Chief Role Research Articles

Platelet indices and blood cell ratios in acute coronary syndrome and their predictive values

Background Platelets have a chief role in the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), where plaque rupture is followed by platelet activation and thrombus formation, leading to coronary artery occlusion. When platelets are activated, they become bigger in size, which can be measured by both mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet distribution width (PDW). Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of blood count parameters, including platelet indices such as MPV, mean platelet component, plateletcrit, PDW, and mean platelet mass and blood cell ratios such as neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, white blood cell to mean platelet volume (WMR) in ACS. Patients and methods This work was carried out at the Clinical Pathology and Cardiology Departments at Assiut University Hospital during the period between January 2017 and December 2017. It included two groups of participants: 250 patients with ACS (patient group) and 100 apparently healthy age-matched and sex-matched individuals (control group). Results Mean age of the patient group was 57.41 ± 12.15 years, with range between 31 and 90 years old. Of 250 patients with ACS, 187 (74.8%) patients were males. The patient group had significantly higher MPV, PDW, WMR, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in comparison with the control group, but the control group had higher mean platelet component and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (P Conclusion Low hemoglobin and increased RDW, MPV, and WMR were predictors for the development of major adverse cardiac event in patients diagnosed with ACS.

Медицина Прикамья в годы Великой Отечественной войны 1941–1945 годов

Attention is drawn to the lag in research of Perm medicine history during the Great Patriotic War from the general mainstream of historical publications of this period in domestic and foreign literature. So the filling of this lacuna presents one of the most perspective directions in the Ural historiography. The importance of Molotov (Perm) region in providing medical care to wounded and sick soldiers in the union and Ural system is emphasized. In this process a special role of Medical Institute becoming the basis of the organizational and personnel medical potential of the region has been highlighted. An equally important role is given to the study of scientific and applied research of medical scientists creating new methods of treatment and rehabilitation. The main areas of the health care system are characterized, the role of health chiefs, individual representatives of Perm medicine, which played an important role in achieving high results not only in the treatment and rehabilitation of wounded soldiers, but also in providing medical care to the civilian population is revealed. The level of effectiveness of complex measures in the main areas of medicine in the region is assessed. Promising areas of historical research on this topic are planned. It is mentioned that there is the need to involve not only archive staff, professional historians, but also the use of opportunities and achievements of the local history movement, school museums, memories of contemporaries, family documents and photographs, relics of the war years, resources of patriotic and youth organizations.

The role of serum Pro- and Anti-inflammatory cytokines as potential diagnostic markers for psoriasis

Aim: Cytokines secreted by T helper cell subgroups are considered to play chief roles in the complex pathobiology of psoriasis. Herein, we aimed to reveal the effects of anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines on the pathobiology of psoriasis disease and the correlation of these cytokines with severity of psoriasis. Materials and Methods: Thirty-seven individuals diagnosed with psoriasis and 37 healthy control subjects were enrolled for the study. The levels of Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), Soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L), Interferon gamma (IFNγ) and Interleukin (IL) 1β, IL4, IL6, IL10, IL17F, IL17A, IL21, IL22, IL23, IL25, IL31, IL33 were determined by the Luminex method. Results: The IL6, IFNγ, TNFα, sCD40L, IL17F, IL17A, IL23, IL25, and IL31 levels were found to be markedly advanced in individuals with psoriasis in contrast to the control group (p=0.003, p=0.02, p0.001, p=0.02, p=0.03, p=0.003, p=0.04, p=0.04, and p0.05).Conclusion: IFNγ, IL6, TNFα, sCD40L, IL17F, IL17A, IL23, IL31, IL25 and inflammatory markers were markedly advanced in patients with psoriasis, strongly supporting the notion that these cytokines are involved in the pathobiology of psoriasis disease. In conclusion, findings of the present study suggest that understanding of the functions of these cytokines in the complex pathogenesis of psoriasis disease is of great interest for the future therapeutic intervention.

Application of simulation in optimizing online sales check out operation in restaurant using tora

One of the expected gains by studying queuing systems is to review the efficiency of the models in terms of utilization and waiting length, hence increasing the number of queues so customers will not have to wait longer when servers are too busy. In other words, trying to estimate the waiting time and length of queue(s) is the aim of this research paper. We may use queuing simulation to obtain a sample performance result and we are more interested in obtaining estimated solutions for multiple queuing models. The restaurant Swiggy app details like customer arrival and service are directly collected from the eatery for a duration of 3 months. For the analysis point of view the queuing factors are found via Tora (Toolkit for Oracle) Software and Queuing simulation for the next month is also done. Empirical data of arrival and service times during the checkout process was recorded through observation technique to analyse the performance measures of the single-channel single-queue system at the checkout counter. Monte Carlo Simulation technique was used to analyse the operating characteristics of queues, efficiency and server utilization. These factors play a chief role in understanding customer satisfaction during the checkout process and help the management to evaluate service efficiency at the checkout points. This study enables to do research on the efficiency and effectiveness of using Online App in eateries thus avoiding direct customer waiting time in queues of restaurants.

Surface Modification of Kenaf Fiber Reinforced Epoxy based Composite

In day today life, the awareness to the public along with the ease in the fabrication of polymers, has let to the frequent polymer useage. Few developing industries have started using the materials that are renewable. In the present work, the mechanical behavior of short un-treated and treated (KmNO4) kenaf fiber reinforced epoxy based composites was investigated. Fabrication of composite materials were carried out with volume percentage (10 %, 20 %, 30%) of treated and un treated kenaf fibers. The polymer used as matrix was epoxy resin. The composite was fabricated by using hand layup method. The various fiber loading was performed and their properties studied. The mechanical strength like tensile, flexural and impact of the composite was analysed. The effect of treatment had showed improvement in the composite properties. It was found that KmNO4 treatment and kenaf fiber loading has enhanced the synergetical effects on the composite. These chemically surface modified composites with natural fiber reinforcement can have a chief role in the development of structural component parts. These materials may be used for light weight applications, especially in automobile sector and structural components.

Shared leadership in a medical division of an academic hospital

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to describe a successful model of shared medical leadership within an academic division of an urban children’s hospital.Design/methodology/approachExperience and outcomes were tracked over a three-year period during which two physicians shared the role of interim division chief of pediatric endocrinology and diabetes, resulting in a working model of shared leadership.FindingsAn evolutionary trajectory occurred over three years in which the strengths of the leaders were combined to optimize decision making in a complex medical division. Improvements in team satisfaction and additional positive outcomes were achieved.Practical implicationsBenefits of and challenges tackled by the strategic approach to shared leadership are identified to inform other medical institutions, particularly those with many team members or combined programs that include strong clinical and research components.Originality/valueLittle has been written within medical literature regarding shared leadership. The shared leadership model described in this paper can be implemented by others in a complex academic setting and will hopefully lead to more robust divisions.

Determinants of international subsidiaries’ performances

PurposeOne important strategy Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) employ to compete in the global market is to engage in foreign investment, but firms must know how they can perform better in the host country market. International subsidiaries’ performances play a chief role for MNEs’ globalization strategy. The purpose of this paper is to construct multi-level research with parent-level data at the higher level and subsidiary-level data at the lower level.Design/methodology/approachThis study helps capture the rapid growing trend in emerging markets and uses a sample of Taiwanese enterprises and their subsidiaries in China. The data come from the Taiwan Economic Journal database. Precisely, the authors obtain 711 Taiwanese MNEs and 4,458 of their subsidiaries in China.FindingsThis study finds among the parent company’s attributes that firm size, firm total performance, depth of internationalization and foreign shareholding have significant impacts on subsidiary performance, while within the subsidiary’s attributes, subsidiary size, subsidiary-owned capital and total investment fund significantly affect subsidiary performance.Originality/valueIn order to capture subsidiary performance, this study uses a multi-level analysis approach with the Hierarchical Linear Model statistic method to separate parent company attributes and subsidiary-owned attributes as two distinct levels. This method fills the gap in the literature by analyzing subsidiary performance and clarifying that foreign direct investment is a multi-level phenomenon that cannot be analyzed using a one-level analysis method.

Regulation of pain by neuro-immune interactions between macrophages and nociceptor sensory neurons.

Inflammation is the body's protective reaction to injury and infection. Pain is a hallmark of inflammation and can be either protective or detrimental during acute or chronic phase. Macrophages play a chief role in the pathogenesis of pain and have bilateral communications with nociceptors, the specialized primary sensory neurons that sense pain. Macrophages 'talk to' nociceptors by releasing pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g. pro-inflammatory cytokines) that induce pain via direct activation of nociceptors. Macrophages also 'listen to' nociceptors, by which nociceptors secrete neuropeptides and chemokines which act on macrophages. Activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in nociceptors releases CCL2, activating macrophages and potentiating pathological pain. Emerging evidence also points to a pro-resolution role of macrophages in inflammation and pain. Macrophage GPR37 is activated by neuroprotectin D1, a specialized pro-resolving mediator (SPM) and resolves inflammatory pain via phagocytosis and production of IL-10 that inhibits nociceptors. Macrophage-nociceptor interactions are also mediated by microRNAs and microRNA-containing exosomes in chronic pain. Notably, extracellular microRNAs (e.g. let-7b and miR-711) can directly bind and activate nociceptors. Targeting macrophage-nociceptor interactions will help to control inflammation and pain.

The Hippo Pathway, YAP/TAZ, and the Plasma Membrane.

The plasma membrane allows the cell to sense and adapt to changes in the extracellular environment by relaying external inputs via intracellular signaling networks. One central cellular signaling pathway is the Hippo pathway, which regulates homeostasis and plays chief roles in carcinogenesis and regenerative processes. Recent studies have found that mechanical stimuli and diffusible chemical components can regulate the Hippo pathway primarily through receptors embedded in the plasma membrane. Morphologically defined structures within the plasma membrane, such as cellular junctions, focal adhesions, primary cilia, caveolae, clathrin-coated pits, and plaques play additional key roles. Here, we discuss recent evidence highlighting the importance of these specialized plasma membrane domains in cellular feedback via the Hippo pathway.

Justice, Dignity, and Reward: Nurturing Relationships in the Gig Economy

Justice, Dignity, and Reward: Nurturing Relationships in the Gig Economy Calum Samuelson1 Introduction The Bible has a great deal to say about workers and work, but, due to considerable cultural and economic differences, it can be difficult to apply biblical wisdom to the complex landscape of modern work. The gig economy in particular presents many opportunities and obstacles to modern workers and employers, but its novel and evolving characteristics greatly complicate responses built upon comprehensive data. Thus, whilst acknowledging the importance of insights from fields such as law and economics, this essay takes a biblical approach in order to consider some of the underlying theological factors at play within the gig economy. By doing this, it is hoped that both workers and employers will be better equipped to parse and distinguish between the purported and actual advantages of the gig economy. Workers in the Bible can be divided into three basic groups: 1) professionals, the self-employed and those who owned property, 2) permanent workers (mainly relatives and servants)2 , 3) temporary workers (such as the disenfranchised and foreigners).3 This hierarchy of workers fundamentally created relationships of unequal power. Masters who owned land had more power and discretion than the permanent servants in their households, and both of these had more power than the temporary workers who often lacked both material resources and social capital (perhaps because of misfortune or disaster).4 The biblical corpus implicitly recognises that some asymmetry is inevitable in relationships between human beings and, on that basis, provides guidance for acceptable behaviour in whatever socio-economic position people may find themselves. Thus, all workers are endowed with some measure of positional power, and nowhere in Scripture are the obligations of this endowment made clearer than in the domestic codes given by Paul in the New Testament.5 Paul’s exhortation to both masters and servants to treat each other ‘in the same way’6 due to their shared status as ‘servants of Christ’7 was truly revolutionary in the time of the early Church. Studies • volume 108 • number 432 432 Calum Samuelson Positional power is, of course, closely related to the idea of agency. The Book of Judges 6:15 illustrates a five-fold hierarchy of agency: ‘But sir, how can I deliver Israel? My clan is the weakest in Manasseh, and I am the least in my family’.8 This single verse conveys agency at the national level (Israel), tribal level (Manasseh), clan level, family level and the individual level (Gideon himself). Each level was respected and responsible for actions and behaviour within that level. This means that Israel was responsible for things as a nation that Gideon was not necessarily responsible for; Gideon could not be a ‘light to the nations’ by himself. Crucially, the divisions of positional power exist within and across the hierarchies of agency (the role of chief always entails high positional power, but the individual who relinquishes that position does not). The biblical hierarchy of agency is shifted in the New Testament, but still articulates a stratified vision involving the Church, geographic assemblies of the Church (ekklesia),9 ethnic groups,10 families11 and households,12 and individuals. Jesus teaches about bearing fruit at the individual level, but there is also the fuller and mysterious sense in which groups of people can bear fruit collectively; the Spirit of God who produces the fruit does not dwell in isolated individuals but rather in assemblies of God’s people.13 This means that separate agents can become a single agent together in Christ even though their positional powers are different; the master and the servant are both essential members of the Body of Christ! These truths have significant implications for work in general and for the gig economy in particular. An increasing number of participants in the gig economy are temporary workers who are kept at arm’s length from the company for which they work. Giggers occupy roles of low positional power that must be mediated by large, international platforms such as Upwork. However, it is precisely in this context that many giggers hope to obtain or initially feel an increased sense of their agency as individuals. For Christians today, freelancers...

UML2Merge: a UML extension for model merging

Model merging plays a chief role in many software engineering activities, e.g. evolving Unified Modelling Language (UML) models for adding new features. Software developers may evolve UML models using merge relationships. However, given the growing heterogeneity of merge strategies and the UML limitations for expressing merge relationship, it is particularly challenging for them to specify merge relationships. Consequently, developers, end up expressing improperly merge relationships. Today, the UML can neither specify the semantics nor the order in which merge relationships must be performed. Developers are unable to specify the semantics and order in which merge relationships must be performed. This study, therefore, proposes UML2Merge, which is a UML extension for expressing merge relationship. The UML2Merge was evaluated through an empirical study with 10 participants for investigating its effects on the merge effort, the correctness of merge relationships, and the participant's acceptance. The collected data suggest that the UML2Merge is proper to express merge relationships by requiring a low merge effort, producing elevated correctness of merge relationships, and having a high acceptance of the participants. The results are encouraging and show the potential for using UML2Merge to express the evolution of UML models through merge relationships.

A Review of Agricultural Technology Transfer in Africa: Lessons from Japan and China Case Projects in Tanzania and Kenya

Agricultural technology transfer plays a chief role in transforming agricultural productivity in rural areas especially in the current setting where food demand surpasses the production capacity. Technology transfer facilitates the movement of soft and hard skills essential for improving farm production. Yet, the technical cooperation projects in Africa have been suffering from effectiveness and sustainability challenges while lacking responsiveness to local demand. This study applies a system dynamic method and a literature review to bring lessons from Japan and China’s experiences in agricultural technology transfer projects to Africa. Three cases in agricultural technical cooperation projects are presented: China—(Agricultural Technology Demonstration Center (ATDC) in Tanzania), Japan—(Smallholder Horticulture Empowerment Project (SHEP), and Rice Industry Development Support (RIDS) in Kenya and Tanzania, respectively). Japanese and Chinese agricultural technology has the potential to improve productivity and the livelihood of rural households. Nevertheless, strong linkages, commitment, and participation of all stakeholders in the design and implementation of agricultural technology transfer projects play an important role in enhancing project sustainability in the recipient countries. Further studies are recommended such as, to explain the agricultural technology transfer mechanism that fits well to equip beneficiary autonomy in terms of knowledge and capacity of production in the recipient country. The local governments need to set policy environments and institutional frameworks that encourage and support the agricultural technology transfer to benefit the rural farmers.

In-vitro Fluorescence Spectroscopic Analysis of the Interaction of Glimepiride with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)

Background: The significant study was made to investigate the interaction of an antidiabetic drug, glimepiride with bovine serum albumin (BSA) by fluorescence quenching method in two different temperatures (298K and 308K).
 Methods: The study was carried out through fluorescence spectroscopic analysis. Stern-Volmer equation determined the fluorescence quenching constant. The various thermodynamic parameters such as free energy (ΔG), enthalpy (ΔH), and entropy (ΔS) was found out by Van’t Hoff equation.
 Results: The data revealed that glimepiride interact with BSA and both tryptophan and tyrosine residues of BSA are responsible for interactions with glimepiride. BSA undergo static quenching in presence of glimepiride, a quencher. The hydrophobic forces participated in chief roles for BSA-glimepiride complexation and this was indicated by the values of thermodynamic parameters. The binding number (n) obtained was ≈1 pointed out that glimepiride and BSA has bound with 1:1 ratio.
 Conclusions: Through fluorescence spectroscopic technique we revealed the nature of interaction of glimepiride with BSA, quenching mechanism for the interaction and associated thermodynamic parameters.

Peranan Kepala Dusun Dalam Membantu Tugas Kepala Desa Kubang Jaya Kecamatan Siak Hulu Kabupaten Kampar

In a village a hamlet can be formed or what is called another name that is adjusted to the origin, customs, and socio-cultural values of the community. The formation of the hamlet is mentioned in Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning Villages Article 8 paragraph (4) says that in the village area a hamlet is formed or what is called by another name is adjusted to the origin, customs, and social values of the village community. The research method used is qualitative. The method used is qualitative with a descriptive approach. The results of this study will be published in accredited national journals and non-accredited national journals. In addition, the results of this study will be used as teaching materials in subjects that have relevance in the problems examined. The conclusion of this study is the role of the hamlet chief in assisting the village head in Kubang Jaya Village, Siak Hulu Sub-District, Kampar Regency, seen from the Task Indicator on the Measuring Scale Implemented. Furthermore, the role of the Hamlet Chief in assisting the Village Head in Kubang Jaya Village, Siak Hulu Subdistrict, Kampar Regency is seen from the Function Indicators on the Measuring Scale Implemented.

What is a Slave Society? The Practice of Slavery in Global Perspective, ed. Noel Lenski and Catherine M. Cameron

Slavery—as a practice, institution, relationship of domination and subordination or system of property accumulation—can be found across time and around the globe. Yet, as the contributors to this edited volume demonstrate, slavery scholars (to varying degrees) tend to use a binary first proposed by ancient historian Moses Finley in 1968 to understand enslavement comparatively; that is, the demarcation between ‘Slave Societies’ and ‘Societies with Slaves’. In Slave Societies, according to Finley, enslaved people constituted at least 20 per cent of the population, played a chief role in economic production, and exercised significant cultural influence. Only five (Western) societies met his criteria: ancient Greece and Rome, modern Brazil, the Caribbean, and the United States South. These five examples proved distinct from Societies with Slaves because, as Finley argued, slavery did not shape other cultures to the same degree that it did in the five ‘genuine’ Slave Societies. Thus, the contributors in...

Programmed Death Ligand 1; An Immunotarget for Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Background:In this era of developing targeted therapies and immunotherapies as a treatment for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), Programmed death ligand 1 (PDL1) as a novel biomarker for RCC is analysed in our study. About 90% of all renal cancers are Renal Cell Carcinoma. Most cases are diagnosed incidentally. 17% of cases are advanced at the time of diagnosis. PDL1 being a trans-membrane cell surface protein is expressed on the tumor cells and is found to have a chief role to inhibit the T cell immune response. It is essential to improve the host immunity by targeting the PD1/PDL1 pathway, thereby destroying the tumor progression. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of PDL1 in tumor cells and adjacent normal tissue among the renal cell carcinoma patients and assess the relation between the PDL1 expression and the tumor characters. Methods:This is a retrospective study. Ethical clearance was obtained from the institution. 150 histopathologically proven RCC cases were chosen. Immunohistochemistry using a PD-L1 rabbit monoclonal antibody was performed on paraffin embedded formalin fixed tissue blocks. Q scoring was done to calculate the expression of PDL1. Statistical analysis:Chi square test was done to assess the comparison between the PDL1 expression in tumor cells and their characteristic features like histology, grade and stage. SPSS (version 20.0) was used for analysis. P value <0.05 was considered significant. It also explains the heterogenous nature of PDL1 as it expressed more in the aggressive pathologic characters like high grade. Results: Positive PD-L1 expression was seen in 44% of tumors. Significant association was observed between high WWHO ISUP grading and positive PDL1 expression (p=0.028). It was expressed in 75% of the sarcomatous type of RCC and 46.8% of clear cell RCCs. Conclusion: Our study suggests that blocking PD1/PDL1 pathway may become an effective mode of treatment in cancer immunotherapy especially for Renal Cell Carcinomas. Our findings confirmed the significant association between expression of PDL1 and the high graded tumors which proves it to be an important prognostic factor.

Q-Switch Nd:YAG Laser-Assisted Decontamination of Implant Surface.

Peri-implantitis (PI) is an inflammatory disease of peri-implant tissues, it represents the most frequent complication of dental implants. Evidence revealed that microorganisms play the chief role in causing PI. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the cleaning of contaminated dental implant surfaces by means of the Q-switch Nd:YAG (Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet) laser and an increase in temperature at lased implant surfaces during the cleaning process. Seventy-eight implants (titanium grade 4) were used (Euroteknika, Sallanches, France). Thirty-six sterile implants and forty-two contaminated implants were collected from failed clinical implants for different reasons, independent from the study. Thirty-six contaminated implants were partially irradiated by Q-switch Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). Six other contaminated implants were used for temperature rise evaluation. All laser irradiations were calibrated by means of a powermetter in order to evaluate the effective delivered energy. The irradiation conditions delivered per pulse on the target were effectively: energy density per pulse of 0.597 J/cm2, pick powers density of 56 mW/cm2, 270 mW per pulse with a spot diameter of 2.4 mm, and with repetition rate of 10 Hz for pulse duration of 6 ns. Irradiation was performed during a total time of 2 s in a non-contact mode at a distance of 0.5 mm from implant surfaces. The parameters were chosen according to the results of a theoretical modeling calculation of the Nd:YAG laser fluency on implant surface. Evaluation of contaminants removal showed that the cleaning of the irradiated implant surfaces was statistically similar to those of sterile implants (p-value ≤ 0.05). SEM analysis confirmed that our parameters did not alter the lased surfaces. The increase in temperature generated at lased implant surfaces during cleaning was below 1 °C. According to our findings, Q-switch Nd:YAG laser with short pulse duration in nanoseconds is able to significantly clean contaminated implant surfaces. Irradiation parameters used in our study can be considered safe for periodontal tissue.

Cardiac surgery in the heart transplant recipient: Outcome analysis and long-term results.

Survival rates following cardiac transplantation continue to improve. Due to the scarcity of available organs, extended donor criteria have become more prevalent in clinical practice. In this context, the risk of developing cardiac pathology requiring surgical correction is increasing. Between January 1991 and October 2010, a total of 479 patients received cardiac transplantations at the University Hospital Heidelberg. Of those, 18 (3.8%) patients required subsequent cardiac surgery until 2018. Short- and long-term analyses were performed. Indications for cardiac surgery included valvular disease (n=16) with the majority of cases affecting the tricuspid valve (n=10), while 6 patients received mitral valve surgery, of whom 3 patients underwent concomitant valve surgery. Other indications included CABG (n=1) and re-transplantation (n=1) for allograft dysfunction. Mean follow-up time was 6.5years, while mean interval to surgery was 6.0years. Early mortality was 11.1% (n=2), while overall survival at 1, 5, and 10years were, 88.1%, 81.4%, and 52.2%, respectively. Compared to an overall survival of that transplant cohort at 1, 5, and 10years of 76.7%, 66.7%, and 52.4% percent, respectively (P=.271). According to our data, redo cardiac surgery can be performed with acceptable mortality and morbidity. Atrioventricular valve pathology plays a chief role in these patients.

Deregulation of Cancer-Associated Genes in Odontogenic Cysts

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the key role of differential expression levels of RB1, TP53, XIAP, BCL2 AIFM3, BAX, CASP3 and CASP9 genes in odontogenic cysts. Materials and Methods: A total number of 15 patients who diagnosed with odontogenic cyst were enrolled for the present study. For the quantitative gene expression analysis, cyst and adjacent gingival healthy tissues of patients were collected during surgical assessments. Quantitative analysis of gene expression levels RB1, TP53, XIAP, BCL2 AIFM3, BAX, CASP3 and CASP9 were achieved real-time PCR method. For the optimization of gene expression levels GAPDH reference gene was used. Results: Expression of both RB1 and TP53 genes were markedly diminished in odontogenic cysts tissues as compared to healthy tissues (p&amp;lt;0.05). Likewise, levels of CASP3 and CASP9 genes were found to be significantly reduced in odontogenic cysts tissues compared to healthy tissues (p&amp;lt;0.05). In contrast, expression levels of XIAP was significantly elevated (p&amp;lt;0.05). Although BCL2, AIFM3, and BAX genes were also differentially expressed in odontogenic cysts tissues, these variations were statistically insignificant (p&amp;gt;0.05). Conclusions: The findings of the present study indicates that RB1, TP53, XIAP, CASP3 and CASP9 genes might have chief roles in formation odontogenic cysts and responsible for the increased cell proliferation in these tissues.

Prior Experience and the Emergence of Hierarchy in Young Firms

A chief role of firms is to coordinate fragmented information to achieve superior performance. Yet firms differ widely in their abilities to do so. We examine how founding team conditions influence the use of one tool for the management of information: the introduction of additional hierarchy in the form of a middle manager. Using a dataset containing employees in all firms in Brazil from 2004 to 2014, we find that differences in founding team prior experience, which we link to differences in the capacity to manage knowledge, contribute to differences in the adoption of middle management. These results contribute to our understanding of the role of organizational structure in knowledge management and highlight the importance of prior experience in creating capability differences in young firms.