:01, long wake episode (≥5min) frequency of 5.8±2.3, longest sleep bout duration of 127.2±34.9min, WASO of 124.1±54.3min, and TST of 434.7±79.7min. Breastmilk feeding frequency was positively related to long wake episode frequency (r=.49, p=0.03) and WASO (r=.47, p=0.04), and negatively related to longest sleep bout (r=-.59, p=0.006). Formula feeding frequency was positively related to longest sleep bout (r=.58, p=0.007). Greater time for milk to come in was positively related to long wake episode frequency (r=.53, p=0.02) and WASO (r=.56, p=0.01), and negatively related to longest sleep bout (r=-.47, p=0.04). Receiving formula in the hospital was associated with later sleep midpoint (t[18]=3.2, p=0.005), regardless of current formula feeding. Conclusion Feeding experiences and ability to breastfeed during the first few days of life may play a role in the quality and patterning of actigraphy-estimated sleep among newborns. Future research should investigate whether these associations persist into later infancy. Support (If Any) National Institutes of Health / National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute R01 HL147931

Presenting a New Framework to Improve Engagement in Physical Activity Programs for Children and Adolescents With Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Disabilities.

Children and adolescents with psychiatric and neurodevelopmental diagnoses such as anxiety, depression, autism, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) face enormous health disparities, and the prevalence of these disorders is increasing. Social, emotional, and behavioral disabilities (SEBD) often co-occur with each other and are associated with unique barriers to engaging in free-living physical activity (PA), community-based exercise and sports programming, and school-based physical education. Some examples of these barriers include the significantly depleted parental reserve capacity associated with SEBD in children, child dysregulation, and previous negative experiences with PA programming and/or exclusion. Importantly, most SEBD are “invisible,” so these parents and children may face more stigma, have less support, and fewer inclusive programming opportunities than are typically available for children with physical or intellectual disabilities. Children’s challenging behavioral characteristics are not visibly attributable to a medical or physical condition, and thus are not often viewed empathetically, and cannot easily be managed in the context of programming. Existing research into PA engagement barriers and facilitators shows significant gaps in existing health behavior change (HBC) theories and implementation frameworks that result in a failure to address unique needs of youth with SEBD and their parents. Addressing these gaps necessitates the creation of a simple but comprehensive framework that can better guide the development and implementation of engaging, effective, and scalable PA programming for these youth and their families. Therefore, the aim of this article is to: (1) summarize existing research into SEBD-related child and parent-level barriers and facilitators of PA evidence-based program engagement; (2) review the application of the most commonly used HBC and disability health theories used in the development of evidence-based PA programs, and implementation science frameworks used in adaptation and dissemination efforts; (3) review the SEBD-related gaps that may negatively affect engagement; and (4) describe the new Pediatric Physical Activity Engagement for Invisible Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Disabilities (PAID) Framework, a comprehensive adapted PA intervention development and implementation adaptation framework that we created specifically for youth with SEBD and their parents.

Fotografías de Juan Maino para el Programa Padres e Hijos: Una huella material del pasado reciente.

This article synthesize the main results of the research on the transit to the archive of a series of images on photographic slides. Created around the popular education program called "Parents and Children Program" of the Center for Research and Development of Education and whose authorship corresponds to Juan Maino Canales, photographer by trade and Detained Disappeared in the 70s in Chile, these images offer a singular vision of the world, due to the materiality of the support and also due to the historical moment they capture.