Chicken Meat Samples Research Articles

Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Human, Chicken and Environmental Samples within Live Bird Markets in Three Nigerian Cities.

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged as a major threat to public health. This study investigated the occurrence of MRSA in humans, chickens, chicken meat and environmental samples within poultry farms and live bird markets in southwestern Nigeria. Methods: MRSA were isolated using selective culture and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by broth microdilution. Selected isolates were characterized by whole genome sequencing (WGS). From WGS data, spa, dru, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and SCCmec types, but also virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes, were identified. Results: Fifty-six MRSA isolates were detected in 734 samples. They showed resistance to β-lactams (100%), tetracycline (60.7%), ciprofloxacin (33.9%), erythromycin (28.6%), gentamicin (32.1%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (10.7%). All 30 isolates investigated by WGS carried mecA, dfrG, and tet(38) genes. Other resistance genes detected were blaZ (83.3%), fosB (73.3%), tet(K) (60.0%), aacA-aphD (36.6%), aphA3 (33.3%), msr(A) (30.0%), mph(C) (30.0%), dfrS1 (3.3%), and sat4 (3.3%). Seven spa types (t091, t314, t657, t1476, t2331, t4690 and t12236), four known (dt9aw, dt10ao, dt10cj, and dt11a) and two novel (dt10dr and dt11dw) dru types, as well as five sequence types (ST8, ST121, ST152, ST772 and ST789) were found among the MRSA isolates. All ST121 isolates carried an SCCmec type IV cassette and were not dru-typeable. ST152 and ST121 were found only in specific sample categories within defined locations, while ST8 and ST772 were distributed across most sample categories and locations. Three SCCmec types, IVa, V and Vc, were identified. All MRSA isolates possessed virulence genes including aur, clpP, coa, fnbA, esaA, hly, hla, ica, isdA, srtB, sspA, and vWbp, among others. The toxic shock syndrome toxin gene (tst) was not detected in any isolate, whereas the Pantone–Valentine leukocidin genes lukF-PV/lukS-PV were present in all ST121, all ST772, and all but one ST152 isolates. Conclusion: The results of this study (i) showed that chicken meat is contaminated by MRSA and (ii) suggested that live bird markets may serve as focal points for the dissemination of MRSA within the community.

Screening of Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin Residues in Chicken Meat by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin antibiotics are widely used in chicken production for prophylaxis and therapeutics purposes. Existence of these antibiotic residues in chicken meat can pose hazards to human health. The present study was aimed to assess the residue level of these antibiotics in chicken meat. Chicken meat samples (including muscle, liver, kidney and fat) from poultry farms and retail market were collected. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used for screening of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin residues in chicken meat samples. The analysis revealed that 43.58% meat samples were positive for enrofloxacin and 38.71% for ciprofloxacin residues. Out of it, 45.17% samples were having concentration above the MRL for enrofloxacin and 50.28% for ciprofloxacin. So it can be concluded that the usage of these antimicrobial in chicken lead contamination of meat and it may cause resistance in consumers and seems to be a public health threat.

Molecular Typing and Drug Resistance Patterns of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated From Raw Beef and Chicken Meat Samples

Molecular Typing and Drug Resistance Patterns of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated From Raw Beef and Chicken Meat Samples

Antibacterial efficiency of apple cider vinegar and pomegranate molasses on meat meals served at a university student hostel

Antibacterial effect of pomegranate molasses (PM) and apple cider vinegar (ACV) on chicken meat and beef samples before and after cooking was investigated in this study. The samples were separated into six groups as control (untreated), and treated ones with 5%PM, 3% PM, 4% ACV, 2% ACV and mix between two concentrations (2% ACV & 3%PM). A total of 24 samples of chicken and meat were collected from a university hostel. The samples were marinated by the previous concentrations of PM and ACV for 2 hours. Half of them were cooked, then each raw and cooked samples were kept in a separate plastic bag and transferred directly to the laboratory in an insulating refrigerated container under complete aseptic conditions (the experiment was repeated three times).The samples were examined to determine APC, Enterobacteriacae, coliform and the incidence of Salmonella, E. coli and S. aureus. The best results were obtained by the treated groups by the mix of 2% ACV& 3%PM and 5% PM as compared with the other treated groups.

Safety of meat meals served at a university hostel

This study aimed to evaluate the hygienic status of served chicken meat and beef in a university hostel. About one handred random of chicken and beef meat samples before and after cooking (about 120g) were collected from a university student hostel, Egypt. .Samples were examined bacteriologically, The average values (cfu/g) of APC, Enterobacteriacae & Coliform counts were 4.10×107± 0.01×107 , 4×102±0.03×102& Less than 10 in raw chicken thigh , 2.47×107 ±0.02×106 , 6×102±0.02×102& 4.3×102±0.01×102 in raw chicken breast , 2.4×103±0.03×103, Less than 10& Less than 10 in cooked chicken thigh, 5.3×104±0.02×103, Less than 10&Less than 10 in cooked chicken breast , 4×107 ±0.02×107, 1×103±0.03×103&1.3×104±0.01×103 in raw beef and 4×103±0.03×102, 2.2×10±0.02×10& Less than 10 in cooked beef, respectively. Moreover, the incidence of E.coli was 73.33%, 33.33% and 35% in raw chicken thigh, cooked chicken breast and raw beef., while the mean valued of S.aureus were 5.3×103±0.02×103, 2.3×103±0.01×102, 6.2×10±0.02×10, 6.9×10±0.02×10, 3.9×104±.01×103and less than 10 in raw chicken thigh, raw chicken breast, cooked chicken thigh, chicken chicken breast, raw beef and cooked beef, respectively. All samples were accepted based on their APC, Enterobacteriacae, Coliform & S.aureus counts. .

Development and validation of miRNA based method for rapid identification of offal meats in processed chicken meat products

Food labelling requirements specify manufacturers to indicate the actual ingredients used in the processed meat products. However, several times, skeletal meat is replaced by less costly offal meats to maximize the revenues from the processed meats. Available DNA based analytical methods are inappropriate for declaration of “true to its labelling” within the species, because all the tissues have exactly the same DNA sequence. In this study, tissue specific candidate miRNA biomarkers were used to detect the presence of offal (liver, heart and gizzard) in skeletal meat of chicken. Deep sequencing of chicken microRNAs from liver, heart, gizzard, muscle and blood was performed using Illumina Nextseq 500 and 11, 25, 9.2, 8.8 and 6.1 million reads were analyzed for each sample. Unique and differentially expressed miRNAs were evaluated. Specific miRNAs having differential expression in each tissue studied were selected as candidate markers. A qRT-PCR based on SYBR® Green chemistry was standardized in terms of PCR efficiency, limit of detection and limit of quantification for expression analysis. These candidate biomarkers were validated in tissues as such and further in minced chicken meat samples admixture with 5, 25 and 50% of liver, heart and gizzard separately. The candidate biomarker gga-mir-148a -3p, gga-mir-126 -5p and gga-mir-490 -5p were proven as organ specific marker for detection of chicken gizzard, gga-mir-122 -5p and gga-mir-27b -5p are for liver and gga-mir-218 -5p and gga-mir-499 -3p for heart. Further, gga-mir-34a -5p and gga-mir-21 -5p shown to be specific marker for identification of two offal at a time. The developed assay was validated in processed ready to cook/eat commercial products. This method offers highly reproducible results with easy interpretation and can be combined with DNA techniques without requirement for any extra equipment, in regulatory laboratories for accurate detection of species and tissue origin of real world samples.

Studies on Analytical Methods of Robenidine Residues in Chicken Meat and Viscera

A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of robenidine residues in chicken meat and viscera has been developed.Samples were extracted with ethylacetate,cleaned up with Alumina B SEP PAK and C18 SEP PAK cartridges, and finally determined by HPLC. Recovery studies were performed using chicken meat, liver, gizzard and skin samples each fortified with robenidine at 0.05,0.25 and 0.5ppm separately.The recovery data were varied from 80.0-92.3% with coefficients of variation which ranged from 0.5-7.0%. The detection limit for the fortified samples was found to be 0.025 ppm. Twenty-five samples of chicken meat, liver, gizzards and skin taken from the market were analyzed. It was found that no robenidine residue was detected in these samples.

Microextraction of sulfonamides from chicken meat samples in three-component deep eutectic solvent

An effective approach for the sample pretreatment of solid food samples based on the use of three-component deep eutectic solvent (quaternary ammonium salt, carboxylic acid and medium chain fatty acid) was developed. Each component of deep eutectic solvent played a key role for separation of target analytes from solid-phase sample and their preconcentration based on dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. The approach was applied for the HPLC-UV determination of sulfamethazine and sulfamethoxazole in chicken meat samples. The effect of deep eutectic solvents composition on the efficiency of both sample pretreatment steps was investigated. It was found that the solvent based on tetrabutylammonium bromide, malonic acid and hexanoic acid (1:1:1, mol/mol) provided the most effective separation and preconcentration of sulfanilamides. The procedure included mixing of solid food sample and deep eutectic solvent. By this sample pretreatment step, sulfanilamides were extracted into the solvent phase. For preconcentration of sulfanilamides, aqueous phase was injected into the deep eutectic solvent phase, resulting in its decomposition and the formation of hexanoic acid dispersed in aqueous phase. After phase separation, hexanoic acid phase containing sulfanilamides was withdrawn for HPLC-UV analysis. Under optimal conditions, the limits of detection calculated from a blank test based on 3σ were 3 µg kg−1 and 7 µg kg−1 for sulfamethoxazole and sulfamethazine, respectively.

A decline in the occurrence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in retail chicken meat in the UK between 2013 and 2018.

The aim of this study was to report on the occurrence of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) Escherichia coli from retail chicken meat samples in the UK, with particular focus on AmpC and extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production and carbapenem resistance. Methods from EU protocols were used for selective isolation of AmpC-/ESBL-producing E. coli, carbapenem-resistant E. coli and for performing minimum inhibitory concentrations. Additional work not part of EU protocols included viable counts, detection by PCR of blaCTX-M , blaOXA, blaSHV and blaTEM genes in ESBL-phenotype E. coli and screening for mcr plasmid-mediated colistin resistance. From the 313/309 retail chicken meat samples tested in 2016/2018, carbapenem or mcr plasmid-mediated colistin-resistant E. coli were not detected. For 2016/2018 chicken samples, 141/42 (45·0%/13·6%), 90/23 (28·8%/7·4%), 48/16 (15·3%/5·2%) and 3/3 (1·0%/1·0%) were positive for ESBL- and/or AmpC-, ESBL- alone AmpC- alone and AmpC+ESBL-phenotype E. coli respectively. ESBL-producing E. coli were predominantly blaCTX-M-1 . All AmpC and/or ESBL-phenotype E. coli were sensitive to colistin, ertapenem, imipenem, meropenem, temocillin and tigecycline, applying epidemiological cut-off values. A previous study in 2013/14 showed that 65·4% of retail chicken meat samples tested in the UK were positive for ESBL-producing (mainly CTX-M) E. coli. Since then the proportion of samples positive in the UK has dropped significantly to 7·4% in 2018. Significant reductions in antimicrobials used in the UK poultry meat sector between 2012 and 2016 may be linked to significant reductions in AmpC/ESBL-phenotype E. coli in retail chicken between 2013/14 and 2018.

On the island of Zanzibar people in the community are frequently colonized with the same MDR Enterobacterales found in poultry and retailed chicken meat.

Intestinal colonization with extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant (ESC-R) and colistin-resistant (CST-R) Enterobacterales (Ent) can be driven by contact with colonized animals and/or contamination of the food chain. We studied the ESC-R-Ent and COL-R-Ent colonizing poultry as well as contaminating chicken meat in Zanzibar (Tanzania). Results were compared with recently published data obtained from rectal swabs of people in the community. During June and July 2018, we collected poultry faecal material (n = 62) and retail chicken meat (n = 37) samples. ESC-R and CST-R strains were isolated implementing selective approaches and characterized with different molecular methods, including WGS coupled with core-genome analyses. The prevalence of ESC-R-Ent and CST-R-Ent, respectively, were: 88.7% and 48.4% in poultry; and 43.2% and 18.9% in chicken meat. Overall, the following strains and main resistance mechanisms were found in the two settings: 69 ESC-R Escherichia coli (CTX-M-15 subgroup, 75%), 34 ESC-R Klebsiella pneumoniae (CTX-M-9 group, 54.5%), 24 non-ESC-R but CST-R E. coli (mcr-1, 95.8%) and 17 non-ESC-R but CST-R K. pneumoniae (D150G substitution in PhoQ). Several clones (differing by only 0-13 single nucleotide variants) were concomitantly and frequently found in human and non-human settings: mcr-1-carrying E. coli ST46; CTX-M-15-producing E. coli ST361; CTX-M-14-producing K. pneumoniae ST17; and CTX-M-15-producing K. pneumoniae ST1741. This is one of the few studies that have assessed the occurrence of identical MDR Enterobacterales in human and non-human settings. The frequent human gut colonization observed in the community might be favoured by the spread of ESC-R-Ent and CST-R-Ent in poultry and chicken meat. Further studies with a One Health approach should be carried out to better investigate this phenomenon.

Development of a Rapid On-Site Method for the Detection of Chicken Meat in Processed Ground Meat Products by Using a Direct Ultrafast PCR System

In this study, we developed a rapid on-site detection method by using direct ultrafast PCR coupled with a microfluidic chip to identify the presence of chicken meat in processed ground meat products. Chicken-specific PCR primer targeting mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene was newly designed, and its specificity was confirmed against 17 other animal species and 4 different chicken meat samples from different countries of origin. The sensitivity of the chicken-specific ultrafast PCR was 0.1 pg of chicken DNA. To evaluate the limit of detection of the direct ultrafast PCR method, different percentages of chicken meat mixed with pork or beef were prepared. The limit of detection of the direct ultrafast PCR method for the chicken meat-pork and chicken meat-beef mixtures was 0.1% for both raw meat and autoclaved meat. This method was used for 15 commercialized processed ground meat products. In this method, the target sequence was successfully amplified, and the presence of chicken meat in processed ground meat products was identified within approximately 25 min, including the time for sample preparation. Thus, our study shows that this developed direct ultrafast PCR method is a rapid and accurate method for on-site detection of chicken DNA in commercial food products.

Direct injection Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometric method for high throughput quantification of quinolones in poultry

Many recent studies have shown high detection frequencies of quinolone antibiotics in poultry, as well as an increasing incidence of antimicrobial resistance. The main purpose of this project was to develop a fast and reliable analytical method for the detection of quinolones in poultry meat. In order to develop a rapid quantitative confirmation method, ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer was used. First, the sample preparation procedure was simplified by reducing the procedure to extraction and freezing out steps. Second, the chromatographic separation step was excluded and mass spectrometric parameters were optimised. Third, the method was validated by fortifying a blank matrix at four levels (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 times the maximum residue limit (MRL) or level of interest in those cases when no MRL was established). As a result, the overall analysis time was reduced to less than an hour. The validation study revealed that the method is capable of detection and confirmation of ten quinolone compounds in poultry above the detection capability (CCβ) of the procedure. Finally, the developed method was applied to 19 commercially available chicken meat samples. None of the samples contained quinolones above the limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method. Analysis of treated chickens revealed that the developed method is suitable for the determination of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin. The developed method could be one of the fastest quantitative confirmatory methods for the analysis of quinolones available so far.

Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Escherichia coli Isolated from Frozen Chicken Meat in Bangladesh.

Escherichia coli is known as one of the most important foodborne pathogens in humans, and contaminated chicken meat is an important source of foodborne infection with this bacterium. The occurrence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli (ESBL-Ec), in particular, in chicken meat is considered a global health problem. This study aimed to determine the magnitude of E. coli, with special emphasis on ESBL-Ec, along with their phenotypic antimicrobial resistance pattern in frozen chicken meat. The study also focused on the determination of ESBL-encoding genes in E. coli. A total of 113 frozen chicken meat samples were purchased from 40 outlets of nine branded supershops in five megacities in Bangladesh. Isolation and identification of E. coli were done based on cultural and biochemical properties, as well as PCR assay. The resistance pattern was determined by the disc diffusion method. ESBL-encoding genes were determined by multiplex PCR. The results showed that 76.1% of samples were positive for E. coli, of which 86% were ESBL producers. All the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Resistance to 9–11 and 12–13 antimicrobial classes was observed in 38.4% and 17.4% isolates, respectively, while only 11.6% were resistant to 3–5 classes. Possible extensive drug resistance (pXDR) was found in 2.3% of isolates. High single resistance was observed for oxytetracycline (93%) and amoxicillin (91.9%), followed by ampicillin (89.5%), trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, and pefloxacin (88.4%), and tetracycline (84.9%). Most importantly, 89.6% of isolates were resistant to carbapenems. All the isolates were positive for the blaTEM gene. However, the blaSHV and blaCTX-M-2 genes were identified in two ESBL-non producer isolates. None of the isolates carried the blaCTX-M-1 gene. This study provided evidence of the existence of MDR and pXDR ESBL-Ec in frozen chicken meat in Bangladesh, which may pose a risk to human health if the meat is not properly cooked or pickled raw only. This emphasizes the importance of the implementation of good slaughtering and processing practices by the processors.

Antimicrobial susceptibility, biofilm formation and genetic profiles of Escherichia coli isolated from retail chicken meat

Brazil is the number one exporter of chicken meat, and this industry maintains constant microbiological vigilance. The objective of this study was to characterize the pathogenicity, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the profile of biofilm production of Escherchia coli strains isolated from raw refrigerated cuts of chicken meat sold in retail markets of the four largest poultry companies in Brazil. We collected 150 samples of chicken meat, in order to isolate E. coli and performed susceptibility tests (to amoxicillin associated with clavulanic acid, ceftiofur, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, and trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole). In addition, the disc approximation test to detect extended spectrum beta-lactamases enzymes (ESBLs) producers was performed. E. coli ability to form biofilm was checked using polystyrene microplates. We also searched for ESBLs genes (blaCTY-M2, blaSHV-1, blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M2, blaOXA-1, blaPSE-1 and AmpC) and adhesion genes (sfa/foc, afa/draB, iha, hrla, fimC, tsh, papC, mat, cr1, felA, fimH and papG) in ESBL-E. coli producers and in those E. coli classified as strongly biofilm formers, respectively. The overall percentage of E. coli isolation was 58.66%, with brand A having the highest percentage (70%), followed by brands D, B and C (60, 53.3 and 50%, respectively). The highest resistance profile was observed for beta-lactams (39.5%), followed by sulfonamide associated to trimethoprim (36.9%) and polymyxin (33.4%). Of the isolates obtained, 77% were non-susceptible to at least one antimicrobial. Brand A showed the highest overall percentage of resistance with 95.23%, followed by brands C (80%), B (75%) and D (69.44%). Overall, 73.86% of the isolates were non susceptible to at least one antibiotic and 36.3% were multiresistants. A total of 17.04% of E. coli strains were identified as ESBLs producers and 70.44% were able to form biofilms (moderate-to-strong). The blaTEM-1 gene was the most prevalent (73.33%), followed by blaSHV-1 (46.66%) and blaCMY-2 (6%). Of the 31 strongly biofilm-forming strains, 26 (83.87%), 24 (77.41%) and 20 (64.51%) expressed fimC, papG and crl genes, respectively. Taken together, our results show that Brazilian chicken meat can be contaminated with E. coli that are non-susceptible to multiple antibiotics, able to form biofilm and showing a diverse repertoire of adhesins linked to pathogenicity depending on the brand evaluated.

Identification of fosA10, a Novel Plasmid-Mediated Fosfomycin Resistance Gene of Klebsiella pneumoniae Origin, in Escherichia coli.

PurposeSeveral subtypes of plasmid-mediated fosfomycin resistance gene fosA in Enterobacteriaceae have been reported worldwide and have caused concern. The present study characterized a novel member of fosA gene located on a plasmid from Escherichia coli.Materials and MethodsA fosfomycin-resistant E. coli isolate PK9 was recovered from a chicken meat sample in 2018. The presence of fosA genes was detected by PCR and sequencing. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS), conjugation, and cloning were performed to identify the mechanism responsible for fosfomycin resistance. Oxford Nanopore MinION sequencing was carried out to characterize the plasmid carrying fosfomycin resistance gene and the genetic context of the novel fosA variant.ResultsA novel fosA gene with significant homology (>98%) with fosA6 and fosA5 genes was identified by WGS and was named fosA10. FosA10 shared 56.1% to 98.6% amino acid sequence identity with other reported plasmid-mediated FosA enzymes. Fosfomycin resistance and fosA10 gene were successfully transferred to E. coli C600 by conjugation. Cloning confirmed that FosA10 could confer fosfomycin resistance (MIC > 128 μg/mL). The fosA10 gene was localized on a 53kb IncFII (F35:A-:B-) plasmid. The ∆lysR-fosA10-∆hp fragment (4328 bp), located between two copies of IS10R, showed 100% identity with the chromosomal sequences of 17 Klebsiella pneumoniae strains of ST664 and one of ST3821 in GenBank.ConclusionOur findings indicated that the fosA10 gene of E. coli might be captured from the chromosome of K. pneumoniae by IS10, which further demonstrated that K. pneumoniae might act as a reservoir of fosA-like genes acquired by E. coli.

Fibre-optic biosensor for the detection of xanthine for the evaluation of meat freshness

Xanthine is produced by guanine deaminase and xanthine oxidase from guanine and hypoxanthine, respectively. It serves as an indicator of spoilage of meat and various pathological conditions. An optical biosensor has been fabricated for the detection of xanthine by absorption transmission approach. The bioassay principle used in this study is conversion of xanthine to uric acid and H2O2 by XO. Due to the production of uric acid, pH of the reaction decreases and falls in range of 7.5 - 6. The absorptive dye phenol red has been screened to visualize the change in colour. The coimmobilization of XO and dye phenol red indicator was done with sol-gel method onto the circular plastic discs for the development of biosensor. Volume of sample required for detection has been miniaturized to 10μl. The linear range of concentration and limit of detection were 0.5μM – 150μM and 0.5 μM respectively, have been achieved for xanthine. The designed biosensor was successfully employed for the detection of xanthine in chicken meat sample. Present study leads to the development of a fast and dependable biosensor with miniaturized sample volume and also mass scale screening possible through colour visualization.

Sensory implications of chicken meat spoilage in relation to microbial and physicochemical characteristics during refrigerated storage

Consumer perception of chicken meat spoilage is linked to sensory changes of raw chicken during storage. The objective of this study was to characterise the sensory attributes of raw chicken meat and to establish the relationship with the microbial and physicochemical changes during refrigerated storage under aerobic packaging. Chicken legs were stored at 4 °C and microbiological, pH, colour and descriptive sensory analyses were conducted. Chicken meat stored for longer than 7 days was described as having negative sensory attributes, total viable counts higher than 8 log CFU/g and pH beyond 7. The chroma of chicken skin did not differentiate well chicken meat samples stored for different days, hence would be a poor indicator of spoilage. Odour attributes of chicken meat deteriorated at a faster rate than instrumental colour and appearance attributes and were highly correlated (r > 0.8) with microbial growth. In contrast, no correlations were found between instrumental colour (except for skin L*) and appearance attributes and microbial growth in chicken meat. The findings suggest that, to consumers, the smell of raw chicken meat would be a more reliable signal for microbial spoilage than appearance, which may correlate with the presence of spoilage bacteria.

Meat quality assessment using Au patch electrode Ag-SnO2/SiO2/Si MIS capacitive gas sensor at room temperature

An Au patch electrode Ag-SnO2/SiO2/Si MIS capacitive sensor equipped with a microcontroller was designed and developed to sense low concentration (ppb to ppm regime) of volatiles (NH3, TMA, ethanol, and H2S) generated from chicken meat spoilage at room temperature. The quality threshold or the acceptance limit for consumption of chicken meat samples stored at 4 °C, 15 °C and 25 °C using our proposed technique was found to be 105 h, 48 h, and 17 h respectively, highly correlated with TVB-N, TVC, pH and sensory evaluation analysis. When these well established standard methods (TVB-N, TVC and pH analysis) take many hours to complete the analysis involving many complicated steps, our fabricated sensor takes 55 sec to deliver sensing response reflecting the meat spoilage status. The sensor calibrated with our compact technique promises portable and inexpensive onsite rapid and accurate quality assessment of meat spoilage at room temperature.

Satışa Sunulan Etlerde Listeria monocytogenes Prevalansı ve Serotip Dağılımının Belirlenmesi

Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen, which has great importance for human and animal health. Although 13 serotypes have been identified for L. monocytogenes, four of these serotypes (1/2a, 1/2b, 1/2c and 4b) are significant with regard to human listeriosis. With this study, beef, sheep and chicken meat samples were examined for L. monocytogenes and serotype of isolates were detected by molecular methods. A total of 156 marketed meat samples comprising of beef, sheep and chicken were collected from different supermarkets, butchers and retail shops. L. monocytogenes contamination rate was found as 12.8% in overall meat samples. In this study L. monocytogenes were detected in meat samples of beef, sheep and chicken meat samples as 14.8% (8 of 54), 9.6% (5 of 52), 14% (7 of 50), respectively. Common serotype was belonged to 1/2c in beef meats, 1/2a in chicken meats. L. monocytogenes strains of sheep were serotyped first time and dominant serotype was found to be 1/2c in Turkey. The presence of L. monocytogenes, contamination level and predominant serotype distribution in diverse foods should be elucidated with comprehensive studies mainly in animal products. Additionally, genetic relationship of human and animal isolates should be revealed and the role of animal products in human listeriosis should be investigated.

Spread of OXA-48 and NDM-1-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST48 and ST101 in Chicken Meat in Western Algeria.

Aim: We investigated the prevalence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) in chicken meat in Western Algeria in 2017. Results: From February to July 2017, samples of chicken meat from three poultry farms in Western Algeria were screened for the presence of CPE. Strains were characterized with regard to antibiotic resistance, β-lactamase content, Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance, sulfonamide resistance genes, clonality (repetitive sequence-based profiles and multilocus sequence typing) and virulence traits. Of 181 samples analyzed, 29 (16.0%) carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae were detected. Twenty-three OXA-48-producers (79.3%) and six (20.7%) New Delhi metallo (NDM)-1-producers were observed. Clonality analysis showed three distinct lineages and clonal expansions of the OXA-48-producing K. pneumoniae ST48 and the NDM-1-producing K. pneumoniae ST101. These isolates harbored fimH, ureA, mrkD, entB, uge, and wabG. Neither capsular serotype genes nor hypermucoviscous phenotype were detected. Plasmid analysis confirmed that all these isolates harbored the transferable IncL and IncFIIK plasmids. Conclusions: This study reports the spread of OXA-48 and NDM-1-producing K. pneumoniae ST48 and ST101 in chicken meat in Western Algeria and demonstrates that food represents a reservoir of the carbapenemases encoding genes.