Child Begging Research Articles

The legal organization of the crime of child begging in light of Iraqi legislation

The crime of begging is spreading rapidly in most societies, especially in developing countries, where this crime has become a negative and dangerous impact on the social, economic and cultural levels. The reasons associated with this crime are many and varied, some of which may be due to the individual himself, in addition to the factors that affect society. Accordingly, our study deals with the topic of "the legal organization of the crime of child begging in the light of Iraqi and comparative legislation", especially since the category of children is characterized by its special and vulnerable nature, in addition to the fact that the impact of this crime is increasing in seriousness in light of modern technological and technological developments. In light of these challenges and in view of the importance of the child who enjoys protection and care in the majority of societies, many positive legislations have resorted to working to draw a legal structure that suits the special nature of the child "juvenile", by deciding reform measures that suit each juvenile individually and according to his circumstances and personality, which was followed by Iraqi legislation. The study raises the problem of combating begging crimes committed by children, because it deals with many legal, social and psychological aspects, in addition to preventive and precautionary measures, as well as demonstrating the ability of Iraqi legislation to confront. Our study was divided into two topics; we dealt in the first with the crime of child begging, and in the second we dealt with the elements of the crime of child begging and its penalties.

Lived experiences of out-of-school children involved in begging and scavenging: a study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

ABSTRACT This study was aimed at exploring the lived experiences of out-of-school children engaged in begging and scavenging in Pakistan. There is a dearth of existing literature in the context of Pakistan on out of school children who are engaged in begging, scavenging and other hazardous activities. The research also offers an extensive understanding of the responsible factors and possible consequences of engagement in these activities on out-of-school children. In this qualitative study, 21 out-of-school children of district Swat Pakistan aged 5 to 18 years, comprised of both boys and girls engaged in such activities were recruited through a purposive sampling. The respondents were interviewed using an interview guide, and the data was analyzed through a thematic analysis technique. The study was guided by poverty theories, including ‘structure theory’ and ‘culture of poverty theory,’ which served as the theoretical framework. The research findings reveal that child begging and scavenging are primarily caused by poverty, high inflation, forced labor, and earning responsibilities. The findings further suggest that these children are exposed to maltreatment, scolding, abuse, and exploitation which also create detrimental effects on their health. We also found some positive aspects of their experiences related to their contribution towards their families, their adaptability, and resilience in the face of many challenges. The study findings make a significant contribution to the existing literature on out-of-school children and their engagement in begging and scavenging activities in a less-explored cultural context of Pakistan. The study findings can be used to inform stakeholders, including policymakers, educational practitioners, and child welfare specialists about the requisite awareness, protection, and needs of at-risk children in Pakistan.

Justification to urgently end the high-risk child begging culture of the almajiri system of Northern Nigeria

Justification to urgently end the high-risk child begging culture of the almajiri system of Northern Nigeria

At Least Three of Every Six Boys Involved in the Almajiri System of Northern Nigeria Die in the Child Begging Culture

Background: Children involved in the Almajiri system of training are boys, exposed to harsh conditions and subjected to begging to fend for themselves, leaving them susceptible to violence, hunger, starvation, infections, child predators, and being used as elements of violence. This decreases their chances of surviving till adulthood as a lot die even before they reach age 16. Objectives: The main objective of this research, which was carried out in 2018, was to quantitatively determine the survival rate of the children who were enrolled in the Almajiri program and evaluate the extent of its negative impact on the child survival rate in Nigeria. Methodology: The research design was a cross-sectional study of a population selected through a combined two separate purposive sampling method, which involves door-to-door primary data collection through a questionnaire. 137 villages across 2 Northern states of Nigeria, which are major areas of the sources of boys born into the Almajiri system, were selected for this research and the two northern states were Kaduna and Kano states. Participants were mothers of one boy at least and of the Hausa or Fulani tribes ranging from 18 to 64 years of age. Working-class mothers of the same description in the capital city of Kano state of Northern Nigeria were also randomly selected. Result: A total number of 16,857 mothers were interviewed, out of which 8422 were desired mothers (50%). From these desired mothers came about 102,349 children (12 children/mother), out of which 26011 died before they were 5 years old (25%). The boys who finally survived and enrolled in the Almajiri system of training were 25,892 (25% of all live births). Out of these surviving boys, 12,975 died (50%); 8639 were lost and their whereabouts not known (33%); 4278 survived and are still alive (16.5%). Conclusion: This has led to the conclusion that for every 6 boys sent away to engage in the Almajiri system of seeking knowledge in Northern Nigeria, 3 die, 1 stays alive and the other 2 are lost, their whereabouts not known. This is at least 50% of the child mortality of boys born into the Almajiri system of Northern Nigeria.

الوسائل القانونية لمكافحة ظاهرة تسول الأطفال في فلسطين

The phenomenon of child begging has been largely spreading lately and has impacted society and child beggars alike. Nevertheless, there are many ways to counter this phenomenon in all its aspects. Since this research paper is limited to studying the legal aspect of this phenomenon, the focus has been placed on the lawful means to achieve that purpose. This research paper analyses the legal rules in international conventions and domestic laws enacted to counter this phenomenon. It found a considerable insufficiency of legal regulations in both procedural and substantive rules at the domestic level that would hinder the process of countering this phenomenon.

Forced labor and health-related outcomes. The case of beggar children

BackgroundLimited qualitative research indicates that beggar children might be victims of forced labor, and/or modern slavery. However, research quantifying the manifestations and health-related implications of forced child begging is missing in the literature. Because forced child begging might be physically, mentally, socially and morally harmful to children, research on the subject is needed to inform policymaking. ObjectiveThis study addressed the gap in the literature on child begging. The work aimed to examine whether beggar children are victims of forced labor, as well as to identify the manifestations of forced labor in beggar children, and assess whether forced child begging relates to deteriorated health-related quality of life and mental health. Participants and settingThe study focused on the capital city of Greece, Athens, where beggar children are not a hard-to-reach group. Cross-sectional data were collected in 2011, 2014, 2018 and 2022, with 127 beggar children taking part in the study. MethodsThe study adopted the Anti-Slavery International research toolkit, which sets methodological guidelines on researching child begging. A scale was developed to quantify forced child begging based on the International Labour Organization's definition of forced labor. Multivariate regressions were performed with a view to answering the research questions. ResultsThe study found that most beggar children were forced by others to beg, experienced threats of violence, physical and verbal harassment aimed at forcing them to beg, and difficulty in terms of being allowed by others to stop begging. Moreover, it was found that forced child begging was positively associated with living with unknown people, hunger due to food unavailability the previous week, and negatively associated with native beggar children. In addition, it was discovered that forced child begging was negatively associated with health-related quality of life and mental health for beggar children. ConclusionBased on the study's findings, child begging encompasses elements of coercion and the deprivation of human freedom. These factors collectively amount to instances of forced labor and/or modern slavery. Policies should ensure that beggar children are removed from harm's way, and that those forcing children to beg are brought to justice, thus preventing forced child begging. Policies to reduce poverty, which constitutes the root of forced child begging, should also be considered. The goal is to create a protective environment where children can thrive, free from forced labor. In line with Sustainable Development Target 8.7, policy makers should take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labor, and end modern slavery.

Effects of Open Space Characteristics on the Spatial Distribution of Street Children: Experience from Ibadan, Nigeria

Against the background of seemingly uncontrollable social menace and environmental nuisance of street children, this study examined the effects of open space characteristics on the spatial distribution of street children in Ibadan, Nigeria. With open space types in the city as spatial units of data collection, enumeration of street children was carried out in each space type within 7 weekdays in the morning, afternoon and evening. Observation was also conducted to know the socio-economic and physical characteristics of the urban environment attracting the children. The study, which employed z-scores to compare the intensity of street children incidence across the spatial units, confirmed that the incidence was a function of the uses to which open space types were put as well as the disorderliness of urban physical environment (indiscriminate parking, formal and informal economic activities, and so on). The most important open space types that attracted street children were markets, mosque premises and junctions. Although, incidence of street children was a daily affair in Ibadan, it was highly pronounced in the evening on Saturday, Friday and Monday. The study recommended development of policy measures for regulating the use of open spaces, and giving adequate planning attention to roundabouts, religious centres (mosques in particular) and markets in urban centres. It also recommended public education and enlightenment programme on the negative effects of street children incidence by all stakeholders, and that the aspect of culture of the people that encourages child begging and alms giving should be discouraged in its entirety.

Child begging, as a manifestation of child labour in Dagbon of Northern Ghana, the perspectives of mallams and parents

The existence of begging in Ghana is a historical phenomenon. In the past, it was interpreted in religious and geographical terms where the beggars in the capital city of Accra were said to be destitute Muslims coming from the northern sector of Ghana due to the poverty situation in the area. This study looks at the position of Islam on begging. It also highlights good ways of raising a child in Dagbon and why parents send their children to beg. Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were used to explore the perspectives of mallams and parents regarding child begging in Dagbon and data were also collected through participant observation. Our study shows that there was a dichotomy of opinions between clergy participants (who stated that Islam does not support begging) and the parent participants (who believed Islam supported begging). The practice of child begging in Dagbon differs from how it is practiced elsewhere in West Africa. The role of the secular Ghanaian government regarding child begging, in spite of laws on compulsory education and a ban on child labour, is largely absent.

SOCIAL ANOMALIES IN VOLYN IN THE PERIOD OF NEP AND THE FIGHT AGAINST THEM

The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the actions taken by the relevant Soviet authorities in Volyn in the period of the new economic policy (NEP), in order to eliminate the manifestations of different types of social anomalies. Objectives of the study: to determine the main forms of deviant behavior of certain categories of the population of Soviet Volyn and their manifestations during NEP; explore the ways and methods of the Soviet power's fight against them. The methodological basis of the study is general scientific (logical and comparative) and special historical methods (problem-chronological). They allowed us to determine the period in which social anomalies were investigated specifically, in chronological and logical sequence. Comparative analysis was used to study individual phenomena. The research is also based on the principles of science, historicism and objectivity. The Scientific Novelty. A comprehensive analysis of the problem of manifestations of social anomalies in the region in the period of NEP and ways of fighting them was made for the first time. New archival documents on this problem and materials of the periodicals of those years were put into scientific circulation. The study reflects an attempt to give an objective, impartial assessment of these phenomena and actions of the Soviet authorities in the defined period. The Conclusions . During the 1920s the new economic policy of the Soviet state was implemented in terms of increasing of the manifestations of various social anomalies. The struggle against them was performed in difficult socio-economic situation, where society found itself after the civil war. According to the analysis of archival sources, the Soviet authorities gave these processes ideological coloring and responded rigidly to open or hidden forms of struggle against it. These problems were caused by various factors, but first and foremost by the destructive processes in society itself and the Bolsheviks' struggle for the assertion of their power. In order to overcome certain negative social phenomena (drunkenness, hooch-making, prostitution), the authorities used both repressive methods of punishment and preventive-propaganda instruments. An in-depth study of social anomalies on the territory of Volyn province, such as child crime and begging, is relevant for further research on this issue.

Социально-экономическое положение российских эмигрантов в Шанхае в 1922–1925 годах

The article focuses on the problem of social and economic status of Russian émigrés in Shanghai in 1922–1925, in particular from the arrival of the Siberian flotilla to the beginning of the May Thirtieth Movement. Based on previously unexplored official records from the Shanghai Municipal Archive (SMA), Shanghai Municipal Police Files (SMPF) and the detailed research of the press, the author manages to significantly supplement the portrait of Russian émigrés’ life during the above period. The wider source base of this research, as compared those that are available for an earlier period of 1917–1922, allows us to describe the social and economic status of the émigrés in more precise terms. Statistical information from the Municipal Council of the Shanghai International Settlement evidences a high unemployment rate among the émigrés (according to the police records, it reached 71,4 % among employable men). Obviously, the humanitarian aid from the government and city communities could not satisfy needs of the unemployed. 1) At the end of 1924, Shanghai press reported the case when the Russians were sleeping in the houses without roof near the Chapei railway; 2) Shanghai was able to provide free food only for 2280 Russian refugees. However, according to statistics dated October 9, 1923 and February 1, 1924, the number of unemployed men and women reached 3 500. This means that not all Russians in Shanghai were provided with a minimum of food. As compared to 1917–1922, problems of women and street kids also persisted but due to public support child begging stopped although problems of women continued to exist until the communists came to power in Shanghai. “Russian prostitution” even became part of the Shanghai’s historical memory. A special problem during the period of 1922–1925 was poor sanitation in areas where Russian cadets lived as a result of harsh living conditions and low social and economic status (this situation was not recorded in the anniversary editions of Khabarovsky and Siberian Cadet Corps).

An Analytical Study Of The Nature And Issues Of Beggars In Karachi


 Begging is a phenomenon that attracts global attention, particularly when it comes to children, because of their vulnerability and negative side effects on their personalities. The age of a child places him/her at a disadvantage and one of the most humiliating profession for a child is begging. According to the defining characteristics of the ILO, child begging is a form of forced child labour. By using quantitative research method researcher has analyzed different factors and circumstances which these beggars are experiencing, and the universe of population for this study is chosen as metropolitan city Karachi of Sindh, Pakistan. Whereas, convenience and purposive sampling techniques of non-probability sampling method are used in order to collect the data by two hundred and sixteen (216) respondents from various areas of Karachi city. The current study focuses on the socio-economic issues related to girls and boys beggars living in Karachi. Beggar children beg on the streets, but they build some relationships with people whom they meet on a daily basis, e.g. shopkeepers, street vendors, criminals and etc. These relationships define their behaviour and attitude, which may be positive or negative and they get acquainted with them and get involved in different activities.

The tomato paste tin can: An African journey (Burkina Faso)

In Burkina Faso, where imported goods now constitute the basic ingredients of the daily urban diet, tomato paste seems to epitomize the country’s position at the end of the globalized food chain. With the expansion of this manufactured comestible, the empty tomato paste tin can also has gradually replaced previously used calabashes and plastic bowls to become the sole recipient used by child beggars for receiving food donations. As such, it has become the primary graphic symbol for child begging, in particular, and for African underdevelopment in general. But this iconic status should not eclipse the fact that most Burkinabe households use this same can for a large array of daily tasks. This article patiently follows ‘the can’ through the variety of its uses, from tomato paste container to water recipient, measuring instrument, begging device, seat or cooking pot, thus offering a contribution to the social study of objects. It reveals that street children and Koranic students are both marginalized by using it, and also included in the various informal networks it ties together. Usually framed as an emblem of ‘underdevelopment’ and ‘poverty’, the can becomes a symbol of the transformations of the Burkinabe economy and of the rapid changes of consumption patterns the country is experiencing.

Eliminating and Sustaining Factors Influencing Child Begging in North Central Geo-Political Zone of Nigeria

Eliminating and Sustaining Factors Influencing Child Begging in North Central Geo-Political Zone of Nigeria

Tráfico de crianças para fins de exploração da mendicidade: contextualização do problema, (algumas) medidas de protecção das vítimas e lacunas do sistema português

A transposição de diversos instrumentos de direito internacional e europeu para o ordenamento jurídico português levou à recente criminalização da mendicidade forçada infantil, passando a mesma a ser punida como tráfico de pessoas. Pretendemos aqui prestar o nosso contributo para o conhecimento deste fenómeno em Portugal, mediante a análise de algumas das suas causas e origens, assim como de algumas medidas de protecção que a legislação nacional consagra para as crianças traficadas, centrando-se na sua aplicação e eficácia.

Exploring the stressors and resources of Muslim child beggars in Dagbon of Northern Ghana in the context of child rights and existing realities

Introduction: Though the Convention on the Right of the Child (CRC) states that children have a right to education and to be protected from exploitative child labour, child begging is a widespread phenomenon. Children who beg experience stressful conditions but they continue to beg. This article explores the stressors and resources of Muslim child beggars in Dagbon in Northern Ghana and the consequences of their involvement in begging.Methods: This qualitative study uses “Draw and Tell” as a research instrument to look into the working environment of these children by bringing into focus the negative experiences they encounter in begging and the resources that enable them to cope.Findings: Though the children encounter negative experiences such as insults and beatings, they are motivated by their social networks, catering for their educational needs and seeing begging as temporary and a means through which they help their families.Discussion: High levels of poverty in Northern Ghana may account for children’s engagement in begging but it affects them physically, psychologically and cognitively. This has implications on their educational achievement and future economic opportunities. The CRC emphasises the need for children’s education but some children in Ghana continue to beg at the expense of their education.Conclusion: Although the government of Ghana is a signatory to international child rights documents, and Ghana has a children’s Act (Act 560), child beggars in Dagbon do not have their right to education protected. Local realities mean that parents follow religious and cultural traditions rather than national legal frameworks.

Child Begging in Chandigarh-A Survey Report

As per the Indian Penal Code, 1860, begging refers to ‘the practice of soliciting or receiving alms in a public or private place by any means ’. Using a minor as an exhibit for the purpose of soliciting or receiving alms is considered as begging and is punishable under Section 363 A of the IPC. A survey was carried out in June 2016 in East areas of Chandigarh. This paper aims to bring forward the ugly face of Child Begging in our City Beautiful. Having being amongst the most perfect city of the world (as per BBC), this practice still prevails in our city. Objectives included carrying out survey on child beggars by the means of Headcounts and Interview, reporting cases of Child Labour and other emergency cases that required immediate attention. Inclusive survey, Headcount and Interview Schedule were adopted as methods of carrying out the survey. The survey revealed that out of 274 headcounts 191 were males and 93 were females indicating the sex ratio in this practice. It was also found that these children had been pushed into beggary by parents or unfavourable circumstances. Prominent States from where they are coming are Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. It was concluded that efforts should be made to increase faith in the authorities. Awareness should be created among the citizens for not giving money or alms to beggars. Allocation of more resources to the helplines should be done for their effective response.

On the Talibé Phenomenon: A Look into the Complex Nature of Forced Child Begging in Senegal

This paper focuses on factors that have contributed to the persistence of forced child begging in Senegal. It interprets from a socio-cultural perspective the evolution and acceptance of an unremitting social phenomenon where talibés or Muslim child disciples beg on the streets of a now metropolitan Senegal. In seeking to highlight the fundamental causes of forced child begging, this paper draws on fieldwork and interviews with religious leaders, ngo representatives and Senegalese citizens. The paper then argues that there are four vital factors at the root of the perpetuation of the issue in question: parental motivation; the concept of alms giving; the lack of collaboration among various advocacy groups; and the lack of communication between government officials and religious leaders. These factors in their breadth allow for a macroscopic and exploratory analysis of the phenomenon of forced child begging and the implications of the problems it poses for the current state of Senegalese society. Finally, the paper aims to highlight how proposed solutions of engaging in forthright conversations about the controversial nature of the practice along with consolidating earnest efforts to put an end to it, can help lead to the termination of what has emerged as a modern human rights tragedy.

Is begging a Roma cultural practice? Answers from the Italian legal system and anthropology

Several Italian judges, including the members of the Supreme Court, have defined begging with children as a “Roma cultural practice”. In response, the Italian Parliament enacted law no. 94/2009, which severely represses the practice. The article contests that begging is a Roma cultural practice and claims, instead, that it is an economic practice which may sometimes connect to other elements of Roma culture. The article critiques both the cultural argument put forward by Italian judges, and Italian law no. 94/2009, neither of which serves to defend the rights of Roma children. It concludes by suggesting a different kind of legal approach to child begging, more respectful of the constitutional duty of solidarity and protection of the family, and based on social policies rather then criminal repression.

Conceptualizing child labour trafficking and exploitation: The case of Roma children in Montenegro

Trafficking of children for labour exploitation is a profit-oriented criminal activity by which children are recruited, transported, harboured or received for the purpose of labour exploitation irrespective of whether or not force, abduction, fraud or other means were used. This paper examines child labour trafficking in the context of human rights violations and as the worst form of child labour. In an attempt to situate the discourse of alleged labour exploitation and trafficking of Roma children in Montenegro, focusing in particular on instances of child begging, this paper offers an overview of the international legal framework as well as the Government of Montenegro?s policy framework relevant to this issue; an analysis of implicated historical, familial and cultural structures; and focuses on identifying root causes in terms of push-pull factors that are associated with enhancing children?s vulnerability and proneness to exploitation. Along with a set of recommendations, in closing, the paper calls for a more sophisticated analysis of child labour trafficking and, in the case of Roma children, a more nuanced understanding of historical and cultural pretexts against the backdrop of labour trafficking.

Family Rationales behind Child Begging in Antananarivo

<titre>R&#233;sum&#233;</titre>Les enfants mendiants constituent une cat&#233;gorie particuli&#232;re d&#8217;enfants travailleurs. Ils sont g&#233;n&#233;ralement associ&#233;s aux enfants des rues, selon le sens donn&#233; &#224; ce terme par l&#8217;Unicef. L&#8217;analyse de la mendicit&#233; est donc le plus souvent celle de strat&#233;gies de survie des enfants. &#192; partir d&#8217;une enqu&#234;te exploratoire r&#233;alis&#233;e &#224; Antananarivo &#224; l&#8217;automne 2009, cet article montre que dans la capitale de Madagascar, les enfants mendiants sont en tr&#232;s grande majorit&#233; exploit&#233;s par leur famille et ne sont donc pas des enfants de la rue. Cette note de recherche propose une typologie des cat&#233;gories d&#8217;enfants mendiants fond&#233;e sur les contraintes exerc&#233;es par les parents, dans une optique de logique familiale et de trajectoire des enfants mendiants, et en discute les interpr&#233;tations. Les r&#233;sultats soulignent qu&#8217;au moins trois cat&#233;gories d&#8217;enfants mendiants peuvent &#234;tre distingu&#233;es. Elles sont associ&#233;es &#224; des formes de contraintes diff&#233;rentes sur les enfants et correspondent &#224; des classes d&#8217;&#226;ge particuli&#232;res. Les plus jeunes subissent des violences physiques de la part de leur famille pour les forcer &#224; mendier. &#192; partir d&#8217;un certain &#226;ge, les violences physiques s&#8217;att&#233;nuent et la r&#232;gle est plut&#244;t l&#8217;absence de nourriture donn&#233;e &#224; l&#8217;enfant. Enfin, pour les plus &#226;g&#233;s, nous pouvons consid&#233;rer que la violence devient psychologique par des m&#233;canismes de culpabilisation des enfants vis-&#224;-vis de leur famille, afin qu&#8217;ils continuent &#224; mendier pour elle.