Chief Role Research Articles

What Makes an Effective Chief of Pediatric Cardiology: Insights From Chiefs of North American Pediatric Programs.

Although the position of a pediatric cardiology chief is often seen as the apex of one's academic career, its roles, responsibilities, and qualifications are not well defined in the literature. This study was done to gain further insight of the role and attributes of a pediatric cardiology chief by surveying those who are currently serving the position across North American centers. This was a mixed-methods study with a survey given to North American pediatric cardiology chiefs at programs with fellowship training programs. The survey was a semistructured questionnaire that was independently reviewed by 3 cardiologists. Smaller private practice groups and nonacademic programs were excluded. Survey inventory included items rated on a 5-point Likert scale, open-ended prompts, and targeted questions. A total of 40 of 65 (62%) pediatric cardiology chiefs responded to the survey. Respondents identified key chief attributes included communication skills, honesty/transparency, and conflict-resolution skills. Likert scale data demonstrated participants were satisfied with their position, although many reported growing concerns of increased demands from administration, faculty, and pressures of program performance in the current era. There is also a noted paucity of diversity among those serving in leadership positions within pediatric cardiology, which was acknowledged by survey respondents. We gathered information directly from current North American pediatric cardiology chiefs examining the current era of its role. There are resounding themes on the emphasis for communication, honesty, conflict resolution, and mentorship. Future studies should examine faculty perceptions and a global perspective of the role.

The Wetu Telu Community’s Customary Chief Influence on the Management of Indigenous Forests in Bayan, North Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara

The existence of an institution system and customary chief is very important for the sustainability of customary forest management. This study attempts to explain the function of the traditional chief of Wetu Telu community in the management of indigenous forests in the Bayan Sub-District, North Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Province, as well as the institutional framework and changes in that function. Observation, interviews, and documentation were used to collect data. The data obtained was analyzed thematically using Nvivo 12 Software, while a descriptive analysis used the Milles and Huberman Model. The results show that customary chiefs have the following roles: raise public awareness, spearhead conservation efforts, convey moral and spiritual messages, guide and oversee conservation efforts, mediate conflicts of interest related to nature, lead religious activities related to nature, and establish communication and collaboration. The institutional system of the Wetu Telu community’s customary chief consists of several components, including special requirements, an appointment mechanism, personnel, a term of office, a source of income, and a dismissal mechanism. The role of the customary chief in indigenous forest management continues to be strengthened from time to time. The reasons for strengthening the role of the customary chief are the issuance of the Constitutional Court Decision Number 35 of 2012 concerning the status of indigenous forests, the recognition of the success of local wisdom-based forest management patterns, increasing public awareness of the importance of environmental conservation, global warming, and, the development of ecotourism. Keywords: customary chief, indigenous forest management, local government, Wetu Telu community

Voting Rights of Indigenous Papuan Women in a Patriarchal Culture: A Study of Gender Equality among Indigenous Papuan Women in Yoboi Village, Sentani District, Jayapura Regency, Papua From the Perspective of Jurgen Habermas

Gender equality has become a significant issue and a focal point at both the national and international levels. The government has implemented various measures as a commitment to minimizing gender disparities. Women, being a vital part of human resources, must optimize their abilities, intelligence, and their role as mothers. Therefore, the issue of gender equality must be intertwined in the development process. Consequently, increasing women’s responsibilities has a positive impact on economic growth in Indonesia. The Gender Empowerment Index (IPG) reveals a substantial gap between provinces in Indonesia, especially in the eastern regions. The cultural system in Papua, which adheres to a patriarchal system, results in the confinement and neglect of women’s voting rights. This research adopts a critical or transformative paradigm processed from the intersection of criticism regarding assumptions made by previous researchers. A critical perspective typically utilizes information gaps for analysis, followed by reconstructing a new narrative without gaps. This allows for the development of a new, feasible concept, enabling researchers to design a new approach. This qualitative study aims to describe and explain the suppression of voting rights experienced by indigenous Papuan women in Yoboi Village, Sentani District, Jayapura Regency, Papua. The results indicate that Papuan women face numerous obstacles in exercising their voting rights in education, economy, culture, and religion. However, there are several ways to address these challenges, such as creating a discussion forum to explore the potential of Papuan women and providing opportunities for them to contribute their opinions. Additionally, the roles of tribal chiefs and customary leaders are crucial in providing space for Papuan women to actively participate in the development of their villages. Keywords: patriarchal culture, indigenous Papuan women

Designing a new sustainable healthcare network considering the COVID-19 pandemic: Artificial intelligence-based solutions

The COVID-19 pandemic, which is still spreading its new mutations all around the world, is considered a healthcare challenge around the world. The best approach to forestall this pandemic is to avoid exposure to the virus. Therefore, medical protective equipment is essential for fighting this pandemic. This underlines the chief role of having a sustainable supply chain network (SCN) for producing and distributing personal protective equipment to avoid shortage and augmenting costs. The reality, however, is that the COVID-19 pandemic leads to many developments in countries and this study is another step for these purposes. This research developsa multi-period, multi-objective, multi-echelon, and multi-product medical protective equipment sustainable SCN considering the production, distribution, allocation, and inventory with “risk pooling” strategy effect with the aim of filling the existing gaps in health SCN research during the COVID-19 pandemic. By applying the risk pooling strategy, lower inventory levels or higher service levels can be achieved without increasing inventory costs. This model explores the possibility of lateral transshipments between distribution centers, as a way to increase the reliability of SCN performance. We model a new production, inventory, distribution, location, and allocation problem and consider four objectives for our suggested model (i) minimizing total SCN costs, (ii) minimizing environmental effects, (iii) minimizing social impacts, and (iv) maximizing the reliability of demand delivery. The proposedmodel simultaneously examines all three dimensions of sustainability (economic, environmental, and social) as well as the reliability of demand delivery. Considering all of these decisions and assumptions brings the studied problem closer to reality. We employ various algorithms for solving our developed model with different sizes: the improved version of the augmented ε-constraint (AUGMECON2) algorithm for small and medium-sized problems and two meta-heuristic algorithms, i.e., Multi-Objective Whale Optimization Algorithm (MOWOA) and Multi-Objective Variable Neighborhood Search (MOVNS) algorithm, for large-sized ones. The Taguchi approach is used to tune the parameters of meta-heuristic algorithms, and a comparison is performed using four evaluation metrics: Mean Ideal Distance (MID), Number of Pareto Solutions (NPS), Maximum Spread (MS), and Spread of Non-Dominance Solution (SNS). Proposed solving methods for the studied problem and making comparisons between them are another innovation of this study. A couple of numerical examples are provided to illustrate the applicability of the presented solution methods. Finally, sensitivity analysis for problem parameters is performed to validate our suggested model. Our study reveals the superiority of the MOWOA over the other algorithms.

Secrets in the Rafters: A Traditional Chief’s House in Pohnpei

This study examines the construction of an ihmwenei, a traditional chief’s house, constructed from 1974 to 1976 in Wene, in the district of Kitti (Pohnpei, Micronesia). Such a house had not been built on Pohnpei since the late 1800s. Construction of the stone foundation and timber framing and manufacture of the roof, walls and floors are described, along with details pertaining to the acquisition of materials and the names and purposes of particular house features. The study of the construction of a Pohnpeian house also provides an avenue for the exploration of the sociopolitical role of chiefs on the island, as well as traditional ontological frameworks which privilege secrecy and protection as a critical aspect of the chief’s dwelling.

Identity, experience, and non-partisan: the institution of traditional chiefs and development in a rural local municipality in North West Province, South Africa

ABSTRACT This paper explores the place and role of chiefs and their institution in the governance and development of rural society in South Africa, using a case study of six tribal authorities in the Moses Kotane Local Municipality, North West Province. It examines whether chiefs have taken active development roles in their communities, and how they are perceived by society vis-à-vis community councillors. It argues that active roles and endorsement by the people are evidence of the significance of chiefs in the rural governance structures. In the studied tribal authorities, chiefs assumed central development roles, by initiating development projects, mobilizing stakeholders, and providing information to their people that ensured compliance with government COVID-19 regulations. While development and service delivery issues are the mandate of the community councillors and council, people saw the chiefs as best suited to spearhead development in their areas, because of their proximity to society and knowledge of their needs. The paper argues that the institution of the chiefs constitutes an accountable leadership that acts in the interests of all people, and chiefs should be incorporated in rural governance structures.

Optimization of indole acetic acid produced by plant growth promoting fungus, aided by response surface methodology

Indole acetic acid (IAA) is one of the prime communicator playing a chief role in the interaction between host plant and endophytes. IAA produced by the endophytes primarily contributes to plant growth and development. Here, we optimized IAA production by an endophytic fungus Diaporthe terebinthifolli GG3F6 isolated from the asymptomatic rhizome of Glycyrrhiza glabra employing response surface methodology (RSM) and exploring its effect on the host plant biology. The methodology revealed 1.1 fold increases in IAA accumulation. The maximum IAA (121.20 μg/mL) was achieved using tryptophan substrate (1 mg/mL) in Potato dextrose broth (48 g/L) adjusted to pH 12 and incubated at 35 °C for 7 days. The significantly low p-value (p < 0.0001) of the experiment propounded that the model best fits the experimental data, and the independent variables have considerable effects on the production of IAA. Morphologically, the in-vitro grown G. glabra plants showed enhanced root and shoot growth when co-cultivated with the isolated endophytic fungal strain (GG3F6) relative to the control plants. Also, the enhanced accumulation of total phenolic (10.7 %) and flavonoid (10.2 %) in the endophyte treated plants was observed. The optimization of IAA production by an endophytic fungus using (RSM) has not been reported so far. Interestingly, 2.1 fold increase in glycyrrhizin content was recorded in GG3F6 treated in-vitro host plants as compared to the control plants. This suggested a potential use of D. terebinthifolli as a biostimulator for plant and enhanced accumulation of glycyrrhizin. The study highlights the dynamic host-endophyte interaction for exploitation in agricultural and pharmaceutical applications.

Custom and Commodification: The Role of Earth Priests, Family Heads, Chiefs and Youth in Land Administration Among the Bulsa of Northern Ghana

Custom and Commodification: The Role of Earth Priests, Family Heads, Chiefs and Youth in Land Administration Among the Bulsa of Northern Ghana

Gouqi-derived nanovesicles (GqDNVs) inhibited dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy associating with AMPK/SIRT1/PGC1α signaling pathway

With the increasing trend of global aging, sarcopenia has become a significant public health issue. Goji berry, also known as “Gou qi zi” in China, is a traditional Chinese herb that can enhance the structure and function of muscles and bones. Otherwise, previous excellent publications illustrated that plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles can exert good bioactive functions in different aging or disease models. Thus, we issued the hypothesis that Gouqi-derived nanovesicles (GqDNVs) may also have the ability to improve skeletal muscle health, though the effect and its mechanism need to be explored. Hence, we have extracted GqDNVs from fresh berries of Lycium barbarum L. (goji) and found that the contents of GqDNVs are rich in saccharides and lipids. Based on the pathway annotations and predictions in non-targeted metabolome analysis, GqDNVs are tightly associated with the pathways in metabolism. In muscle atrophy model mice, intramuscular injection of GqDNVs improves the cross-sectional area of the quadriceps muscle, grip strength and the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC1α pathway expression. After separately inhibiting AMPK or PGC1α in C2C12 cells with dexamethasone administration, we have found that the activated AMPK plays the chief role in improving cell proliferation induced by GqDNVs. Furthermore, the energy-targeted metabolome analysis in the quadriceps muscle demonstrates that the GqDNVs up-regulate the metabolism of amino sugar and nucleotide sugar, autophagy and oxidative phosphorylation process, which indicates the activation of muscle regeneration. Besides, the Spearman rank analysis shows close associations between the quality and function of skeletal muscle, metabolites and expression levels of AMPK and SIRT1. In this study, we provide a new founding that GqDNVs can improve the quality and function of skeletal muscle accompanying the activated AMPK/SIRT1/PGC1α signaling pathway. Therefore, GqDNVs have the effect of anti-aging skeletal muscle as a potential adjuvant or complementary method or idea in future therapy and research.Graphical

Persepsi Masyarakat Dalam Penanganan Konflik Tanah Antara Ohoi Kelanit dan Ohoi Loon Pada Kabupaten Maluku Tenggara

This research is to analyze community perceptions in handling land conflicts between ohoi kelanit and ohoi loon in kei kecil sub-district, southeast maluku. The research location is Ohoi Kelanit and Ohoi Loon villages. The resource persons in this research are customary chiefs and community leaders. The data source in this research uses descriptive qualitative research data.The results of this study indicate that the thing that causes land disputes in the kei kecil sub- district of southeast maluku district between kelanit village and loon village is due to the construction of a welcome gate that has crossed the petuanan boundary. The role of the customary chief and community leaders in resolving land disputes is as a peace judge by summoning the parties related to the land dispute. While the obstacles that occur in the settlement of land disputes in Kelanit and Loon villages are that there are small groups that do not attend the settlement of land disputes.

O DELEGADO DE POLÍCIA COMO MEDIADOR DE CONFLITOS NAS INFRAÇÕES DE MENOR POTENCIAL OFENSIVO

This scientific article aims to verify the role of the police chief as a conflict mediator in crimes with less offensive potential, which is certain to prove to be an effective measure in São Paulo, which is why this practice deserves extension to the other states of Brazil, taking into account given the crisis that the Brazilian judiciary faces regarding Special Criminal Courts. Although Law n° 9.099/95 is guided by the principles of speed, procedural economy and efficiency, there are circumstances, outlined in this article, that prevent their consummation. Thus, through bibliographical research, the figure of the conciliator delegate is the solution to unburden the judiciary and resolve disputes in a humane and definitive manner.

The Master of Business Administration (MBA) Advantage for Police Chiefs: A Case for Studying Business for Law Enforcement Leadership

Historically, two advanced degrees — the Master of Criminal Justice (MCJ) and the Master of Public Administration (MPA) — have been considered the preferred choices for those seeking the highest ranks of law enforcement leadership. However, in recent years, characterized by rapid social change, technological progress, and growing public attention, the role of the police chief has evolved into a multifaceted leadership position that goes far beyond the traditional responsibilities of law enforcement. It covers a broader set of duties related to leadership and management communications in police units, organizational effectiveness, strategic management, administration, and control, effective financial resources and budgeting management, communications and accountability in local communities, and ethical decision-making to overcome the multifaceted challenges of modern police activity. The article argues that the degree of Master of Business Administration (MBA), known for its adaptability and versatility, can become a powerful alternative to MCJ and MPA today, as it provides police leaders with a more universal educational base, a comprehensive set of business skills and specialized knowledge, becomes more extensive, practical and an actual form of education of capable and adaptive police management personnel, allows to best prepare them for dynamic changes and transformation of job roles. The article critically examines to what extent and when solving which tasks the heads of police departments need knowledge and skills according to the traditional attributes of an MBA: in the field of financial management, strategic planning, leadership, and human resources management, effective and crisis communication, negotiation, interaction with the public, business ethics. The specifics of the application of the main attributes of those theories that are traditionally studied within the MBA program for the role of heads of police departments are analyzed: the theory of servant leadership, the theory of situational leadership, the theory of managerial economics, PESTEL analysis, and the theory of human relations. As a conceptual inquiry, this article lays the groundwork for continued research in this area to explore the MBA and its content courses as a useful tool for developing the skills and abilities of law enforcement leaders.

Traditional Administrative Leadership in Rantau Bais Sub-District, Rokan Hilir, Riau, Indonesia

Purpose: This research examines the role and dynamics of traditional administrative leadership in Rantau Bais Sub-District, Rokan Hilir, Riau, Indonesia. The objective of this research is to analyze the traditional administrative leadership of the Penghulu in Rantau Bais Sub-District. Theoretical framework: In the context of globalization and the rapid modernization process, the role of the village chief (Penghulu) as a traditional leader becomes increasingly crucial to understand. Methods: A qualitative approach is employed, involving in-depth interviews and participatory observation to gain profound insights from the Penghulu and community members. Results and Conclusion: The findings of this research provide a better understanding of how traditional leadership in Rantau Bais Sub-District adapts to the changing times, addresses administrative challenges, and plays a key role in local development. The results of this research are expected to contribute theoretically and practically to our understanding of traditional leadership in the rapidly changing local context. Research implications: The implications of these research findings can serve as a foundation for developing policies that support community empowerment, preserve traditional values, and foster adaptive leadership development in Rantau Bais Sub-District and similar communities throughout Indonesia. Originality/value: The analysis also found the emergence of a new trait in the village chief’s leadership emphasized in the previous trait theory, namely, “Justice,” which manifests in community development issues.

Silver-decorated SrTiO3 nanoparticles for high-performance supercapacitors and effective remediation of hazardous pollutants.

SrTiO3/Ag nanocomposites were synthesized using a facile wet impregnation method, employing rigorous experimental techniques for comprehensive characterization. XRD, FTIR, UV, PL, FESEM, and HRTEM were meticulously utilized to elucidate their structural, functional, morphological, and optical properties. The electrochemical performance of the SrTiO3/Ag nanocomposite was rigorously assessed, revealing an impressive specific capacitance of 850 F/g at a current density of 1A. Furthermore, the photocatalytic activity of the SrTiO3/Ag nanocomposite was rigorously examined using methylene blue (MB) dye, and the results were outstanding. After 120min of UV irradiation, the nanocomposite exhibited an exceptional MB dye degradation efficiency exceeding 88%. The SrTiO3/Ag nanocomposite represents an exemplary catalyst in terms of efficiency, cost-effectiveness, environmental compatibility, and reusability. The electron and superoxide radicals play a chief role in the MB dye degradation process. The inclusion of Ag within the SrTiO3 matrix facilitated the formation of a conductive nano-network, ultimately resulting in superior capacitive and photocatalytic performance.

Operating Under Stress: An Experiential Exercise to Illustrate the Sources and Consequences of Work Stress

This experiential exercise is crafted around the classic board game Operation® (Hasbro 2008). Students are instructed that they are members of an emergency room team responsible for curing their patient of their ailments. However, unlike the board game, students in roles of doctors, nurses, and chief of surgery grapple with numerous sources of work-related challenge and hindrance stressors while trying to complete their job duties. In addition, participants are intermittently exposed to various types of work and non–work-related stressors throughout the exercise that cause interruptions to job fulfillment. These various conditions serve to illuminate the sources of job stress as well as the implications of both challenge and hindrance stressors on critical workplace outcomes, such as motivation, satisfaction, and workplace performance. This experiential exercise can be expanded to incorporate several organizational behavior topics, such as justice/fairness, leadership, teamwork, and work redesign.

Influence of Cooling Rate and Alloying by “Cr, V, and Ni” on Microstructure and High-Temperature Wear Behavior of SiMo Ductile Iron

AbstractSiMo ductile irons, typical heat-resistant materials, are subjected to varied wear environments during operation in high-temperature applications. SiMo ductile iron castings of different thicknesses were cast in investment and greensand molds, achieving a wide range of cooling rates. The present work aims to investigate the effect of the cooling rate and alloying elements (Cr, V, and Ni) on the microstructure and the abrasive wear behavior of these grades of SiMo ductile iron at high-temperature 700 °C under different loads. Thermodynamic calculations were used to propose the phase diagrams, critical transformation temperatures, and phase volume fractions in all SiMo alloys by using the Thermo-Calc software then verified by and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The microstructure of unalloyed SiMo ductile cast iron consists of graphite nodules and carbides embedded in the precipitates at the grain boundary regions in a ferrite matrix. The alloyed SiMo microstructure contains nodular graphite and the carbides promoted by the alloying elements (Cr and V). The alloyed SiMo alloys exhibit higher wear resistance than unalloyed ones. These wear results support that the microstructure plays a chief role in wear loss. The combination of M6C, VC, and M7C3 carbides embedded in a ferrite-pearlite matrix (alloyed SiMo) seems to be more resistant to wear than the ferritic matrix with lamellar pearlite and eutectic M6C carbides (unalloyed SiMo).

Role of Traditional Leaders in Zimbabwe in Consolidating Peace

The study endeavours to examine the role of chiefs, headmen, and Sabhuku in managing political conflict for national peacebuilding in Zimbabwe. Traditionally, conflicts were resolved by a council of chiefs, Sabhuku, and headmen. Chiefs, Headmen, and Sabhuku have long been active in mediation by balancing the process of mediation and tribal disputes, and in some cases have led in restoring peace and reconciliation endeavors. Traditional leaders have historically played significant roles in Zimbabwean society and their involvement in consolidating peace has been crucial. Traditional leaders in African indigenous tribes especially in Zimbabwe have been involved in dispute resolution for many decades. However, compared to work in the field of formal conflict resolution, their contributions to conflict resolution have not been as well documented. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews. 20 key informants were purposefully sampled using a qualitative approach. A case study approach was employed with the use of interviews. Secondary data sources and desk reviews were also used in the study in order to supplement primary data from interviews. The qualitative method of data analysis called the thematic approach was used in this research. The findings also suggest that traditional leaders settled the majority of the issues by sitting down with the opposing parties and conversing with them to find a resolution to the conflicts. The study's findings indicate traditional leaders' impact on political conflict resolution and peacebuilding procedures. The majority of the participants in this study had experience with local conflicts and have understanding of traditional practices. The study concludes that Chiefs, Headmans, and Sabhukus shape the processes of political conflict resolution and peacebuilding in Zimbabwe.

Strategic rationalization for improved photocatalytic decomposition of toxic pollutants: Immobilizing Bi2Te3 nanorods and V2O5 nanoparticles over MoS2 nanosheets

Researchers have become increasingly interested in solar energy based on semiconductor photocatalysts to remove hazardous pollutants and clean the environment. In this work, an efficient MoS2-Bi2Te3-V2O5 nanocomposite has been prepared through wet impregnation method. MoS2-Bi2Te3-V2O5 photocatalyst was utilized to decompose the MB and Rh B dyes. The photocatalytic efficiency (Rh B) of MoS2-Bi2Te3-V2O5 nanocomposite (95.19 %) was higher than 2.70 times of Bi2Te3 nanorods, 1.55 times of V2O5 nanoparticles, 1.68 times of MoS2 nanosheets, 1.50 times of MoS2-Bi2Te3, and 1.21 times of MoS2-V2O5 nanocomposite, respectively. Recycling tests conducted on the MoS2-Bi2Te3-V2O5 nanocomposite revealed its high stability and durability. The outcomes obtained from the scavenger test suggest that the photogenerated hydroxyl radicals play a chief role in the photocatalytic performance of Rh B dye in the MoS2-Bi2Te3-V2O5 nanocomposite, respectively. The enhanced photocatalytic performance of the MoS2-Bi2Te3-V2O5 nanocomposite is ascribed to the strong hybrid formation of Bi2Te3, V2O5, and MoS2 nanosheets, respectively. Consequently, the straightforward and readily synthesized MoS2-Bi2Te3-V2O5 nanocomposite can serve as an economical, highly effective material for environmental applications.

Chiefs as Agents of Change in Kenya: An Examination of Roles of Pioneer Colonial Chiefs in Gem Location, Siaya County, Kenya (1890-1963)

The positions and responsibilities of District officers (Dos), District Commissioners (DCs), and Provincial Commissioners (PCs) have been widely recognized as integral components of the administrative apparatus aimed at establishing colonial rule in various colonies. However, there has been an expectation for African colonial chiefs to exhibit distinct behavior, deviating from the norm. African Chiefs should have fully endorsed the aspirations of their relatives and community members, particularly in their pursuit of political autonomy and socioeconomic advancement. Due to their failure to adhere to this practice, some chiefs have been stigmatized as vociferous accomplices of the European colonial powers, as well as despots, opportunists, traditionalists, fraudsters, and oppressors of their own populace. However, it is important to note that chiefs had a more extensive role and impact than what has been mentioned thus far. During that period, it is evident that they played significant roles in shaping the political and socio-economic development of their own societies. The focus of this study pertains to the involvement and significance of chiefs within the context of colonial local government administration in Gem locality, Siaya County, Kenya, during the period spanning from 1900 to 1962. Insufficient research has been conducted on the role of local government chiefs in colonial local government administration within the context of Gem history. Consequently, there is a pressing need for rigorous scholarly investigation in this particular area. The Chiefs in the Gem location played a significant role in the establishment and expansion of colonial rule in central Nyanza. However, this study aimed to investigate the process of identifying and recruiting these chiefs, the nature of their responsibilities, the challenges they encountered, and the overall impact of their activities on the Luo community in Gem. The research employed a qualitative methodology for both data gathering and analysis. The research methodology employed a range of instruments, namely library resources, archive materials, and oral interviews. These instruments were selected with careful consideration of factors such as reliability, validity, and ethical considerations. The primary theoretical framework employed in this study was Lugard's theory of indirect rule, as proposed in 1922. The function of chiefs in Gem within the context of colonial local administration has been widely recognized as crucial. These leaders enjoyed considerable privileges and protection, although their authority was greatly limited because to the conflicting and ambiguous positions they held. Moreover, through engaging in collaborative endeavors, chiefs play a pivotal role in driving the systematic progress within central Nyanza and among the clans in Gem. This work holds significance as it adds to the current body of knowledge and expands the understanding of the history of central Nyanza, with a specific focus on the Gem community.

Role of environmental, social, and governance rating data in predicting financial risk and risk management

AbstractTraditional industrial enterprises are primarily high pollution enterprises and high energy consumption. The achievement of the “dual carbon” motive in Chinese economic activities and environmental protection plays a chief role incorporating the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) into the risk management system of industrial enterprises. However, the industrial enterprises participating in ESG rating account for 46.97% of the listed enterprises, and the industrial enterprises that pay attention to ESG information disclosure account for 35.77% of the listed enterprises. Is ESG rating essential for the enhancement of industrial enterprises? Based on the transformation and upgrading of industrial enterprises, this research investigates how the ESG rating and ESG information disclosure affect the financial risk of industrial enterprises in China. The findings suggest that: (1) In China for industrial enterprise ESG plays an essential role which results in decrease in financial problems of industrial enterprise. (2) ESG is influential on monetary risk of industrial enterprise, the quality of enterprise ESG information disclosure plays an important intermediary role. (3) The lagging of ESG rating by one period is significantly positive related to the financial risk of industrial enterprises, and the financial risk prediction of industrial enterprises can be effectively indicated by the ESG rating data, which exhibits a stronger correlation coefficient than the existing rating system.